Life Processes

Q1. What is nutrition?

Ans. Nutrition: The process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it,
is called nutrition.
Q2. What is the need of Nutrition?
Ans. Organisms need the energy to perform various activities. The energy is
supplied by the nutrients. Organisms need various raw materials for growth
and repair. These raw materials are provided by nutrients.
Q3. What is Nutrients?
Ans. Materials which provide nutrition to organisms are called nutrients.
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the main nutrients and are called
macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are required in small amounts and
hence are called micronutrients.
Q4. How do we know that plants are alive?
Ans. We see them green, they grow over time, so we know that they are
alive,
Q5. Do you think virus is alive or not?
Ans. viruses do not show any molecular movement in them (until they infect
some cell), and that is partly why there is a controversy about whether they
are truly alive or not.
Q6. Why it is necessary for living creatures to keep repairing and maintaining
their structure?
Ans. ordered nature of living structures is very likely to keep breaking down
over time. If order breaks down, the organism will no longer be alive. So
living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their structures.
Q7. What is life processes?
Ans. The maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when
they are not doing anything particular. Even when we are just sitting in
Reprint 2025-26 class, even if we are just asleep, this maintenance job has to
go on. The processes which together perform this maintenance job are life
processes.
Q8. Where do we get the energy to prevent damage and break down?
Ans. Since these maintenance processes are needed to prevent damage and
break-down, energy is needed for them. This energy comes from outside the
body of the individual organism. So there must be a process to transfer a
source of energy from outside the body of the organism, which we call food.
Q9. Life on earth depend on which molecule?
Ans. life on earth depends on carbon based molecules, most of these food
sources are also carbon-based.
Q10. Name the chemical reaction took place to break down the food?
Ans. Oxidizing-reducing reactions are some of the most common chemical
means to break-down molecules.
Q11. What is the process of respiration?
Ans. The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and to use it in
the process of break-down of food sources for cellular needs, is what we call
respiration.
Q12. Why there is no need of specific organ for processes in single celled
organism?
Ans. In the case of a single-celled organism, no specific organs for taking in
food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes may be needed because the
entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment.
Q13. What is excretion?
Ans. The process by which living organisms eliminate harmful metabolic
wastes and toxic substances from their bodies. This process is essential for
maintaining the health and homeostasis of organisms.
Q14. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi
cellular organisms like humans?
Ans. Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of multicellular
organisms like humans because of their large size, complex structure, and
high metabolic needs
Q15. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Ans. To determine if something is alive, scientists generally look for the
presence of key characteristics or processes, including: cellular organization,
growth and development, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism,
and homeostasis. Additionally, the presence of molecular movement and life
processes like respiration, excretion, and transportation are also strong
indicators.
Q16.What is Autotrophic Nutrition?
Ans. The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is
called autotrophic nutrition. Green plants and blue-green algae follow the
autotrophic mode of nutrition.
Q17. What is autotroph?
Ans. he organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called
autotrophs (green plants).
Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process, by which autotrophs intake
CO2 and H2O, and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of
chlorophyll, sunlight is called photosynthesis.
Q18. Define Nutrition in plant?
Ans. Green plants prepare their own food. They make food in the presence
of sunlight. Sunlight provides energy’, carbon dioxide and water are the raw
materials and chloroplast is the site where food is made.
Q19. Define the process of photosynthesis?
Ans. The process by which green plants prepare food is called
photosynthesis.
 During this process, the solar energy is converted into chemical energy
and carbohydrates are formed.
 Green leaves are the main site of photosynthesis.
 The green portion of the plant contains a pigment chloroplast,
chlorophyll (green pigment).
 The whole process of photosynthesis can be shown by the following
equation:
Q20. Name raw material for photosynthesis?
 Ans. Sunlight
 Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by chloroplast
 CO2: Enters through stomata, and oxygen (O2) is released as a
byproduct through stomata on the leaf.
 Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorous etc., are
taken up by the roots from the soil.
Q21. How do raw materials for photosynthesis become available to the
plant?
Ans.
 Water comes from the soil, through the xylem tissue in roots and
stems.
  Carbon dioxide comes in the leaves through stomata.
Q22. Write main event of photosynthesis?
Ans.
 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
 Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking)
of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
 Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
 Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which leads to splitting of the water
molecule.
 The hydrogen, released by the splitting of a water molecule is utilized
for the reduction of carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.
 Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis.
 Carbohydrate is subsequently converted into starch and is stored in
leaves and other storage parts.
 The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light reaction.
Q23. What is stomata?
Ans. These are tiny pores present in the epidermis of leaf or stem through
which gaseous exchange and transpiration occur.
Q24. What are function of stomata?
Ans. Functions of stomata
 Exchange of gases, O2 and CO2.
 Loses a large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration.
Q25. What is the significance of photosynthesis?
Ans. Significance of Photosynthesis:
 Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar energy is made
available for different living beings.
 Green plants are the main producers of food in the ecosystem. All
other organisms directly or indirectly depend on green plants for food.
 The process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining the balance of
carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air.
Q26. What is heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans. he mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another
organism is called heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms, other than green
plants and blue-green algae follow the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic nutrition can be further divided into three types, viz.
saprophytic nutrition, holozoic nutrition, and parasitic.
 Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the organism secretes
the digestive juices on the food. The food is digested while it is still to
be ingested. The digested food is then ingested by the organism. All
the decomposers follow saprophytic nutrition. Some insects, like
houseflies, also follow this mode of nutrition.
  Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition, the digestion happens inside
the body of the organism. i.e., after the food is ingested. Most of the
animals follow this mode of nutrition.
 Parasitic Nutrition: The organism which lives inside or outside another
organism (host) and derives nutrition from it is known as parasites and
this type of mode of nutrition is called parasitic nutrition. For example
Cuscuta, tick etc.
Q27.Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba?
Ans. Nutrition in Amoeba
 Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of
nutrition.
 In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the ingestion
of food. Thus, digestion takes place inside the body of the organism.
 Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion.
Q28.Write the opening and closing procedure of stomta pores?
Ans.

