AN INTRODUCTION TO MINING

GEOLOGY

By

A.Prof. Dr. Ahmed M.S. Abd El-Gawad

Geophysics Department
Faculty of Science
Ain Shams University

Cairo- Egypt
2017

1 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

Part (I)

AN INTRODUCTION TO MINING
GEOLOGY

2 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 AN INTRODUCTION TO MINING GEOLOGY

Mining may well have been the second of

humankind’s earliest endeavors granted that agriculture
was the first. The two industries ranked together as the
primary or basic industries of early civilization. Little has
changed in the importance of these industries since the
beginning of civilization. If we consider fishing and
lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production
as part of mining, then agriculture and mining continue to
supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization.

There are many terms and expressions unique to

mining that characterize the field and identify the user of
such terms as a ‘‘mining person.’’ The student of mining is
thus advised to become familiar with all the terms used in
mining, particularly those that are peculiar to either mines or
minerals.

Mine: an excavation made in the earth to extract minerals

Mining: the activity, occupation, and industry concerned
with the extraction of minerals
Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering
principles to the development, planning, operation, closure,
and reclamation of mines.

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4 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD
Mining History

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6 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD
 MINING LIFE CYCLE
The stages in the life cycle of a mine are:

Mine Life Cycle

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8 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD
STAGE 1: MINE EXPLORATION
Mineral exploration is the first step in the mine cycle.
In the beginning stage of exploration, large areas of land
are evaluated by geophysical surveys or (and) geological
surveys of the Earth’s surface. After review of the data
found, specific areas are targeted for more in depth studies
of the ground. The Involved studies maybe land clearing
and mineral sampling by prospectors and geologists.

The next stage of exploration is a thorough analysis

of a specific area. This regularly involves detailed mineral
sampling, detailed ground and geological surveys, mapping
to establish the size and shape of the mineral deposit,
diamond drilling (often at great depths) for more samples,
and environmental studies. Field camps can be set up at
stage of exploration and involve more people and
equipment as exploration develops.

GEOPHYSICS AND MINE PROSPECTING

Geophysics is the first phase in mining prospecting; it
has an advantage in evaluation the study area with low cost
and fast time. Gravity magnetic, radiometric, thermal,
seismic, electrical and electromagnetic methods are useful
methods in mining prospecting.

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GEOPHYSICAL MINE EXPLORATION

GEOPHYSICAL MINE EXPLORATION

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RAW MATERIAL INVESTIGATION PROJECTS
Several successive studies are carried out on raw
materials. The early phases of work are generally of a
prospective nature, while the middle and end phases
provide the results and conclusions of the exploration.

Exploration is the gaining of knowledge of the size,

shape, position, value, and grade of an ore deposit. The
studies performed on the raw materials , depending on the
case and the required level of information , generally aim at
reaching the following objectives :-

1) Localization and proving the existence of raw materials

2) Verifying the quality of the raw materials and its
suitability for the manufacturing process.
3) Establishing the ranges of variation in the quality of raw
materials throughout the working lifetime of the deposits.
4) Verifying the amounts and lifetime of raw material
workable reserves for the intended plant capacity.
5) Assessing the raw material reserves in term of economic
exploitation, transport, and subsequent processing in the
quarry and in the cement plant.
6) Executing effective mining plan that insure an economic,
sufficient, stable quality, feed of material to the plant.

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 The cost of raw material investigation is following a
rising trend, and dictates increasing efforts to make raw
material investigations highly cost effective. This is
achieved by:-

DATA COLLECTING
1) Drilling Grids
The investigations of raw materials deposits start with
surface sampling. If the initial results are promising, more
detailed prospecting is called for, comprising core drilling for
obtaining samples from deeper parts. The drill holes may be
scattered or placed on regular grid systems with smaller
meshes for deposits of heterogeneous nature.

2) Sampling Intervals
In case the deposit is homogeneous, it may suffice to
take samples every 5m of core, while heterogeneous
deposits may require sample analyses at smaller intervals,
and sometimes every 1m.

3) Analyses and Tests

Every sample is analyzed for the determination of:-
LOI, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO Main elements
MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, Cl Minor or deleterious elements
TiO2, Cr2O3, Mn2O3 Trace elements

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 A substantial number of samples in each hole are
tested physically for the determination of the rock
characteristics such as:-
1. Natural humidity.
2. Specific gravity.
3. Compressive strength.

Mineralogical analysis is performed for the

quantitative determination of the rock forming minerals
constituting each deposit. Special samples representing
each raw material deposit are prepared and subjected to
technological testing such as:
1. Grindability-specific power consumption.
2. Abrasively.
3. Burnability.
4. Reactivity.
5. Specific heat consumption.

ORGANIZATION AND PROCESSING OF DATA

This phase has never been an easy task, and
involves a lot of constraints:-
1) It is clear that, for each raw material deposit, a huge
amount of data should be collected and handled.
2) Core holes yield information on the thickness and
composition of the samples only at the bore hole.

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Information on the nature and distribution of the rock
between the holes, and at the periphery of the deposit has
to be obtained by interpolation or extrapolation.
3) Geological structure always complicates the simple
nature of the sequence of strata, and call for additional
information.
4) Additional drilling may be required on several phases
5) In many geological formations it is often required to
resort to geophysical techniques to obtain information
beyond the knowledge provided by the holes.

