1
Experiment No: 2 Date:
OP-AMP OPEN LOOP INVERTING AND NON INVERTING
CIRCUIT
Aim: To study the output behaviour of an open-loop operational amplifier in inverting
and non-inverting configurations, while examining input offset voltage, input bias
current, and input offset current.
Objective: Upon completion of this experiment, we will be proficient in designing
and implementing op-amp circuits in both open-loop, inverting, and non-inverting
configurations.
Apparatus Required:
Sr. No. Name and Specification Quantity Required
1 Regulated Variable Multiple Output DC Dual- 1
Power Supply [0-32V & 2A]
3 Output Channels:
0–30V, 1A (adjustable)
±15V, 1A (tracking)
5V fixed (adjustable 4.8–6V), 1A
Modes: Constant Voltage (CV) and Constant
Current (CC)
Regulation & Stability:
Load/Line Regulation: ±0.05% + 10mV
Ripple & Noise: ≤1 mVrms
Fast recovery time: ≤80 µs
Adjustable Current Limiter: 20 mA to 1 A
2 IC LM741 1
3 Function Generator 1
Frequency Range: 0.3Hz to 3MHz
Waveform Outputs: Sine, square, triangle,
ramp, pulse,DC
Amplitude Control: Adjustable output voltage
Modulation Capabilities: Basic modulation
types like AM or FM
2
Display: Digital readout for frequency and
amplitude
Output Amplitude: Typically up to 20 V peak-
to-peak, with attenuation options.
DC Offset Control: Allows shifting the
waveform vertically on the voltage axis.
Duty Cycle Adjustment: Enables modification
of the pulse width in square waves.
4 Dual Channel DSO 1
100MHz
Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Channels: 2
Sampling Rate: 1 GSa/s
(real-time)
Memory Depth: 10 million
points per channel
Display: 7-inch WVGA
color LCD (800 × 480)
Rise Time: Less than 3.5 ns
Vertical Sensitivity: 1
mV/div to 10 V/div
Input Impedance: 1 MΩ
±3%, 16 pF
Trigger Types: Edge, Pulse
Width, Video, Rise/Fall, etc.
Math Functions: Add,
Subtract, Multiply, Divide,
FFT
Special Feature: “Zero” key
for auto-reset of time/div,
3
volts/div, and trigger level
5 1 1 As per circuit design
Resistors in Ω [ or W]
4 2
6 Connecting Wires As per circuit design
7 Multimeter 1
Principle:
In open-loop configuration, an operational amplifier functions without any feedback from the
output to the input. This setup is primarily used for theoretical analysis or specialized
applications like comparators, rather than for amplification purposes in real-world analog
circuits.
Key Characteristics of Open-Loop Op-Amp Operation:
1. Extremely High Gain:The differential gain (A) of an op-amp in open-loop mode can range
from 20,000 to over 100,000.Even a tiny difference (microvolts) between the input terminals
can drive the output to its saturation limits.This makes open-loop op-amps unsuitable for linear
amplification, as it's nearly impossible to control the output voltage precisely.
2. Output Saturation:The output doesn't reach the full supply voltage but is limited by the op-
amp's design.Typically, the output saturates at about 1–2 V below the supply rails.For instance,
with ±15V supplies, output swing is around ±13V.The polarity of the output depends on the
input voltages.If V+ > V−, output = +Vsat.If V− > V+, output = −Vsat.
Measurable DC Parameters in Open-Loop Mode:
These parameters reflect imperfections in real op-amps and are important for precision
applications:
1. Input Offset Voltage (Vos):
The differential DC voltage required between inputs to make the output zero.It's a crucial
parameter in op amp circuits, affecting accuracy in DC applications. Vos is typically minimized
during manuf acturing through trimming or auto zeroing circuits.
2. Input Bias Current (Ib):
The average current flowing into the inverting and non-inverting terminals when no external
signal is present. It influences DC offset at the output and can cause errors, especially with high
impedance sources. Low Ib op amps or input bias compensation techniques help mitigate these
errors
3. Input Offset Current (Ios):
Ios is the difference between currents flowing into the op amp's input terminals. It contributes to
input offset voltage, particularly in unbalanced impedance scenarios. Balanced input
impedances and low Ios op amps are essential to minimize offset errors
4
Circuit Diagram:
741 Op-Amp Pin Configuration
a) Open-Loop Inverting Amplifier
b) Open-Loop Non-Inverting Amplifier
Input Offset Voltage (Vos):
Input Bias Current(Ib) & Input Offset Current(Ios):
5
Design:
1) AC Supply Inverting Configuration
Vin= ________(1KHz)
VCC= ________
VEE= ________
2) DC Supply Inverting Configuration
Vin= ________
VCC= ________
VEE= ________
3) AC Supply Non-Inverting Configuration
Vin= ________ (1KHz)
VCC= ________
VEE= ________
4) DC Supply Non-Inverting Configuration
Vin= ________
VCC= ________
VEE= ________
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagrams.