Q29. What does human digestive system is made up of?

Ans. The human digestive system is composed of an alimentary canal and
some accessory glands.
Q30.In How many parts alimentary canal is divided into?
Ans. The alimentary canal is divided into several parts, like oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
Q31. Name the accessory gland?
Ans. Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are the accessory glands which lie
outside the alimentary canal.
Q32. Name the Associated Gland?
Ans. Associated Glands: Main associated glands are
 Salivary gland
 Gastric Glands
 Liver
 Pancreas
Q33. What is Mouth or Buccal Cavity?
 Ans. The mouth has teeth and tongue. Salivary glands are also present
in the mouth.
 The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste.
 The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be
properly mixed in it.
 Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that,
swallowing of food becomes easier.
 There are four types of teeth in human beings. The incisor teeth are
used for cutting the food.
 The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard
substances.
 The premolars are used for the coarse grinding of food. The molars are
used for fine grinding of food.
Q34. What is the function of Salivary gland?
Ans. Salivary glands secrete saliva: Saliva makes the food slippery which
makes it easy to swallow the food. Saliva also contains the enzyme salivary
amylase or ptyalin. Salivary amylase digests starch and converts it into
sucrose, (maltose).
Q35.What is the function of Oesophagus?
Ans. Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movement.
Q36.What is the function of peristaltic movement?
Ans. Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of
the alimentary canal to push the food forward.
Q37. What is the function of stomach?
 Ans. Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of the stomach
help in churning the food.
 The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid
kills the germs which may be present in food.
 Moreover, it makes the medium inside the stomach as acidic. The
acidic medium is necessary for gastric enzymes to work.
 The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the stomach, does partial digestion of
protein.
 The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining
of the stomach from getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.
Q38. What is the function of small intestine?
Ans Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small
intestine is longer than the large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that
of the large intestine. The small intestine is divided into three parts, like
duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Q39. What is the function of lever?