Raw Material Investigation Program

In order to realize cost effectiveness, the raw material
investigation program is broken down into 3 successive
steps (I, II, III), each step follows consistent and confirmed
information gained from the previous step

(Step I usually follows a reconnaissance stage). In

this way the level of information and of expenditure rises up
stepwise as well. This arrangement results in highly cost
effective raw material investigation scheme.

1 Reconnaissance geological exploration

Objective: Identification & localization of raw materials in
one or more areas

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Scope of work:
1) Office preparation, review of available information,
maps, documents, and previous work if any.
2) Field prospecting and geological mapping.
3) Surface sampling, spot samples, channel sampling if
necessary.
4) Complete chemical analysis and physical testing.
5) Plotting of the deposit areas on available maps and
preparation of sketches.
6) Elaboration of report.
Conclusions:-
1) The deposit areas are identified and the existence of
suitable materials is proven.
2) The limits of the deposits are not known.
3) Chemical variations in each deposit are not indicated.

2 Preliminary geological investigations

Objective: - Location of the potentially suitable deposit in
one or more of sites with a reasonable degree of prediction
reliability.
Scope of Work
1) Defining the deposits on topographic maps with suitable
scale.

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2) Collection of samples by trenching or core drilling if
necessary.
3) Complete chemical analysis and physical testing.
4) Preparation of preliminary raw mix designs.
5) Elaborating of the preliminary geological investigation
report.
Conclusion:
1) The existence of potential suitable deposit (s) is
assured.
2) The limits of the deposits are preliminary known.
3) The reserves available are preliminary estimated.
4) Chemical variations of the deposits are indicated.
5) Choosing the best suitable deposits to apply step II.

3 Overall geological investigations

Objective Clear characterization of the raw material
deposits in quality and quantity and proving reserves
sufficient to feed the plant over 50years.
Scope of work
1) Preparation of contour maps for the studied deposits.
2) Execution of core drilling on regular grid systems.
3) Complete chemical analysis and physical testing.
4) Preparation of the technological sample.

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5) Technological testing (Crushability, Grindability,
Burnability.....etc.)
6) Evaluation of the deposits using Computer Aided
Deposit Evaluation “CADE”.
7) Preparation of the raw mix designs.
8) Estimation of the grade reserves.
9) Recommendation for the next step.
10) Elaboration of the overall geol. investigation report.

Conclusion
1) All Chemical & physical properties of the deposits are
determined
2) The reserves sufficient for 50 years operations are
proved.
3) The final raw mix for the project is defined.
4) The area recommended to apply step III on is
determined.

4 Detailed geological investigation & Mining planning.

Objective
Details study on the quarry areas in order to elaborate a
successful mining plan that suits the plant requirements.
Scope of work
1) Preparation of detailed contour maps for the quarry area
and its connection to the plant site (Scale 1:1000 or 1:500).

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2) Core drilling (at narrow spacing) on the quarry areas
sufficient for 10 years operation.
3) Complete chemical analysis and physical testing.
4) Evaluation of the results using “ CADE”
5) Elaboration of the mining plan (quarry opening, quarry
development, mining operation, choice and sizing of quarry.
6) Preparation of the report.

Conclusion
The area of the quarry sufficient for 10 years operations is
well defined qualitatively and quantitatively.
1) A continuous and stable feed of raw materials from the
quarry to the plant is secured.
2) All quarry operations (drilling, blasting, loading, transport
... etc.) are accurately illustrated.
3) The quarry equipment list is defined with a favorable cost
optimization.

STAGE 2: MINE DEVELOPMENT

This stage involves very detailed drilling and the
subtraction of large samples. This phase usually requires
the use of heavy equipment and the construction of access
roads. Processing tests are done to assess mineral quality
and quantity.

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 Financial and minerals market studies are carried out
to conclude the mine’s economic potential. Environmental
assessments are undertaken and ‘pre-feasibility’ studies
completed. The final step in the Evaluation phase is a
decision on whether or not a mining company will go ahead
with full scale mine development.

A mining company must ensure enough resources

are available to develop the mine. Mine development is a
very expensive proposal. The necessary permits and
agreements with governments are negotiated as well as
sales deals with potential clients.

The mine and associated buildings are designed and

further resolvability studies are done. Mine closure and
reclamation plans are prepared.

STAGE 3: MINE OPERATION

Mine operation is the third phase of the Mine Cycle.
Marketing and sales activities are assumed and include
client establishment and servicing. At the mine itself,
production involves the extraction of ore, separation of
minerals, and removal of waste and shipment of

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ore/minerals. If a mine is to expand during its lifetime, more
sampling, drilling, planning, and mapping is are required.

Quarry operations start with drilling, blasting, loading

and the transport of blasted rock to the primary crusher. A
rigorous blasting program assures the quality and quantity
of the large volumes of stone required to feed the
transformation plant.

DRILLING rigs create holes to load the explosives. The drill

pattern of the holes and the explosive charges used
influence the rock fragmentation and are selected on a site-
by-site basis. Once the rock has been blasted, the stone is
transported from the quarry face to the primary crusher by a
fleet of quarry trucks, served by one or more loaders. Stone
not destined for the crusher is commercialized differently or
used as backfill and for quarry rehabilitation.