2. Make sure that the Op-Amp is powered with connections to pin4(-___V) and
pin7(+___V).
3. Use the function generator to apply an input sinewave of ____Vp-p at a
frequency of 1KHz and Zero DC offset. Observe the output at pin6, on the
DSO.
4. Observe the effect of change in the input signal amplitude on the output
waveform.
5. For measuring DC Parameters, connect the circuit as shown in the circuit
diagrams.
6. Make the necessary observations and calculations.
7. Compare the results with the typical parameter values.
6
Sr. Op-Amp Parameter Practical value Typical value
No.
1 Input offset voltage 6mV
2 Input bias current 500nA
3 Input offset current 200mA
Calculations:
Precautions:
1. Operate the op-amp in an open-loop configuration to ensure accurate
measurement of DC parameters specific to the experiment.
2. Shield the experimental setup from environmental disturbances and use
shielded cables to minimize noise and interference, crucial for precise measurements.
3. Before powering the circuit, meticulously verify the accuracy of component
values and connections to prevent errors in data collection.
4. Adhere strictly to the op-amp's specified voltage and current ratings to avoid
damage during experimentation.
5. Guard against short circuits by maintaining proper insulation and securely
connecting all components.
6. Employ current-limiting resistors appropriately to safeguard the op-amp from
potential damage due to excessive currents.
7. Handle components with care to minimize the risk of static discharge, which
could affect measurement accuracy.
8. Immediately report any malfunctioning equipment to the TA and refrain from
further use until it's inspected and deemed safe.
7
9. Avoid damaging or tampering with the experimental equipment or leads,
ensuring the integrity of the setup.
10. Utilize proper wire stripping tools to avoid damaging wires or risking injury.
11. Take precautions to prevent wire bits from dispersing around the workspace,
maintaining a clean and safe environment for experimentation.
Advantages:
1. Demonstrates High Gain Behaviour: The experiment clearly shows the extremely
high open-loop gain of the op-amp, often exceeding 100,000. This helps learners
understand why even very small input voltage differences result in full positive or
negative output saturation.
2. Foundation for Comparator Applications: Open-loop configuration behaves like a
voltage comparator, switching output states based on the input polarity. This directly
leads to applications in zero-crossing detectors, threshold detectors, and simple
switching circuits.
3. Easy to Implement: The absence of a feedback loop makes the circuit simpler to
build and ideal for beginner-level experimentation or theoretical analysis.\
4. Facilitates Measurement of Key DC Parameters: Important DC characteristics like
Input Offset Voltage, Input Bias Current, and Input Offset Current can be isolated and
measured effectively in this configuration.
5. Highlights Limitations of Ideal Op-Amp Assumptions: Real-world behavior such as
output saturation (not reaching the full supply voltage), and input imperfections are
made visible, emphasizing the need for proper feedback in analog design.
6. Educational Value:It offers a hands-on experience in understanding core op-amp
concepts like differential input, gain, and the significance of feedback in real-world
applications.
7. Useful in Precision Threshold Detection:In certain applications like over-voltage
detection, open-loop operation is purposely used for its sharp transition and fast
response.
Disadvantages:
1. Highly Sensitive to Noise: Without feedback, the op-amp amplifies any minor noise
or interference, often resulting in output saturation.
2. Non-Linear Response: Open-loop op-amps don't operate in the linear region, so you
can't use them for standard signal amplification.
8
3. Difficult to Control Output: Because of the extremely high gain, even microvolt-
level input changes can send the output to +Vsat or -Vsat—making it unpredictable
and impractical for analog applications.
4. Risk of Damage in Practice: If not designed carefully, sudden output transitions or
saturations can stress components or introduce large current spikes.
5. Limited Practical Use: While educational, open-loop configurations are rarely used
in actual analog signal paths outside of comparators or special cases.
Applications:
1. Voltage Comparators: Utilized for binary decision-making and signal level
detection.
2. Zero-Crossing Detectors: Employed to detect when a signal Crosses zero
amplitude in AC circuits.
Conclusion:
1. In Non-Inverting Open Loop configuration, the input sine wave was converted into a, in
phase square wave at the output.
2. In Inverting Open Loop configuration, the input sine wave was converted into a, invertd
square wave at the output.
