PNLE 2023 Research

SCIENTIFIC METHOD VS. RESEARCH • Ultimate Goal – highest goal of research;

Experiment shared among the different professions; to
• Scientific method – informal way to discover improve the practice of the profession: nursing
new things ***Another term that the BON will use: client care,
patient care, health care, nursing care
Experiment 5 steps: ***Importance – best answer is ultimate goal
• Problem identification
• Formulation of hypothesis Sources of Knowledge
• Gathering of data • Tradition
• Analyzation of data • Authority – people considered expert
• Conclusion • Logical Reasoning
• Experience and trial and error
Research o Experience is the best teacher
More formal, intensive, and comprehensive method o Try and try until you succeed
for the discovery of new knowledge • Scientific Method – AKA: experiment

Research 5 major steps: MAJOR STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH

• Phase I: conceptual phase Phase I: Conceptual Phase
• Phase II: design and planning 1. Formulating and delimiting the problem
• Phase III: empirical 2. Reviewing the related literature
• Phase IV: analytic • Synthesis of previous studies that is related
• Phase V: disseminating to the problem of interest (pinagsama-
sama)
NURSING RESEARCH VS RESEARCH IN NURSING • Purpose: to get an idea or background
• Nursing research – deals with clinical about the study
problems, problems encountered in the clinical a. Topic first – identify topic
area during duty; commonly done by nurses. b. Variables – focus of research
• Research in Nursing – is a broader study of c. Conduct a computer search –
nursing in the profession; focuses more on remove irrelevant resources
issues that could affect the nursing profession d. Print it out – for easy read out
(historical, ethical, social, professional, etc). e. Organize – according to needs
f. Copy the articles
Example: g. Critically read and understand the
• “Care of a Diabetic Foot” – nursing research sources
• “Background of Nursing Education” – research h. Create a summary
in nursing i. Synthesis the summary
• PARAPHRASE
Evidence-based practice – the use of the current best • Copy paste is okay if it is necessary and
evidence vital for the research with proper citation
Current “best” evidence (to avoid plagiarism)
o Copyright Infringement
latest findings o Trademark
• Ex. Remdesivir was experimented during covid o Tradename
and was found out to be effective against o Patent
Covid-19 o Copyright – most abused of all
(photocopying of a book
Importance of Research in Nursing section, translating of a song to
• Professionalism a different language)
• Accountability – we wanted to know how far 3. Undertaking a clinical fieldwork
can nursing go • Purpose: to get an idea or background
• Social Relevance of Nursing – we can about the study
contribute to the society • Supported by the RRL
• Research and decision making

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4. Defining the framework and develop o Methods – called tools/ instruments
conceptual definitions for data collection
• Framework of the study – graphical o Limitations
representation of concepts and
relationship between concepts Types:
• Graphical representation – flowchart • Developing methods for safeguarding
(Gantt chart) human/animal rights
o Rights of research subjects = ethics
2 types of framework: • Finalizing and reviewing the research plan
• Conceptual Framework – focus: topic
• Theoretical Framework – focus: Phase III: Empirical
related to existing theories, or own • Collecting data
theories (what if) • Preparing the data for analysis
• Definition of terms – variables o Time for segregating data
• Ex. respondent – subjects; Types of measurements
“hypertensive client aged 60-65 y/o” o Nominal
Types: o Ordinal
o Operational definition – o Interval
define the variables on how o Ratio
they were used in the study
o Conceptual definition – Phase IV: Analytic
definitions found in the • Analysing the data
research material, dictionary 2 types of analysis
o Descriptive Statistics
5. Formulating the hypothesis o Inferential Statistics
§ ANOVA
Phase II: Design and Planning § Chi Square
Selecting a research design § T-test
• Interpreting the result
Types of Research:
o According to Motive Phase V: Disseminating
§ Pure/Basic Research • Communicating the findings
§ Applied Research o Pass and report the findings
o According to Levels of Investigation o Review – if they think that the research
3 Levels: can be used in practice
§ Level 1: Exploratory • Utilizing the findings in practice
§ Level 2: Descriptive o Evidence-based practice
• Descriptive
• Descriptive-correlational ***Which phase of research does the researcher spend
• Descriptive comparative most of his time? – phase 2
§ Level 3: Experimental ***Longest phase of research – phase 3