BLASTING OPERATIONS: are planned on the basis of the

mine plan; where, when and what methods are to be used
to develop the deposit. When necessary, selective blasting
or the mixing of blasted rock from different units is carried
out. You must ensure the responsible use of our reserves
while meeting customer requirements for the very long
term.

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STAGE 4: MINE CLOSURE
The closure of a mine is a multi-stage process. First
the shut-down decommissioning which involves:
 The removal of equipment,
 The dismantling of facilities,
 The safe closure of all mine workings.

Then the reclamation involving earth work and site

restoration; including re-vegetation of waste rock disposal
areas. The final stage of mine closure is monitoring, which
includes environmental testing and structural monitoring.

Mining Operation

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Mining Drilling

Mining Blasting

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Mining Operation

Mining Operation

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Mining Operation

Mining Operation

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The Mir Diamond Mine in Eastern Siberia, Russia

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 Bingham Canyon Copper Mine, Chicago, USA

Believe it or not, Utah is home to the largest open-pit

mine in the world. Located south-west of Salt Lake City, the
Bingham Canyon Copper Mine is roughly four kilometers
wide and over 1.2 kilometers deep—that’s like two of the
Willis Towers in Chicago on top of each other. First
discovered in 1848, the copper mine has gained a mythical
reputation for its gargantuan stature, as well as produces
massive amounts of copper, including millions of ounces
gold, silver and molybdenum.

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Mine description

Mine description

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Mining Rehabilitation

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 MINING METHODS
SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND MINING

I) SURFACE (OPEN PIT) MINING

THE ADVANTAGES OF OPEN-CAST MINING
When an ore body is near the surface, open cast
mining is the answer.
1) The working conditions are safer for the miners because
there is no risk of cave in or toxic gas
2) Surface mining is cheaper,
3) Surface mining is faster, Workers in an open pit mine are
not subject to death from mine cave in accidents, Open pit
miners are not exposed to explosive poison gas dangers as
deep shaft mine workers can be.
4) More ore can be extracted
5) Mechanically easier to operate. Mining machinery is free
to move around as they need.
6) Easier to transport materials to the destination.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN-CAST MINING

1) A lot more diesel fuel burned to transport
2) Blasting is also required making it highly dangerous to
anyone around and the atmosphere.
3) Destroys the landscape.

29 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

4) The major drawback is the damage mining operations
cause to the environment
5) Removal of large areas of topsoil can destroy natural
habitat.
6) The chemicals used in mining operations can leach into
the groundwater and pollute the area.
7) Air pollution and radioactive pollution are other possible
downsides.
8) Disturbance of the environment and local ecosystems

II) UNDERGROUND MINING (UG)

Underground Mining is a method of Mining, where the
mineral is extracted without removing the top soil and rocks.
In this way we do not disturb the surface feature such as
forest, agriculture land, rivers and residential areas.

THE MAJOR DISADVANTAGES OF UG MINING ARE

1) Dangerous in nature for the miners. Persons who work in
UG mines will be under Continuous danger from Strata
(from collapse from side and roof), poisonous and toxic
gases. There will be danger of explosion, fire and also
flooding.

30 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

2) As the working area is limited, high mechanization is
limited. You cannot put bigger machine like in surface
Mining.
3) Long gestation period. It took very long time to develop
an UG mine before it give full production.
4) Generally very high cost and productivity is limited.
5) Overall high cost of production.

ADVANTAGES OF UG MINING
1) The land above the mineral property is not disturbed;
only small area is required for pit top, offices, workshop etc.
Unlike in opencast mining where all land above the mineral
property has to be acquired. This land acquisition is very big
task, whether it agriculture land or forest land.
2) The soil and agriculture land is destroyed in opencast
Mining. Not in the case of UG Mining.
3) No destruction of Forest and ecosystem is not disturbed.
4) Very less socioeconomic impacts, hence very less
people are affected.
5) Opencast mines generally generate dust, noise and
wastewater problems.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING METHODS
The environmental impact of mining includes:
1) Erosion,
2) Formation of sinkholes,
3) Loss of biodiversity,
4) Contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water
by chemicals from mining processes.
5) Some mining methods may have significant
environmental and public health effects.
6) Mining companies in some countries are required to
follow environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the
area mined is returned close to its original state. Some
mining methods may have significant environmental and
public health effects.
7) Water pollution: Mining can have adverse effects on
surrounding surface and groundwater if protective
measures are not taken

Water pollution

32 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

8) Heavy metals: Dissolution and transport of metals and
heavy metals by run-off and ground water is another
example of environmental problems with mining.

Mining impact on Environment

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Mining impact on Environment

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Water problems in quarries

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Water problems in quarries

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Water problems in quarries

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 Part (II)

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

38 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

Part (II A)

MULTIMEDIA AND PC

SHOWS

39 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

  INTRODUCTION TO MINING

 MINING LIFE CYCLE

 Geophysical Prospecting

 Geological raw material Evaluation

phases

 Mining operation

 Drilling

 Blasting

 Transportation

 MINING METHODS

 Open pit mining

 Subsurface mining

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Practical: Explain the natural of mining industry- Identify needs

& uses of minerals- Outline local ore occurrence-display mining
methods, new mining techniques and equipments using
multimedia and Pc for each student to facilitate active cooperation
learning.

40 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

Part (II B)

Practical Exercises

41 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Exercise no. 1
For Iron prospecting, the following map is drawn for
several samples selected to evaluate the area for iron
potentialities.

