Core and Application Topics in Elementary

Mathematics

1 Arithmetic
1.1 Description and Subpoints
• Number Systems: Whole numbers, integers, fractions, decimals, and negative num-
bers.

• Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.

• Properties of Numbers: Commutative, associative, distributive properties, and

identity elements.

• Factors and Multiples: Prime numbers, composite numbers, greatest common fac-
tor (GCF), least common multiple (LCM).

• Fractions and Decimals: Simplifying fractions, equivalent fractions, converting be-

tween fractions and decimals, operations with fractions and decimals.

• Percentages: Calculating percentages, percentage increase/decrease, and applica-

tions (e.g., discounts, taxes).

• Ratios and Proportions: Simplifying ratios, solving proportion problems.

• Order of Operations: PEMDAS/BODMAS (Parentheses/Brackets, Exponents/Orders,

Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction).

1.2 Related Application Topics

1.2.1 Measurement
• Units of Measurement: Length (e.g., meters, inches), weight (e.g., grams, pounds),
volume (e.g., liters, gallons), and time.

• Conversions: Converting between units (e.g., centimeters to meters, hours to min-

utes).

• Perimeter and Area: Calculating perimeter and area of basic shapes (e.g., rectan-
gles, squares, triangles).

• Volume: Measuring volume of simple 3D shapes (e.g., cubes, rectangular prisms).

• Time: Reading clocks, elapsed time, and calendar-based problems.

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1.2.2 Data and Statistics
• Data Collection: Gathering data through surveys or experiments.

• Data Representation: Creating and interpreting bar graphs, line graphs, pictographs,
and tables.

• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode, and range.

• Probability: Basic probability concepts (e.g., likelihood, simple probability calcula-

tions).

1.2.3 Problem Solving

• Word Problems: Applying arithmetic, measurement, and algebraic skills to real-
world scenarios.

• Logical Reasoning: Deductive reasoning, pattern recognition, and puzzles.

• Strategies: Guess-and-check, working backward, drawing diagrams, and making ta-

bles.

1.2.4 Financial Literacy (Basic)

• Money: Counting money, making change, and basic budgeting.

• Simple Interest: Introduction to calculating interest (e.g., savings accounts).

2 Number Sense
2.1 Description and Subpoints
• Place Value: Understanding digits in ones, tens, hundreds, etc.

• Rounding and Estimation: Rounding numbers to the nearest ten, hundred, etc.,
and estimating results of calculations.

• Number Patterns: Sequences, skip counting, and identifying patterns.

• Comparing and Ordering Numbers: Using symbols (<, >, =) for whole numbers,
fractions, and decimals.

2.2 Related Application Topics

2.2.1 Measurement
• Units of Measurement: Length (e.g., meters, inches), weight (e.g., grams, pounds),
volume (e.g., liters, gallons), and time.

• Conversions: Converting between units (e.g., centimeters to meters, hours to min-

utes).

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• Perimeter and Area: Calculating perimeter and area of basic shapes (e.g., rectan-
gles, squares, triangles).

• Volume: Measuring volume of simple 3D shapes (e.g., cubes, rectangular prisms).

• Time: Reading clocks, elapsed time, and calendar-based problems.

2.2.2 Data and Statistics

• Data Collection: Gathering data through surveys or experiments.

• Data Representation: Creating and interpreting bar graphs, line graphs, pictographs,
and tables.

• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode, and range.

• Probability: Basic probability concepts (e.g., likelihood, simple probability calcula-

tions).

2.2.3 Problem Solving

• Word Problems: Applying arithmetic, measurement, and algebraic skills to real-
world scenarios.

• Logical Reasoning: Deductive reasoning, pattern recognition, and puzzles.

• Strategies: Guess-and-check, working backward, drawing diagrams, and making ta-

bles.

2.2.4 Financial Literacy (Basic)

• Money: Counting money, making change, and basic budgeting.

• Simple Interest: Introduction to calculating interest (e.g., savings accounts).

3 Geometry
3.1 Description and Subpoints
• Shapes: Identifying and classifying 2D shapes (e.g., circles, triangles, quadrilaterals)
and 3D shapes (e.g., cubes, spheres, cylinders).

• Properties of Shapes: Angles, sides, vertices, symmetry, and congruence.

• Angles: Measuring and classifying angles (acute, obtuse, right, straight).

• Coordinate Geometry: Introduction to the coordinate plane, plotting points, and

simple graphing.

• Transformations: Reflections, rotations, translations, and scaling.

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3.2 Related Application Topics
3.2.1 Measurement
• Units of Measurement: Length (e.g., meters, inches), weight (e.g., grams, pounds),
volume (e.g., liters, gallons), and time.

• Conversions: Converting between units (e.g., centimeters to meters, hours to min-

utes).

• Perimeter and Area: Calculating perimeter and area of basic shapes (e.g., rectan-
gles, squares, triangles).

• Volume: Measuring volume of simple 3D shapes (e.g., cubes, rectangular prisms).

• Time: Reading clocks, elapsed time, and calendar-based problems.

3.2.2 Problem Solving

• Word Problems: Applying arithmetic, measurement, and algebraic skills to real-
world scenarios.

• Logical Reasoning: Deductive reasoning, pattern recognition, and puzzles.

• Strategies: Guess-and-check, working backward, drawing diagrams, and making ta-

bles.

4 Algebra (Introductory)
4.1 Description and Subpoints
• Variables and Expressions: Writing and evaluating simple algebraic expressions.

• Equations: Solving basic one-step and two-step equations.

• Patterns and Sequences: Extending patterns and writing rules for sequences.

• Inequalities: Basic understanding of inequalities (e.g., x > 5).

4.2 Related Application Topics

4.2.1 Problem Solving
• Word Problems: Applying arithmetic, measurement, and algebraic skills to real-
world scenarios.

• Logical Reasoning: Deductive reasoning, pattern recognition, and puzzles.

• Strategies: Guess-and-check, working backward, drawing diagrams, and making ta-

bles.

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4.2.2 Data and Statistics
• Data Collection: Gathering data through surveys or experiments.

• Data Representation: Creating and interpreting bar graphs, line graphs, pictographs,
and tables.

• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode, and range.

• Probability: Basic probability concepts (e.g., likelihood, simple probability calcula-

tions).

5 Notes
• Each application topic may draw on multiple core topics, but they are placed under
the core topic they most directly rely on. For example, Problem Solving integrates all
core topics but is listed where it heavily applies specific skills (e.g., algebraic equations
under Algebra).

• Measurement, Data and Statistics, and Financial Literacy appear under multiple core
topics because they rely on arithmetic and number sense extensively, and Measurement
also connects to geometry for spatial calculations.

• All subpoints are preserved to ensure completeness.