Maths 1 IIT_M

Week 1

L1.1:
N: natural numbers {0, 1, 2, . . .}
Z: integers = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
Arithmetic operations: +, −, ×, ÷, mn

Quotient, remainder, a mod b

19 mod 5 = 4
Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 6 / 6

Factors
a divides b if b mod a = 0
a|b
b is a multiple of a
4 | 20, 7 | 63, 32 | 1024, . . .
4 6 | 19, 9 6 | 100, . . .
a is a factor of b if a | b

Divisibility, a | b
Factors
Prime numbers
Prime factorization

Suppose Sheetal’s birthday is on the P Pth of October and Karthik’s birthday is on the QQth of
November, where P and Q are perfect squares. If Sheetal was born 10 days before Karthik, then the
value of P−2Q, will be __________

L1.2:

Rationals (Q) are dense, integers(Z) are discrete

Greatest Common Divisor: gcd(18, 60) = 6
Recall prime factorization
18 = 2 · 3 · 3, 60 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5
Common prime factors are 2 · 3

L1.3: Rational, Irrational and Real Numbers (R)

√2 cannot be written as p/q Yet we can draw a line of length √2

Diagonal of a square whose sides have length 1

√2 is irrational
Real numbers: R — all rational and irrationalnumbers
Like rationals, real numbers are dense
If r < r’ , then (r + r’)/2 lies between r and r’

Some well known irrational numbers

π = 3.1415927 . . .
e = 2.7182818 . . .

L1.4: Sets
All members of a set are called element.
when we write x ∈X, we mean
that small x is a member of the set capital X.
0∈N

we can compare sets by asking whether one set is included in another set and this is called a
subset. So, X ⊆ Y, if every element of X is also an element of Y

Equal sets
two sets are equal if and only if, they are actually the same set of elements. X ⊆Y and Y ⊆X , X
=Y

Proper subsets

When we write X ⊆X, what we are saying is that it is a subset, but it is actually equal. So, we
are allowing both cases. So, if you want to talk about proper subsets, sometimes we use a
different notation.

So, the set which has no elements is called the empty set and is written ∅.

Powerset
L1.5: Subsets and Set Operations
L1.6: Set Examples

Odd integers

{z | z ∈ Z, z mod 2 = 1}

Which of the following set comprehension defines real numbers in interval [-2, 0)
∪ (4, 8]?

{r∣r∈R,−2≤r≤8}

{r∣r∈R,−2≤r<0 and 4<r≤8}

{r∣r∈R,−2≤r<0 or 4<r≤8}

{r∣r∈R,−2≤r≤0 and 4≤r≤8}

L1.7: Set Problems - Operations and Counting

In a class of 40 students, 20 took Mathematics, 18 took Statistics, 16 took English, 7 took
Mathematics and Statistics, 7 took Mathematics and English, 9 took Statistics and English, and 3
took all the three courses. How many students are not taking any of these courses?

In a survey, it is found that 30 people like apples, 45 people like oranges, and 20 people like both
apples and oranges. How many people like only one fruit?
L1.8: Relations, Cartesian Product, Binary Relations
L1.9: Functions

Injective, Surjective, Bijective

Bijections help us compare the size (cardinality) of sets

If there's a bijection between two sets, they have the same number of elements, even if infinite!

The number of points on a line is the same as the number of points in 2D space!

Why? Because we can build a bijection between ℝ and ℝ × ℝ.

Injective
Surjective
✅ You can always solve for any y → ✅ Surjective

Q. Let
f:R→R be a function and
f(x)=∣(x+4)(4x−10)∣. Which of the following is(are) true?

f is an injective function

f is a surjective function

f is a bijective function
 None of these

L1.10: Relations Examples & Operations - Joins

L1.11: Functions Examples
Practice W1
What does this mean ?
Week 2

L2.1 Rectangular Coordinate system

L2.2 Distance formula

Distance Between Any Two Points

L2.3 Section formula

Given that, the Point P cuts the line segment AB in the m:n ratio. Our goal is to find the
coordinates of P.

L2.4 Area of a Triangle Using Coordinates

Goal: To find area of ▵ABC with known coordinates.

L2.5 Slope of a line

When inclination less than 90,

Identify two points on the line, say, A (x1, y1)and B (x2,y2).
L2.6 Slope btw 2 lines

Can slope of a line uniquely determine a line? No, it can not uniquely determine the line.
L2.7 Representation of a Line -1
L2.8 Representation of a Line -2
L2.9 General Equation

L2.10
L2.12. Distance of a line from a point
L2.13. Sum Squares Error
Very important - try to solve

https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68505572a0ec8191bde509c4c387624f

https://chatgpt.com/s/t_685055e40fe081919363619bbc23ea54

https://chatgpt.com/s/t_6850553b1b5481919586662f7459cad1
Graded
Week 3

L3.1 Axis of symmetry, Max/MIn of QE

The graph of any quadratic function is called parabola.