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

It is required to
1) Describe the produced anomalies of iron distribution
2) Determine the possible positive and negative anomalies
3) Which area is good for iron prospecting
4) Draw profile along the promising anomaly
5) Evaluate the area for iron prospecting

42 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Exercise No. 2
For Iron prospecting, the following points are selected for
iron sample analysis to evaluate the area for iron potentialities.
Contour the following map with contour interval 10 mgal and
answer the following question

71 57 43 30 17 8 2 -1 -0 3 9 16 24 30 36 40 41 40 37 33 27 20 9 -2 -13
67 54 42 29 18 9 4 2 4 8 14 22 30 38 44 47 49 47 44 39 32 25 15 5 -5

62 51 40 28 18 10 6 6 8 13 20 28 37 45 51 55 56 54 51 45 38 31 22 13 3
58 48 38 28 19 12 9 9 12 17 25 34 44 53 59 63 63 61 57 51 44 37 28 20 11
54 45 36 27 20 15 12 13 16 22 30 40 51 60 67 70 70 68 63 57 50 43 35 27 19

50 42 34 27 21 17 15 16 20 27 36 46 58 68 75 77 77 73 68 62 55 48 40 33 26
47 40 34 27 22 19 18 20 24 31 41 52 64 74 82 84 82 78 72 65 59 52 45 38 31
45 39 33 28 23 21 20 22 27 34 44 56 68 79 87 88 85 80 74 67 61 54 48 42 36
44 39 33 29 25 22 22 24 29 37 46 58 70 82 90 90 86 80 74 68 61 55 50 44 39

44 39 34 30 26 24 23 26 30 37 47 57 68 79 85 86 82 77 72 66 60 55 50 46 41
44 40 35 31 27 25 24 26 30 37 45 55 64 72 78 79 76 72 67 62 58 53 49 45 42
45 41 37 33 29 26 25 26 30 36 43 51 58 65 69 70 68 65 61 57 53 50 47 44 41
47 43 39 35 31 28 25 25 28 34 40 46 52 56 59 60 59 56 54 51 48 46 44 42 40

49 45 42 38 34 30 26 24 26 32 37 41 45 48 50 50 49 47 46 44 43 42 40 39 38
51 48 45 42 38 33 28 24 23 30 33 36 38 40 40 40 39 38 38 37 37 37 37 36 36
53 51 49 47 43 38 31 24 20 25 29 31 32 32 32 31 30 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 34

54 54 53 52 49 45 38 30 25 26 27 28 28 26 24 22 21 22 23 25 27 29 30 31 32
54 56 57 58 57 53 46 39 32 30 28 27 24 21 18 15 14 15 18 21 24 26 28 30 31
54 57 60 63 64 62 56 47 40 35 31 27 23 19 14 10 8 10 14 19 22 25 27 29 30
52 56 61 66 69 70 63 55 47 40 34 29 23 18 12 8 5 8 13 18 23 26 28 29 30

48 54 60 66 70 72 67 60 52 45 38 31 25 19 13 9 8 11 16 21 25 28 30 31 32
43 50 58 65 70 71 69 63 56 49 41 34 28 22 16 13 12 15 20 25 28 31 32 33 34
37 46 54 62 67 70 69 65 59 52 45 38 31 25 21 18 18 20 25 30 33 34 36 37 37

32 41 50 58 65 68 69 66 61 55 48 41 35 29 25 23 23 26 30 34 37 38 39 40 40
30 36 46 55 62 67 69 67 63 58 52 45 39 33 30 28 28 31 35 38 41 42 43 43 43

It is required to
1) Contour the produced results of iron percentage.
2) Describe the produced anomalies of iron distribution
3) Which area is good for iron prospecting
4) Draw profile along the promising anomaly
5) Evaluate the area for iron prospecting

43 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 (Homework) Exercise No. 3

For Iron prospecting, the following map is drawn for

several samples selected to evaluate the area for iron
potentialities.
22

20

18

16

14

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

It is required to
1) Describe the produced anomalies of iron distribution
2) Determine the possible positive and negative
anomalies
3) Which area is good for iron prospecting
4) Draw profile along the promising anomaly
5) Evaluate the area for iron prospecting

44 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 (Homework) Exercise No. 4