Ans. Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The liver
manufactures bile, which gets stored in the gall bladder. From the gall
bladder, bile is released as and when required.
Q40.What is the function of pancreas?
Ans. Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice
which contains many digestive enzymes.
Bile and pancreatic juice go to the duodenum through a hepatopancreatic
duct. Bile breaks down fat into smaller particles. This process is called
emulsification of fat. After that, the enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids
and glycerol. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes which digest protein
into amino acids. Complex carbohydrates are digested into glucose. The
major part of digestion takes place in the duodenum
Q41. What is the function of large intestine?
Ans.
Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine.
 Undigested food goes into the large intestine.
 Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large intestine.
After that, the undigested food goes to the rectum, from where it is
expelled out through the anus.
 Large Intestine absorb excess of water. The rest of the material is
removed from the body via the anus. (Egestion).
Q42. Define Respiration?
Ans. Respiration: The process by which a living being utilises the food to get
energy, is called respiration. Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which
carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy. Mitochondria is the site of
respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per need.
Q43. What are the types of respiration.
Ans. There are two types of Respiration.aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Q44. What is Aerobic Respiration?
Ans. Aerobic respiration is a cellular process that uses oxygen to convert
glucose into energy (ATP). It's a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the
presence of oxygen, allowing for a complete breakdown of glucose and the
release of a large amount of energy.
Q45. What is Anaerobic Respiration?
Ans. Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the
absence of oxygen, producing energy (ATP) through the breakdown of
glucose or other organic molecules. Unlike aerobic respiration, which relies
on oxygen as the final electron acceptor, anaerobic respiration utilizes
alternative electron acceptors to generate energy.
Q46.Difference between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans. Autotrophic Nutrition:
 Definition: Organisms produce their own food from simple inorganic
molecules (e.g., CO2, water) using energy from light (photosynthesis)
or chemicals.
 Examples: Plants, algae, and some bacteria.
 Process: Typically involves photosynthesis, where light energy is
converted into chemical energy stored in organic compounds like
glucose.
 Self-sufficient: Organisms are independent of other organisms for
food.
Heterotrophic Nutrition:
  Definition: Organisms obtain food by consuming other organisms or
organic substances.
 Examples: Animals, fungi, and many bacteria.
 Process: Involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and
elimination of undigested food.
 Dependent on others: Organisms rely on other organisms or organic
matter for nutrients
Q47. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for
photosynthesis?
Ans. Plants acquire the raw materials for photosynthesis from the
atmosphere, soil, and the sun. Specifically, they obtain carbon dioxide from
the air through tiny pores on their leaves called stomata, water from the soil
through their roots, and sunlight, which is absorbed by chlorophyll in their
leaves.
Q48. What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
Ans. Stomach acid, primarily hydrochloric acid, plays a crucial role in
digestion by breaking down food, activating digestive enzymes, and
protecting against harmful bacteria. It creates an acidic environment that
helps to denature proteins and facilitates the breakdown of food molecules
into smaller, absorbable units. Additionally, the acidity helps to activate
pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins
Q49. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Ans. Digestive enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate the breakdown
of food into smaller, absorbable components, enabling the body to extract
and utilize nutrients effectively. These enzymes speed up chemical reactions
that transform complex food molecules into simpler substances that can be
absorbed into the bloodstream.
Q50. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Ans. The small intestine is specifically designed for efficient absorption of
digested food through several key features. Its inner lining features millions
of tiny finger-like projections called villi, which significantly increase the
surface area available for absorption. These villi are richly supplied with
blood vessels, allowing absorbed nutrients to be quickly transported into the
bloodstream and distributed throughout the body.
Q51. Write the steps of respiration?
Ans. The steps of respiration are given below:
1. the first step is the break-down of glucose, a six-carbon
molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This
process takes place in the cytoplasm
2. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon
dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation.
3. . Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the
mitochondria. This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate
molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide.
4. another pathway for the break-down of pyruvate is taken. Here
the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is also a three-
carbon molecule. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles
during sudden activity causes cramps.
 Equations

Q52.What is used to synthesized a molecule called ATP?

Ans. The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to
synthesized a molecule called ATP
Q53. What is used to fuel all other activities in the cell?
Ans. ATP is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.
Q54. Define the process of Breaking down ATP ?
Ans. In these processes, ATP is broken down giving rise
to a fixed amount of energy which can drive the
endothermic reactions taking place in the cell.
Q55. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Ans.

Q56. Why there is a pain when someone runs too fast?

 Ans. When someone runs too fast, he may experience throbbing pain
in the leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration
taking place in the muscles.
 During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases.
This is compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed
in the process.
 The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg muscles. The pain
subsides after taking rest for some time.
Q57. How does plant exchange gases?
Ans. plants exchange gases through stomata.
Q58.Name the gases exchange by the plants?
Ans. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by diffusion.
Q59. Why breathing in aquatic organism is much faster than terrestrial
organism?
Ans. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the
amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is
much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.

Q60. Name the main structure in the human respiratory

System?
Ans. Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal
passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains
wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hair help in filtering
the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when
it enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal
passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings
prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one
bronchus going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside
the lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is
composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood
capillaries open. This is alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the
blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases,
in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure differential.
Q61. Explain Breathing Mechanism?
Ans. Breathing Mechanism
 The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and
the intercostalis muscles.
 The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber
from the abdominal cavity.
 When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and the air is
inhaled.
 When the diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air are exhaled.

Q62. Difference between inhalation and Exhalation?