• Developing protocols for the intervention PHASE I: THE PROBLEM

o Optional because this is used only in
experimental research (due to Sources Of Research Problems: NITESS
intervention and manipulation) • Nursing Literature – mga nababasa (journals,
• Identify the population to be studied magazines, newsletters) that can give idea of
• Designing the sampling plan possible research problem
o Probability and Nonprobability • Ideas from external sources – hindi siya sayo
o Stratified nanggaling, maybe suggested by someone else
o Cluster to you
o Method-tools/instruments • Theory – could be an existing theory or your
• Specifying the methods to measure the own theory
research variables

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• Experience and clinical fieldwork – mga o Interview & Questionnaire – may
naranasan mo in the clinical area during your jump from one question to another..
duty; THE RICHEST IN INFO, maraming alam o Validity and accuracy – the most
dahil naranasan mo, mas madalas mong crucial disadvantages.
ginagamit; nursing research • Observation – either participant or a non-
• Social issues – these are issues found in the participant.
society being studied because it could affect o Participant observer – you are going to
the nursing profession (ex. alcoholism, autism, give, and intervention then observe
drug addiction) the subjects, disguise yourself as one
• Scientific research – previous researches; of the subjects.
ginawa na noon at ginagawa ulit ngayon, there o Non-participant observer – you are not
maybe changes or modifications (ex. cloning, going to give any intervention nor
IVF), LEAST BEING USED (don’t answer in the disguise yourself, pure observation.
boards)
Phenomena Amenable to Observation
Criteria of a Good Research Problem: SALTLIN o The usual instances where observation
• Significance of the study – the research must can be used for research.
have meaning; address it to different entities: § Activities and behavior of the
o To the people – the target of the subject (Ex. subjects are
research (Ex. hypertension). autistic with temper tantrums
o To the society at large – the general – ignore the tantrums but
public (Ex. People who are not provide safety through
hypertensive but can also gain helmets).
knowledge from the research). § Characteristics and condition
o To the profession – GOAL of the subjects (Ex. newborns
• Availability of the subjects – make sure that with ABO compatibility)
there are available subjects to obtain § Environmental characteristics
information; also consider the limitation of the – observe the characteristics
subjects. of the environment
• Limitation of subjects § Verbal communication –
• Time allotment and research ability – time manner on how the person
allotted to finish the research. answers the question (tone,
• Limitation of Tools – Major types of data pitch)
collection method. § Nonverbal communication –
• Interest of the researcher gestures, facial expressions,
• Novelty/Newness/Freshness of idea – eye contact, body language,
research must be new and have never been posture, body position,
done before. mannerism, gait; true feelings
and emotions may be assessed
Major Types of Data Collection Method (Ex. tinawag na classmate for
Usual Tools Used For Data Gathering: oral recitation at walang alam)
o Biophysiologic measures – the use of
• Use of Existing Data – use of already available
equipment and gadgets
data (Ex. information used for case
presentation); any form of records, reports,
2 types of measurements:
documents are considered existing data.
§ In Vivo – the measurement is
• Self-Reports – the use of interviews and
performed directly on the
questionnaires; most widely used form of data
subject (nakakabit ang device
collection; you can gather data either orally
sa katawan ng subject)
(interview) and writing (questionnaire); these
§ In Vitro – the measurement is
are widely used because self-reports can
performed outside (gather
gather data/information that cannot be
specimens and bring it to the
gathered by other methods; opinions are
laboratory)
usually gathered.