For Iron prospecting, the following points are selected for

iron sample analysis to evaluate the area for iron potentialities.
Contour the following map with contour interval 10 mgal and
answer the following question
63 68 73 78 81 83 81 77 72 65 59 54 49 46 42 40 38 35 33 31 27 23 14 4 -5
65 70 74 79 82 84 82 77 72 66 60 55 51 47 45 42 40 38 35 33 29 24 17 9 0
67 71 75 79 83 84 82 78 72 66 61 56 52 49 47 44 42 40 38 35 31 26 20 13 6
70 73 77 80 83 84 82 78 72 67 61 57 54 51 49 47 45 43 40 37 34 29 24 18 11
72 75 78 81 83 83 81 78 73 68 62 59 56 54 52 50 48 45 43 40 37 33 28 23 17
73 76 79 81 83 83 81 78 74 70 65 62 59 57 55 53 51 48 46 43 40 36 32 28 23
75 77 79 81 83 83 82 80 76 73 69 66 63 60 58 56 54 52 49 47 44 41 37 33 30
75 78 80 82 83 83 83 81 79 76 73 69 67 64 61 59 57 55 53 50 48 45 42 39 36
76 78 80 82 83 84 84 83 81 79 76 74 71 68 65 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 47 45 43
75 77 79 81 83 84 85 85 84 82 80 78 74 71 68 66 63 61 59 57 56 54 53 51 49
74 76 78 80 82 84 85 86 86 86 84 81 78 75 71 68 66 64 62 61 59 58 58 57 56
72 74 76 79 81 83 85 87 88 88 87 84 81 77 74 71 68 66 65 64 63 62 62 62 62
69 71 74 76 79 81 84 86 89 90 89 86 83 79 75 72 70 68 67 66 66 66 67 68 69
65 68 70 73 76 79 81 85 88 91 90 87 83 79 76 73 70 69 68 68 68 69 71 72 74
61 64 66 69 72 75 78 81 85 89 88 85 82 78 75 72 70 69 68 68 70 71 74 77 80
57 59 62 64 67 70 73 75 78 83 83 81 79 76 73 70 68 67 67 68 70 73 77 81 85
51 54 56 59 62 64 67 70 72 75 77 76 74 71 69 67 66 65 65 67 70 74 78 84 89
46 48 51 53 56 58 61 63 66 68 69 69 68 66 64 63 62 61 62 64 68 73 79 86 93
40 42 45 47 49 52 54 56 59 61 62 62 61 60 58 57 57 57 58 61 65 72 79 87 95
35 37 38 40 42 45 47 49 51 53 54 54 53 52 52 51 51 51 52 56 61 69 78 87 95
29 31 32 34 36 38 40 42 43 45 45 46 45 45 44 43 43 44 45 49 56 65 75 86 96
24 25 26 27 29 30 32 34 35 36 37 37 37 36 35 35 35 36 38 42 50 60 72 84 96
20 20 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 29 28 28 27 26 27 27 30 35 44 55 68 81 95
15 15 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 19 18 18 18 20 23 29 38 51 64 79 93
12 10 9 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 11 11 10 10 9 10 12 16 23 33 46 61 76 92

It is required to
1) Contour the produced results of iron percentage.
2) Describe the produced anomalies of iron distribution
3) Which area is good for iron prospecting
4) Draw profile along the promising anomaly
5) Evaluate the area for iron prospecting

45 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Exercise No. 5

The following table includes the boreholes data of

phosphate mine. These data are:
Overburden thicknesses
Phosphate thicknesses
Phosphate grade

It is required to:
1) Draw overburden thicknesses map for each mine
2) Draw phosphate thickness map for each mine
3) Draw phosphate grade map for each mine
4) Explain Each map
5) What is the best location in map for mining

46 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Area No.1
Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.480 280.763 BH1 5.00 1.20 22.00
815.582 280.765 BH2 4.90 0.40 18.60
815.313 280.850 BH3 3.32 0.50 21.01
815.384 280.850 BH4 1.30 1.10 23.00
815.885 280.865 BH5 4.10 0.40 22.60
815.483 280.868 BH6 2.30 0.80 24.00
815.582 280.875 BH7 1.20 1.20 22.70
815.675 280.878 BH8 1.20 0.60 20.00
815.788 280.878 BH9 4.50 0.50 18.40
815.710 280.936 BH10 3.40 3.00 20.00
815.975 280.939 BH11 3.00 0.80 18.00
815.890 280.950 BH12 4.50 0.50 15.60
815.795 280.950 BH13 6.00 0.80 20.40
815.580 280.958 BH14 0.80 1.40 25.70
815.421 280.965 BH15 2.00 1.00 16.00
815.483 280.965 BH16 2.20 1.00 25.50
815.985 281.045 BH17 2.30 1.30 22.40
815.781 281.055 BH18 0.70 2.50 21.70
815.675 281.055 BH19 0.40 1.80 24.00
815.900 281.062 BH20 1.40 1.30 14.00
815.570 281.062 BH21 0.40 2.00 27.00
815.483 281.065 BH22 0.40 2.00 23.00
815.985 281.103 BH23 2.30 2.40 14.00
815.708 281.127 BH24 0.80 1.60 22.00

47 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.808 281.158 BH25 0.90 1.60 24.04
815.450 281.163 BH26 3.20 3.60 22.40
815.515 281.170 BH27 1.40 2.00 24.00
815.588 281.175 BH28 2.70 3.30 21.00
815.900 281.180 BH29 2.90 2.20 20.00
815.691 281.208 BH30 4.20 1.60 23.00
815.750 281.208 BH31 3.10 2.20 23.00
815.570 281.218 BH32 0.40 2.40 24.00
815.481 281.240 BH33 0.50 2.00 24.20
815.580 281.275 BH34 7.50 3.00 22.30
815.775 281.300 BH35 0.70 1.40 24.00
815.670 281.306 BH36 0.70 1.60 23.20
815.479 281.318 BH37 8.60 2.80 23.20
815.767 281.375 BH38 0.60 1.40 23.50
815.688 281.380 BH39 2.10 1.20 23.00
815.625 281.388 BH40 8.50 1.60 24.06
815.525 281.403 BH41 17.30 0.60 27.50
815.566 281.460 BH42 9.90 1.40 22.60
815.773 281.466 BH43 4.60 1.00 22.70
815.676 281.486 BH44 5.90 1.40 23.40
815.590 281.517 BH45 6.00 1.40 24.00
815.816 281.533 BH46 4.70 1.40 23.00
815.746 281.540 BH47 7.20 1.40 23.17
815.753 281.573 BH48 7.80 1.20 22.26
815.655 281.583 BH49 6.50 1.00 25.10