● The equation of axis of symmetry: x = -b/(2a). (to be derived later).

● The x-coordinate of the vertex: -b/(2a).
The y-coordinate of the vertex of a given quadratic function is the minimum
or maximum value attained by the function.

The graph of a quadratic function f(x)= ax2+bx +c, where a ≠ 0 is:

● Opens up and has a minimum value, if a > 0.
● Opens down and has maximum value if a < 0.
● The range of a quadratic function is

R∩{f(x)|f(x) ≥ fmin} or R∩{f(x)|f(x) ≤ fmax}.

L3.2 Q.E

L3.3 Slope of a Q.E

Given a quadratic function, f(x) = ax2+ bx + c, where a≠0, how to determine the
slope of f?

slope of f = 2ax+b
L3.4 Roots

L3.5 Roots

Let y= f(x) = a(x-p)(x-q), where p and q represent x-intercepts for the function. Then the form y =
a(x-p)(x-q) is called the intercept form.

Write a quadratic equation with roots, 2⁄3 and -4, in the standard form.

Recall: By standard form, we mean ax2+bx+c=0, where a,b,c are integers.

By intercept form, we know (x-2⁄3)(x+4)=0.

L3.7 Quadratic Formula

Week 4

L4.1 Polynomial
A Polynomial is one kind of mathematical expression which is a sum of several mathematical
terms.
Each term in this expression is called monomial and the term can be a number, a variable or
product of
several variables.
Definition: (A mathematician’s Perspective)
A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the only arithmetic is addition, subtraction,
multiplication
and “natural” exponents of the variables.
A polynomial having two terms is called a binomial.
A polynomial with three terms is called a trinomial.

L4.3 Addition and Sub of Polynomials

L4.4 Multiplication

L4.6 Division of Polynomials with a polynomial

https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68675cfc98608191a045824bddd96d47
L4.7 Graphs of Polynomials

No corners
Should be able to draw without lifting ur pen i. E no breaks

L4.8 Zeros of a Polynomial fn

L4.9 Identifying zeros and their multiplicities
L4.10 Graphical Behavior at x intercepts
If a polynomial contains a factor of the form (x−a)m, the behavior near the x-intercept a is
determined by the exponent m. We say that x=a is a zero of multiplicity m.
The graph of a polynomial function will touch but not cross the x-axis at zeros with even
multiplicities. The graph will cross the x-axis at zeros with odd multiplicities.
The sum of the multiplicities is no greater than the degree of the polynomial function.
L4.11 End Behavior of a Polynomial Fn
L4.12 Graphing a polynomial Fn , Intermediate Value Theorom,
Deriving the polynomial
●​ Ensure that the number of turning points does not exceed one less than the degree of
the polynomial.
●​ Check for symmetry. If the function is an even function, its graph is symmetrical about
the y-axis, that is, f(−x)=f(x). If a function is an odd function, its graph is symmetrical
about the origin, that is, f(−x)=−f(x).

Intermediate Value Theorem

Let f be a polynomial function. The Intermediate Value Theorem states that if f(a)
and f(b) have opposite signs, then there exists at least one value c between a and
b for which f(c)=0.
Week 5

L5.1,2 1to1 Fn, Horizontal Line Test

Only one-to-one functions have inverse functions.

A function f(x)f(x) is one-to-one if each output value corresponds to exactly one input
value.

Horizontal Line Test:

●​ If any horizontal line intersects the graph at most once, the function is one-to-one.
So what’s the point?

You can often guess if a function is one-to-one by looking at its class:

●​ Linear, exponential, logarithmic, and odd-degree polynomials (like x3x3) tend to be

one-to-one.
●​ Even-degree polynomials, trig functions, and absolute value functions are not
one-to-one unless you restrict the domain.
L5.3,4 Exponential Fn
L5.5 Natural Exponential Function and Graph Transformation

The natural exponential function is:

f(x)=exf(x)=ex

Where:

●​ e≈2.71828e≈2.71828 is Euler's number, an irrational constant like ππ

●​

Asymptote - line that curve approaches as it tends towards negative or positive infinity but it
never actually touches.
Natural Exponential Function has a horizontal asymptote as x approaches negative infinity.

Graph Properties of f(x)=exf(x)=ex

Feature Description
 Domain (−∞,∞)(−∞,∞) — All real numbers

Range (0,∞)(0,∞) — Always positive

y-intercept (0,1)(0,1)

Asymptote Horizontal asymptote at y=0y=0

Behavior Strictly increasing

Invertible? ✅ Yes (its inverse is ln⁡xlnx)

https://www.mathguide.com/lessons3/ExpFunctionsTrans.html

Vertical Scaling

The only difference between the two is a multiplicative factor:

●​ e−xe−x starts at 11 when x=0x=0.