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Criteria Used to Know Effectively • Population – PTB patients
o Validity – all questions are answered. • Set – 1 set (PTB patients)
o Reliability – consistency/repeatability of the • Difference – educational attainment
tool with the same answer. (independent)
o Sensitivity – you were able to detect small • Varying factor – compliance (dependent)
variation/find differences.
Experimental Research
PHASE I: THE HYPOTHESIS • There is manipulation
• Tentative prediction of the relationship • Manipulation is anything given to the subjects
between variables. (medicines, treatments, toys, clothes, etc)
• Either approve or reject the hypothesis. • Manipulation is automatically the independent
variable, it is fixed.
4 parts:
• Independent variable – cause Ex. Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety
• Dependent variable – effect among Cancer patients
• Relationship • Population – cancer patients
• Population – to which it applies; most affected • Set – 1 set (cancer patients)
part • Difference – music therapy (independent)
• Varying factor – level of anxiety (dependent)
Identify:
1. Identify the population. PHASE II: THE PROBLEM
2. Identify how many sets and box them.
3. Focus on the difference to identify the Types of Research According to:
independent variable. • Motive – reason or purpose why you are doing
4. Identify what varies in the set to get the the research.
dependent variable and underline. Purpose of doing the research:
o Pure/Basic Research – only purpose is
2 SETS – Population characteristics: to increase knowledge or gain new
Older patients are more at risk to fall than younger knowledge
patients o Applied Research – purpose is to use
• Population – older and younger patients the knowledge into practice.
• Set – 2 sets (old and young patients) • Levels of Investigation
o 2 or more sets = concentrate 3 Levels:
• Difference – age (independent variable) o Level 1: Exploratory – you wanted to know
• Varying factor – risk to fall about the variables (wala kang alam, may
Girls are less sexually active than boys gusto kang malaman); the researcher is
• Population – girls and boys looking for opinion: “words”
• Set – 2 sets (girls and boys) o Quality – Quality of life in Brgy.
• Difference – gender (independent variable) Masca
• Varying factor – sexually active o Census – Favorite color in Brgy.
Makulay
Full term infants who are breastfed weigh more than o Describe
preterm infants who are mixed fed o Relationship
• Population – full-term and preterm infants o Similarities/Differences
• Set – 2 sets (full-term and preterm infants) o Facts/Issues
• Difference – feeding (independent variable) o Study – study of 2 children sexually
• Varying factor – weight molested
o Analysis
1 set Characteristics:
Characteristic is only part of the population. o Level 2: Descriptive – you wanted to know
whether the variables are associated or
Educational attainment is not related to the related (may alam kana); effect,
compliance of PTB patients manipulation

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3 types of descriptive: • Control – given with placebo
• Descriptive (without comparison) or others
Plain descriptive research; plainly (with comparison)
describes the variables as it is (the
new BSN curriculum). 2. Quasi Experiment – “just like” a true
• Descriptive-correlational experiment but without
Describing the relationship of the randomization; the control overcomes
variables to each other the variables.
(relationship of the new BSN
curriculum to the readiness of the 2 set of subjects for both true and quasi:
students). • Experimental group – experimental
• Descriptive comparative manipulation is only given to the experimental
Compare the variables to each group “binibigay mo na gusto mong pag-
other (the new BSN vs old BSN aralan”
curriculums) • Control group – compare the result of the
experimental group to the control group
o Level 3: Experimental – you wanted to find
out the cause and effect of the variables to Ø Applied experiment – the subjects do not
each other (may alam kana) know which group they belong; all they know
is that they are subjects.
Example: Ø Double Blind experiment – there is a tendency
1. You wanted to study the healthcare delivery for the researcher to predict results, so this is
system used by nurses during World War 2 – applied to avoid it from happening and to
exploratory promote balance.

PHASE II: According to Approach or Design Research Design According to Time Frame
I. No Experimentation • Cross sectional – done only once
1. Historical – study of past issues • Longitudinal – repetitive
Descriptive • Retrospective – “retro” – past; the study of the
2. Survey – use of interviews and past to explain the present
questionnaires to gather public • Perspective – the study of the present to
opinion predict the future (ex. global warming)
Exploratory (opinion)
3. Case Study – in depth or in detail PHASE II: THE POPULATION
studies of person and entities • Sampling – process of getting a representative;
Descriptive (describe case of patient number 1 characteristic of a sample is
in detail) representativeness.
4. Methodological – study of methods, • Design a sampling plan
tests, and procedures 2 types:
Descript (describe the o Non-probability sampling – getting
methods that was used, samples by non-random; has idea of
procedures that was done) who the samples are going to be.
5. Analytical – further anaylsis of issues Types:
and events (present) § Convenience or Accidental
Sampling – samples are readily
II. Experimental available. “kung sino ang
(always considered a true experimental) nandiyan, yun ang kukunin
1. True Experiment – there is a strict mo”
control over the variables § Quota sampling – getting a
proportion of the population
Elements of an experimental research: § Purposive or Judgemental
• Randomization – no idea who will sampling – samples are
be the subjects handpicked by the researcher
• Manipulation – any given “pinili mo na lang”

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§ Snowball sampling – the
networking or referral system
“uy baka may kakilala ka pa”
o Probability sampling
o Stratified random sampling – create a
strata of the population and group into
homogenous

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