48 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.566 281.610 BH50 8.10 2.10 22.00
815.606 281.673 BH51 10.30 1.20 23.00
815.786 281.680 BH52 10.40 1.40 21.00
815.693 281.746 BH53 11.50 1.40 23.00
815.816 281.766 BH54 13.30 0.90 24.30
815.600 281.770 BH55 14.80 1.20 23.00

49 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Area No.2
Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.479 280.871 BH1 3.00 0.60 21.70
815.583 280.877 BH2 1.90 0.60 24.70
815.671 280.883 BH3 3.30 0.60 23.50
815.752 281.583 BH4 6.20 0.60 18.00
815.890 281.071 BH5 0.60 2.00 20.00
815.792 281.075 BH6 2.30 1.00 22.00
815.675 281.058 BH7 2.60 1.00 25.00
815.567 281.063 BH8 3.40 1.00 22.60
815.483 281.069 BH9 3.00 1.00 20.00
815.479 281.240 BH10 5.80 1.00 21.00
815.563 281.221 BH11 4.50 0.60 21.00
815.521 281.400 BH12 14.80 0.40 21.00
815.665 281.307 BH13 3.90 0.60 20.20
815.767 281.300 BH14 3.00 0.80 20.00
815.621 281.392 BH15 7.50 0.40 18.40
815.192 280.800 BH16 3.00 0.80 21.23
815.263 280.758 BH17 3.00 0.80 14.52
815.900 280.767 BH18 3.90 0.40 21.31
815.300 280.842 BH19 3.80 0.30 27.00
815.383 280.850 BH20 3.30 0.40 24.30
815.413 280.964 BH21 3.40 0.80 22.70
815.483 280.963 BH22 3.20 0.60 27.90
815.583 280.960 BH23 2.70 1.00 25.00
815.788 280.954 BH24 3.60 0.80 24.40

50 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.510 281.171 BH25 4.10 0.80 23.00
815.706 281.129 BH26 3.70 0.80 22.17
815.795 281.188 BH27 2.30 1.10 22.50
815.569 281.463 BH28 8.50 0.60 24.00
815.679 281.383 BH29 5.00 0.70 21.00
815.754 281.375 BH30 2.70 1.00 23.60

51 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Area No. 3
Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
200 185.7 BH1 15.4 2.6 23.88
245.6 280 BH2 18.2 2.4 25.7
274.3 385.7 BH3 18.2 1.6 23.16
277.1 505.7 BH4 15.8 1.4 23.66
237.1 740 BH5 16 1.4 22
271.4 840 BH6 22 1.8 23.09
202.9 691.4 BH7 24.8 1.2 28.66
154.3 680 BH8 26.6 1.2 27.33
297.1 682.9 BH9 25.3 1.6 31.5
300 1014.3 BH10 29.6 1.4 26.38
417.1 1045.7 BH11 21.4 1.8 25.5
60 37.1 BH12 0.7 1.4 24
134.3 85.7 BH13 15 2.0 29.7
108.6 268.6 BH14 4.7 1.4 23
85.7 391.4 BH15 10.4 1.4 21
322.9 80 BH16 0.5 2 24.6
357.1 262.9 BH17 0.5 2.4 26.2
385.7 482.9 BH18 4.3 1.4 22.6
380 668.6 BH19 6.8 0.9 25.7
348.6 360 BH20 9.8 1.6 26.6
11.4 1031.4 BH21 41.4 1.2 25.61
40 945.7 BH22 43.6 1.4 28.54
217.1 985.7 BH23 30 1.2 28.36
214.3 68.6 BH24 0.5 1.5 24

52 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
337.1 931.4 BH25 24.3 1.4 27.21
45.7 108.6 BH26 0.6 1.4 23.5
117.1 471.4 BH27 13.3 0.9 24.3
360 160 BH28 6 2.8 25.3
377.1 600 BH29 5.2 1.2 23.3
485.7 771.4 BH30 6.8 0.8 22.6
462.9 968.6 BH31 18.8 1.8 26.5

53 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Area No.4
Longitude Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
815.982 281.044 BH1 2.30 1.30 22.40
815.891 281.061 BH2 1.40 1.30 14.00
816.375 281.791 BH3 3.00 1.80 21.00
816.242 282.200 BH4 12.00 2.20 22.50
816.125 281.480 BH5 0.60 2.40 25.30
815.916 281.336 BH6 0.50 1.50 24.00
816.030 281.348 BH7 0.50 2.00 24.60
816.060 281.540 BH8 0.80 2.40 26.20
816.125 281.595 BH9 3.80 1.60 22.50
816.061 281.772 BH10 4.30 1.40 22.50
816.110 281.969 BH11 6.80 0.90 25.70
816.395 282.457 BH12 11.80 0.60 30.00
816.394 282.680 BH13 15.50 1.70 30.62
816.040 281.645 BH14 9.80 1.60 26.60
816.127 281.688 BH15 3.10 1.20 23.30
816.598 282.705 BH16 15.80 1.50 22.00
816.800 282.645 BH17 5.30 1.40 23.15
816.590 282.506 BH18 8.90 1.50 24.20
816.771 282.471 BH19 2.20 0.40 20.78
815.980 281.105 BH20 2.30 2.40 14.00
816.158 281.145 BH21 4.50 0.80 19.00
815.780 281.180 BH22 0.90 1.50 24.04
815.880 281.180 BH23 2.90 2.20 20.00
816.089 281.255 BH24 3.00 1.80 23.00
816.333 281.244 BH25 0.30 3.10 22.00