Q63. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism
have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans. Terrestrial organisms have a distinct advantage over aquatic organisms
when it comes to obtaining oxygen for respiration. Terrestrial organisms
breathe in air, which contains a significantly higher concentration of oxygen
(around 21%) compared to the much lower dissolved oxygen concentration
in water (typically less than 1%). This means terrestrial organisms have
access to a readily available and abundant oxygen source, making it easier
for them to extract the oxygen they need for respiration.
Q64. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide
energy in various organisms?
Ans. Glucose is oxidized in two primary ways to generate energy: aerobic
and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen,
breaks down glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water, releasing a
large amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence
of oxygen, partially oxidizes glucose, producing either ethanol and carbon
dioxide (in yeast and some bacteria) or lactic acid (in muscles and some
bacteria).
Q65. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Ans. In human beings, oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to
hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide is transported in several
forms, including dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin. The
exchange of these gases occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and the
capillaries.
Q66. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for
an exchange of gases?
Ans. The human lungs are designed to maximize the surface area for gas
exchange through the presence of numerous alveoli, tiny air sacs that are
highly vascularized and surrounded by capillaries. This structure, along with
the thin, moist walls of the alveoli, facilitates efficient diffusion of oxygen
into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of it.
Q67.What is plasma?
Ans. Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma. Plasma transports food,
carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. Oxygen is carried
by the red blood corpuscles. Many other substances like salts, are also
transported by the blood.
Q68. What function is performed by Circulatory System?
Ans. Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants. Human
beings like other multicellular organism need a regular supply of foods,
oxygen etc. This function is performed by a circulatory system or transport
system.
Q69. What is circulatory system is responsible for?
Ans. The circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances
in human beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and blood
capillaries. Blood plays the role of the carrier of substances.
Q70. Which lays the role of carrier in human body?
Ans. Blood plays the role of the carrier of substances.
Q71. Explain the following terms.
Heart, Arteries, Veins, capillaries
Ans.
1) Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac muscles.
  It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The heart is a
pumping organ which pumps the blood.
 The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. right atrium, right
ventricle, left ventricle and left atrium.
 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.
 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.
2. Arteries:
 These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood
from the heart to different organs.
 Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated
blood from the heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place.
3. Veins:
 These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood
from different organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions
because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.
 Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood.
4. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled walls.

Q72. What is blood? What does blood compose of?

Ans. Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for
various substances in the body. Blood is composed of 1. Plasma 2. Blood
cells 3. Platelets.
 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is mostly
composed of water. Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood.
 Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells
(RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red colour because of
the presence of haemoglobin which is a pigment. Haemoglobin readily
combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide. The transport of oxygen
happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon dioxide is also
transported through hemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white colour.
They play important role in the immunity.
 Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood
coagulation is a defense mechanism which prevents excess loss of
blood, in case of an injury.
Q73. What is Lymph?
 Ans. Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.
 Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and
goes to the intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected
through lymph vessels and finally return to the blood capillaries.
 Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system.
 Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the blood capillaries into the
intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood.
 Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation
and destroying germs.
Q74.What is double circulation?
Ans. In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one
cardiac cycle. This type of circulation is called double circulation. One
complete heartbeat in which all the chambers of the heart contract and
relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats about 72 times per
minute in a normal adult. In one cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL
blood and thus, about 4900 mL blood in a minute. Double circulation
ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
which is necessary for optimum energy production in warm-blooded
animals

Q75. How does transportation in plant happen?

Ans. Plants have specialized vascular tissues for transportation of
substances. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants.
 Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals.
It is composed of trachids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and
xylem fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting elements.
The xylem makes a continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to
stem and right up to the veins of leaves.
 Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the
plant.
 Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is
composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
bast fibers. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements in phloem.
 Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other part of the
plant.
Q76. What is blood pressure?
Ans. The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood
pressure. This pressure is much greater in arteries than in veins. The
pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular systole (contraction)
is called systolic pressure and pressure
in artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation) is called diastolic
pressure. The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg and
diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
Q77. How blood pressure is measured?
Ans. Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called
sphygmomanometer
Q78. What is high blood pressure called?
Ans. High blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by the
constriction of arterioles, which results in increased resistance to blood
flow
Q79. What is arteries or blood vessel?
Ans. Arteries are the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to
various organs of the body. Since the blood emerges from the heart
under high pressure, the arteries have thick, elastic walls. Veins collect
the blood
from different organs and bring it back to the heart.
Q80. Why veins do not need a thick wall?
Ans. They do not need
thick walls because the blood is no longer under pressure, instead they
have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.
Q81. What is capillaries?
Ans. The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are
called capillaries.
Q82. How loss of blood from system can be minimized?
Ans. the loss of blood from the system has to be minimized. In addition,
leakage would lead to a loss of pressure which would reduce the
efficiency of the pumping system. To avoid this, the blood has platelet
cells which circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping to
clot the blood at these points of injury.
Q83. What is translocation and phloem?
Ans. This transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called
translocation and it occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as
phloem. Besides the products of photosynthesis, the phloem
transports amino acids and other substances.
Q84. Which material is transformed into phloem?
Ans. Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue
Q85. What are the components of the transport system in human beings?
What are the functions of these components?
Ans. The components of the transport system in human beings are the
heart, blood, and blood vessels. The function of the heart is to pump
oxygenated blood throughout the body and receives deoxygenated blood
from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for
oxygenation.
Human Circulatory System:
  Heart: The heart pumps blood throughout the body, receiving
deoxygenated blood from various parts and sending it to the lungs for
oxygenation, then pumping oxygenated blood back to the body.
 Blood: Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout
the body.
 Blood Vessels:
o Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to different
parts of the body.
o Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
o Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of materials (oxygen,
nutrients, waste products) between blood and body tissues.