●​ 100e−x100e−x starts at 100100 when x=0x=0.

So every point on 100e−x100e−x is exactly 100 times higher than the corresponding point on
e−xe−x, but the shape and rate of decrease are the same.

This is a vertical reflection.

Multiplying by −1−1 flips the graph over the x-axis.
So both curves decay the same way (same shape, same speed), but:

●​ One moves down from 100 to 0

●​ The other moves up from -100 to 0

What’s Happening:

●​ 50−100e−x50−100e−x is a vertical shift of −100e−x−100e−x.

○​ It’s like lifting the green curve upward by 50 units.
○​ Same shape, just moved up.
●​ At every point:​
(50−100e−x)=(−100e−x)+50(50−100e−x)=(−100e−x)+50​
→ So they’re exactly 50 units apart vertically
🔺 VERTICAL STRETCH
This multiplies the function's output (the yy-values).​
It changes the steepness or height, but not the x-position or general shape.

🔹 Example:
●​ e−x vs 100e−x
 Function Description

e−x Base exponential decay

100e−x Vertically stretched by factor 100

✅ Both decay the same way.

●​ ​

✅ The red curve is taller at every x-value.

⚠️ Still touches the same asymptote (y → 0), just from higher above.
●​
●​

⬆️ VERTICAL SHIFT
This adds or subtracts a constant to the function.​
It moves the whole graph up or down without changing its shape.

🔹 Example:
●​ −100e−x−100e−x vs 50−100e−x50−100e−x

Function Description

−100e−x−100e−x Exponential decay, negative values

50−100e−x50−100e−x Vertically shifted upward by 50 units

✅ Same shape, slope, and direction.

●​ ​

✅ Purple curve is always 50 higher than the green one.

⚠️ Now it ends at a different horizontal line (y → 50 instead of 0).
●​
●​
L5.6,7,8 Composite Fn nd Its Domain
A composite function is when you plug one function into another.

⚡️ Notation:
(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))

➡️
This means:​

➡️
First, apply g(x)g(x)​
Then, take the result and plug it into ff

f(g(x))=g(f(x)) in general
Order matters

Example Breakdown

Functions:

●​ f(x)=2x−1f(x)=x−12​
●​ g(x)=3xg(x)=x3​

Step 1: Compose f(g(x))f(g(x))

f(g(x))=f(3x)=23x−1f(g(x))=f(x3​)=x3​−12​
Simplify:

=23−xx=2x3−x=x3−x​2​=3−x2x​

This is the simplified form of f∘g(x)f∘g(x).

Step 2: Determine Domain using Rules

Let’s apply the 2 domain rules:

🔴 Rule 1: Domain of g(x)=3xg(x)=x3​

●​ Not defined at x=0x=0
●​ So exclude x=0x=0 from domain

🔴 Rule 2: Domain of f(x)=2x−1f(x)=x−12​

●​ Not defined at x=1x=1
●​ So exclude any xx for which g(x)=1g(x)=1

Let’s solve:

3x=1⇒x=3x3​=1⇒x=3

So exclude x=3x=3 as well.

✅ Final Domain of f∘g(x)f∘g(x):

All real numbers except x=0x=0 and x=3x=3:

Domain=R∖{0,3}Domain=R∖{0,3}​

⚠️ Key Insight
You might think the simplified expression 2x3−x3−x2x​works everywhere except x=3x=3,​
but you must also remember how that expression was derived:​
It assumed x≠0x=0 (because g(x)=3xg(x)=x3​wasn’t defined at 0).
So:​
Just because the final expression looks valid at some value (like 0),​
you must still obey the restrictions from the original functions before simplification.

L5.9 Inverse Function

Graded Assignment
Vertical Line Test

A graph is a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the graph at more than one
point.

●​ Why? Because a function assigns only one output (y-value) to each input (x-value).
●​ Open circles (∘) indicate that the value at that x is not included (the point is not part of
the graph there).
Even and Odd functions

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-odd-even.html

Unlike square roots, cube roots are defined for all real numbers, including negative ones

Intersection of a function with its inverse

Odd-Degree Polynomial vs. Odd Function

These are not the same thing, although they sound similar.

🔹 Odd-Degree Polynomial:
●​ A polynomial with odd degree (like degree 1, 3, 5, etc.)
●​ Example: f(x)=x3+2x+1f(x)=x3+2x+1
●​ Behavior: Often goes from bottom left to top right, or vice versa.
●​ May or may not be an odd function!
✅ It just means the highest power of x is odd.