54 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.186 281.613 BH26 3.00 1.20 23.40
816.488 281.613 BH27 0.50 0.80 18.00
816.260 281.984 BH28 2.80 1.00 24.40
816.355 281.908 BH29 2.20 0.40 19.60
816.358 281.625 BH30 2.70 0.90 24.50
816.427 281.613 BH31 2.80 0.70 14.00
816.200 281.250 BH32 3.50 2.50 24.60
816.070 281.433 BH33 6.00 2.60 25.30
816.359 281.683 BH34 3.60 0.40 21.30
816.169 281.780 BH35 3.70 0.30 20.70
816.052 281.900 BH36 5.20 1.20 23.30
816.152 281.883 BH37 3.90 0.30 26.11
816.210 281.972 BH38 3.50 1.30 24.70
816.316 282.000 BH39 2.20 0.40 21.00
816.155 282.083 BH40 6.80 0.80 22.50
816.317 282.090 BH41 3.40 1.30 25.40
816.420 282.095 BH42 2.40 1.20 20.20
816.342 282.192 BH43 6.60 1.20 23.00
816.440 282.190 BH44 3.20 0.40 17.00
816.290 282.288 BH45 11.50 1.20 24.30
816.390 282.271 BH46 4.50 1.20 22.90
816.266 281.545 BH47 3.10 1.00 22.00
816.342 282.366 BH48 11.60 1.20 24.00
816.450 282.350 BH49 2.00 1.80 26.20
816.395 282.565 BH50 15.50 1.70 30.62
816.188 282.295 BH51 16.80 1.60 26.50
816.230 282.407 BH52 17.00 1.60 26.00

55 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.305 282.498 BH53 19.50 1.50 25.50
816.490 282.480 BH54 16.00 1.60 28.14
816.495 282.574 BH55 14.30 1.80 27.30
816.591 282.600 BH54 12.30 1.50 20.00
816.507 282.691 BH55 19.00 1.80 26.60
816.180 281.555 BH56 3.90 1.40 24.50
816.691 282.633 BH57 8.50 1.70 25.00
816.574 282.434 BH58 4.50 2.00 24.00
816.900 282.650 BH59 4.30 1.20 25.75
816.691 282.534 BH60 4.70 1.00 24.40
816.785 282.560 BH61 3.40 1.40 21.47
816.691 282.435 BH62 4.00 1.50 24.00
816.180 281.495 BH63 4.50 1.80 25.00
816.260 282.565 BH64 32.50 1.40 24.70
816.260 282.665 BH65 32.50 1.40 29.20
816.244 281.466 BH66 4.00 1.40 25.00
816.347 281.436 BH67 3.20 1.00 22.00
816.250 281.388 BH68 4.10 1.30 20.30
816.227 281.327 BH69 3.70 1.90 25.40

56 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Area No.5
Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.393 282.678 BH1 19.50 1.70 30.62
816.332 282.877 BH2 17.00 1.20 28.20
816.112 283.008 BH3 20.00 2.00 28.30
816.390 283.030 BH4 17.00 1.90 29.60
816.560 283.051 BH5 20.00 1.70 26.20
816.775 283.056 BH6 10.50 1.50 30.90
816.951 283.056 BH7 4.30 0.90 28.00
817.162 283.065 BH8 21.90 1.20 28.00
816.021 283.150 BH9 26.50 1.00 25.35
815.865 283.275 BH10 28.20 1.60 28.90
816.530 282.855 BH11 20.00 1.50 28.30
816.715 282.834 BH12 11.50 1.50 27.80
816.915 282.810 BH13 5.00 1.20 24.60
817.121 282.834 BH14 2.20 1.00 24.00
816.600 282.705 BH15 16.80 1.50 22.00
816.227 283.173 BH16 17.30 1.20 25.00
816.890 283.350 BH17 8.60 1.80 27.00
816.409 283.200 BH18 18.00 1.60 26.27
816.600 283.218 BH19 18.40 1.40 25.68
816.060 283.300 BH20 25.00 0.30 0.00
816.245 283.324 BH21 21.00 0.60 28.50
816.524 283.342 BH22 17.00 0.50 29.44
816.712 283.340 BH23 15.40 1.60 28.70
817.098 283.350 BH24 15.30 1.60 31.20