Q86. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in

mammals and birds?
Ans. Separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds
is crucial for efficient oxygen delivery and high energy production. This
separation ensures that blood leaving the heart is rich in oxygen, which is
essential for the high metabolic demands of these warm-blooded animals
Q87. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized
plants?
Ans. The transport system in highly organized plants primarily consists
of xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem transports water and minerals from the
roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem transports food (sugars and nutrients)
from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Q88. How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Ans. Water and minerals are transported in plants primarily through the
xylem, a vascular tissue that acts as a continuous water-conducting channel
from roots to leaves. This transport is driven by transpiration, the
evaporation of water from leaves through tiny pores called stomata, which
creates a suction that pulls water upwards from the root.
Q89. How is food transported in plants?
Ans. In plants, food produced during photosynthesis is transported through
the phloem, a vascular tissue. This process, called translocation, moves
sugars from areas of abundance, like leaves, to other parts of the plant
where they are needed or stored. Energy from ATP helps create osmotic
pressure, driving the movement of food and water within the phloem.
Q90. Define Ascent of Sap?
Ans. The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different
plant parts is called ascent of sap.
Q91. What is excretion?
Ans. Excretion in human beings:
 Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion.
 Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities.
 These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in the
body can be harmful and even lethal for an organism.
Q92. Explain human Excretory System?
Ans. Human Excretory System:
 The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys.
 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary
bladder.
  Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is expelled out
through urethra as and when required.

Q93.What does human excretory system include?

Ans. Excretory system of human beings includes:
 A pair of kidneys.
 A urinary bladder.
 A pair of the ureter.
 A urethra.
Q94. Where is kidney located?
Ans. Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the
backbone.
Q95.Where urine produced and how it is released?
Ans. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the
urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
Q96. What is the purpose of making urine?
Ans. The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the
blood.
Q97.How CO2 is removed from the blood?
Ans. CO2 is removed from the blood in the lungs
Q98.How urea or uric acid are removed from the blood?
Ans. urea or uric acid are removed from blood in the kidneys
Q99. What is nephron?
Ans. Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration units called nephrons.

Function of Nephron
  It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called
glomerulus.
 The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery
is attached.
 The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called afferent
arteriole and the one receiving blood from the glomerulus is called
efferent arteriole.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s
capsule. The bowman’s capsule extends into a fine tube which is highly
coiled.
 Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which
finally goes to the ureter.

Q100. How urine passes from kidney to urethra?

Ans. The urine forming in each kidney eventually enters a long tube, the
ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder. Urine is stored
in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to
the urge to pass it out through the urethra.

Q101. Write the steps in the formation of urine?

Ans. Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three
steps:
 Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid
filter from the blood into bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the filtrate are
reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron.
  Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens
up into the collecting duct and then into the ureter.
Q102. Where plants waste product stored?
Ans. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste
products may be stored in leaves that fall off. Other waste products are
stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some
waste substances into the soil around them.
Q103. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons?
Ans. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, responsible for filtering
blood and producing urine. They consist of a renal corpuscle (Bowman's
capsule and glomerulus) and a renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule,
loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct), working
together to filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and excrete waste
products.
Q104. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Ans. The amount of urine produced is regulated by a complex interplay of
factors, primarily involving water reabsorption in the kidneys and the
influence of hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The kidneys filter
blood, removing excess water and dissolved wastes to form urine, and then
reabsorb what the body needs back into the bloodstream.
Q105. What is the work of Artificial kidney or (Hemodialysis)?
Ans. Kidneys are vital organs for survival. Several factors like infections,
injury or restricted blood flow to kidneys reduce the activity of kidneys. This
leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes in the body, which can even lead
to death. In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used. An
artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from the
blood through dialysis.