Energy

Classification
Lecture Slide 01
EEE-133
Session:2022-23
Dept. of EEE

Sylhet Engineering College

 Energy
 In general, the word energy refers to a concept that can be paraphrased as "the potential for causing

changes", and therefore one can say that energy is the cause of any change.

 The most common definition of energy is the work that a certain force (gravitational, electromagnetic,

etc.) can do.

 Due to a variety of forces, energy has many different forms (gravitational, electric, heat, etc.) that can

be grouped into two major categories: Kinetic energy and Potential energy.

 According to this definition, energy has the same units as work; a force applied through a distance.

 The SI unit of energy, the joule, equals one newton applied through one meter, for example.

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 Energy has no direction in space, and is therefore considered a scalar quantity.

 Energy is a conserved quantity, meaning that it cannot be created or destroyed, but only converted

fromone forminto another.

 Thus, the total energy of the universe always remains constant.

 One form of energy can be readily transformed into another; for instance, a battery converts chemical

energy into electrical energy.

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the
developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy
needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

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 Classification
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
1. Primary and Secondary energy.
2. Commercial and Non commercial energy.
3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy.
4. Conventional & Non-Conventional Energy.

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 Primary &Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy
sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available
include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential
energy due to earth’s gravity. The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure.

Primary energy sourcesare mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for
example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also be used directly.
Some energy sources have non-energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a feedstock in
fertiliser plants.

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Fig. 1.1: Major Primary and Secondary Sources

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 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

 Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy.
By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products.
Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the
modern world. In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population. Examples: Electricity, lignite,
coal, oil, natural gas etc.

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 Non-CommercialEnergy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-
commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and
agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used especially in rural
households. These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy
accounting. Example: Firewood, Agro Waste in Rural Areas; Solar Energy for Water Heating, Electricity
generation, for Drying Grain, Fish and Fruits; Animal Power for Transport, Threshing, Lifting Water for
Irrigation, Crushing Sugarcane; Wind Energy for Lifting Water and Electricity Generation.

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 Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy

 RenewableEnergy

 Sources of energy which are inexhaustible and can be used to produce the energy again and again.
 Unlimited in nature and require less time.
 Example: Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass Energy.

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 Non-Renewable Energy

 Sources of energy which are exhaustible and can not be reused again and again after single use.
 Limited in nature and require more (millions of years) time to form.
 Example: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas.

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 Conventional &Non-Conventional Energy

 Conventional Energy
Sources of Energy which are used extensively & fulfil major portion of requirement. Example:
 Fossil Fuel (Dead Decaying Plants & Animals)
 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
 Hydro-Energy
 Biomass & Wind Energy

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 Non-Conventional Energy

Sources of Energy which are not extensively used in comparison to Conventional & fulfil the requirement up
to a limited range. Example:

 Solar Energy
 Ocean Thermal Energy
 Geothermal Energy
 Tidal energy
 Nuclear Energy
 Wave Energy

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 Global Primary Energy Reserves*

 Coal
The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 9,84,453 million tonnes by end of 2003. The USA
had the largest share of the global reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China (11.6%). India
was 4th in the list with 8.6%.

 Oil
Theglobal proven oil reserve wasestimated to be 1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003. Saudi
Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost 23%. (One barrel of oil is approximately 160
litres)

 Gas
The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176 trillion cubic metres by the end of 2003. The
Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost 27%.
*Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004

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 World oil and gas reserves are estimated at
just 45years and 65
years respectively. Coal is likely to last a little
over 200 years

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 Global Primary Energy Consumption
The global primary energy consumption at the end of 2003 was equivalent to 9741 million tonnes of oil
equivalent (Mtoe). The Fig. 1.2 shows in what proportions the sources mentioned above contributed to this
global figure.

Fig. 1.2: Global Primary Energy Consumption

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Energy Distribution & Consumption between
Developing & Developed Countries

Fig. 1.4: Energy Distribution Between Developed and Developing Countries

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