57 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.803 283.216 BH26 11.80 0.90 30.00
817.000 283.220 BH27 8.50 1.30 27.00
817.160 283.187 BH28 22.50 0.50 29.60
816.570 283.560 BH29 16.00 1.40 27.00
816.746 283.560 BH30 16.00 1.40 28.70
816.909 283.584 BH31 13.20 1.80 27.78
817.140 283.548 BH32 16.29 1.20 25.60
816.275 283.545 BH33 18.00 0.80 27.00
816.170 283.530 BH34 18.50 1.50 22.50
816.090 283.525 BH35 18.50 1.20 24.40
815.985 283.515 BH36 24.00 1.40 27.00
815.830 283.345 BH37 33.40 1.30 26.81
816.512 282.690 BH38 19.00 1.80 26.70
816.721 282.734 BH39 10.80 1.60 23.20
816.815 282.765 BH40 7.40 1.50 25.20
816.856 282.718 BH41 7.20 1.00 26.40
817.053 282.756 BH42 2.70 0.80 23.50
817.007 282.834 BH43 3.90 1.00 24.30
816.953 282.746 BH44 5.50 0.80 20.55
816.260 282.660 BH45 35.60 1.10 29.20
816.430 282.870 BH46 17.80 1.40 28.88
815.924 283.130 BH47 28.80 1.20 22.50
816.124 283.163 BH48 19.70 0.50 26.78
816.400 282.736 BH49 19.90 1.80 29.23
816.487 282.740 BH50 20.10 1.50 28.47

58 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.578 282.760 BH52 19.00 1.50 20.78
816.321 283.180 BH53 16.00 0.80 31.12
816.636 282.947 BH54 17.40 1.70 29.30
816.728 282.947 BH55 13.50 1.50 28.70
816.821 282.943 BH56 8.70 1.70 25.00
816.925 282.956 BH57 5.50 1.10 26.20
817.146 282.968 BH58 2.50 1.20 28.90
816.650 282.780 BH59 18.14 1.60 28.14
816.728 283.131 BH60 13.30 1.20 29.87
816.512 283.212 BH61 19.80 1.30 28.59
816.810 283.137 BH62 8.80 1.20 30.02
816.900 283.146 BH63 6.90 1.10 26.40
816.992 283.153 BH64 5.70 1.10 29.00
816.728 283.431 BH65 15.50 1.30 27.10
816.618 283.411 BH66 15.50 1.10 27.10
816.512 283.440 BH67 17.70 0.80 29.22
816.409 283.437 BH68 18.00 0.80 25.50
816.709 283.215 BH69 14.80 1.20 29.40
816.316 283.431 BH70 19.10 0.80 26.44
816.215 283.425 BH71 19.40 1.00 25.39
816.094 283.410 BH72 16.30 1.20 28.23
816.890 283.220 BH73 7.50 1.20 27.43
817.062 283.215 BH74 16.65 1.20 26.36
816.630 283.337 BH75 16.20 1.40 26.90
816.822 283.325 BH76 11.80 1.20 31.61

59 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.820 282.820 BH78 8.40 1.20 28.10
817.000 283.356 BH79 12.60 1.20 27.24
817.156 283.384 BH80 17.50 1.60 27.00
815.880 283.480 BH81 29.50 1.60 27.89
816.485 283.550 BH82 17.30 1.10 27.00
815.970 283.295 BH83 25.30 1.20 25.04
816.656 283.553 BH84 14.00 1.20 28.00
816.825 283.562 BH85 15.50 2.10 27.00
817.037 283.562 BH86 13.40 2.80 29.20
815.980 283.390 BH87 25.10 1.00 25.41
816.000 283.221 BH88 27.00 1.20 22.50
816.100 283.069 BH89 23.80 1.60 29.50
816.217 282.942 BH90 17.80 1.40 26.10
816.369 282.936 BH91 15.80 1.60 28.50
816.466 282.945 BH92 17.30 1.60 28.50
816.560 282.949 BH93 20.10 1.60 30.20
816.254 283.106 BH94 16.10 1.10 26.29
816.345 283.112 BH95 15.20 2.00 28.20
816.445 283.130 BH96 18.20 1.30 27.70
816.518 283.130 BH97 20.20 1.20 28.50
816.642 283.139 BH98 17.10 1.20 27.30
816.105 283.240 BH99 21.30 0.70 28.00
816.190 283.248 BH100 18.10 1.00 28.00
816.330 283.009 BH101 15.80 1.40 28.50
816.290 283.240 BH102 17.70 0.80 26.30

60 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD

 Borehole Overburden Phosphate
Longitude Latitude P2O5 %
No. Thickness Thickness
816.394 283.270 BH104 19.60 0.90 25.80
816.475 283.280 BH105 18.00 1.40 26.70
816.575 283.290 BH106 18.20 0.90 27.15
816.665 283.265 BH107 15.10 1.40 24.30
816.762 283.278 BH108 12.30 1.20 27.30
816.850 283.280 BH109 10.00 1.00 26.80
816.947 283.281 BH110 11.60 1.50 26.80
817.043 283.275 BH111 12.70 1.50 28.20
817.100 283.278 BH112 13.40 1.20 27.00
816.480 283.042 BH113 17.30 1.40 27.19
816.630 282.845 BH114 16.00 1.60 27.00
816.676 283.050 BH115 16.30 1.40 31.32
816.971 283.571 BH116 10.50 2.40 29.20
817.096 283.062 BH117 2.80 0.80 22.44
816.815 283.491 BH118 13.70 2.60 30.54
816.900 283.493 BH119 14.00 2.30 30.80
816.981 283.495 BH110 10.00 1.80 28.50
816.815 283.415 BH111 12.70 1.80 27.90
816.900 283.425 BH112 11.40 1.60 31.17
816.987 283.421 BH113 10.90 1.60 25.00

61 A.M.S. ABD EL-GAWAD