VERBAL

1. A
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. D
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. C
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. B
26. D
27. C
28. B
29. B
30. D
31. A
32. B
33. B
34. D
35. B
36. C
37. B
38. A
39. B
40. C
 FIGURE SERIES

1. Answer: A- The first figure 6. Answer: B- One circle moves

corresponds to the third figure just alternately from left to right while the
as how the second figure other circle moves clockwise.
corresponds to the missing figure.
The diagonal line will thus slant 7. Answer: B- One line moves in 90°
downwards like the second figure angles while the other line moves
and the ball will be on the opposite counter-clockwise in 45° angles.
side (on the upper part).
8. Answer: A- The gray circle skips two
2. Answer: D- The big white circle lines at every step. The arrows move
moves alternately in the same by one step. The white circle moves
position after each step. The small counter-clockwise and covers the
white circle moves alternately in the other symbols when they overlap.
same position after each step. The
small square figure moves clockwise. 9. Answer: B- The cross moves in a
The big black circle moves counter- counter-clockwise direction. The
clockwise and covers the other white circle moves clockwise. The
figures when they overlap. black circle remains in the same
position throughout. The triangle
3. Answer: A- The circle moves by moves alternately in the same
steps to the next line or space. position and covers the other
symbols when their positions overlap.
4. Answer: A- The black circle moves
in a clockwise direction. The white 10. Answer: B- The big white circle
circle moves alternately in the same moves back and forth from down
position and covers the black circle and up. The big black circle moves
when they overlap. clockwise, covering the white circle
when they overlap. The small black
5. Answer: B- The number of circles circle moves back and forth on the
and the number of lines extending same position.
from the central point decrease by
one after each step.

FIGURE GROUPING
11. Answer: C- All the other solids can letters. All the others also have one
somehow be perceived as vowel present.
containing one space despite
complex structures. The odd man 16. Answer: E- All the others have
out has two definitely separate, pieces that interlock to form a
distinct spaces. square.

12. Answer: A- All the other figures are 17. Answer: D- Figures A and B are
divided into an even number of exactly the same, only in different
compartments by the arrows. positions. The same goes for figures
C and E.
13. Answer: A- All the others have an
odd number of faces. 18. Answer: C- All the figures have a
volume of 24 cubes, while the odd
14. Answer: B- All the other figures have man out has 32.
either a complete or incomplete
“tunnel” going through them, thus 19. Answer: E- All the others have
dividing each solid into distinct inside pieces that interlock to form a
and outside spaces. The odd man square.
out is a Klein’s bottle, a surface that
has no inside when analysed. 20. Answer: B- All the other figures
exhibit some form of symmetry.
15. Answer: D- The others have at least
one curve present in one of the
 NUMBER & LETTER SERIES

21. A. HGF 26. D. VE7

This series consists of letters in a There are three series to look for
reverse alphabetical order. here. The first letters are
alphabetical in reverse: Z, Y, X, W,V.
22. B. NEO The second letters are in
alphabetical order, beginning with A.
This is an alternating series in The number series is as follows: 5, 4,
alphabetical order. Middle letters 6, 3, 7.
follow the order ABCDE. The first
and third letters are alphabetical 27. C. 22 24
beginning with J. The third letter is
repeated as a first letter in each This is an alternating addition series,
subsequent three-letter segment. with a random number, 35,
interpolated as every third number.
23. D. KLLA The pattern of addition is to add 2,
add 5, add 2, and so on. The
The second and fourth letters in the number 35 comes after each “add 2”
series, L and A, are static. The first step.
and third letters consist of an
alphabetical order beginning with the 28. B. 50 62
letter E.
In this simple addition and repetition
24. C. ISS series, each number in the series
repeats itself, and then increases by
The first letters are in alphabetical 12 to arrive at the next number.
order with a letter skipped in
between each segment: C, E, G, I, K. 29. C. 47
The second and third letters are
repeated; they are also in order with The given numbers are alternate
a skipped letter: M, O, Q, S, U. prime numbers in decreasing order,
starting with 97. Hence, the next
25. A. UAV number in the series is 47.

In this series, the third letter is 30. B. 153

repeated as the first letter of the next
segment. The middle letter, remains 5 5 h t th th h t
static. The third letters are in th � th葨 ; ___ ; 5h t � t 葨
alphabetical order, beginning with R.
The differences are consecutive
prime numbers in decreasing order
 starting with 37. Hence, the next
number in the series is th h tt This is simple addition series, which
h. begins with 2 and adds 6.

31. D. 512 37. A. 19 33

The given numbers are cubes of In this alternating repetition series, a

consecutive natural numbers, in random number, 33, is interpolated
increasing order starting with 4. every third number into a simple
Hence, 512 is the next number in the addition series, in which each
series. number increases by 2.

32. B. BC3D 38. D. 23 28

Because the letters are the same, This is an alternating subtraction

concentrate on the number series, series with repetition. There are two
which is a simple 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 series, different patterns here. In the first, a
and follows each letter in order. number repeats itself; then 3 is
added to that number to arrive at the
33. C. P2QU next number, which also repeats.
This gives the series 17, 17, 20, 20,
The first two letters, PQ, are static. 23, and so on. Every third number
The third letter is in alphabetical follows a second pattern, in which 3
order, beginning with R. The number is subtracted from each number to
series is in descending order arrive at the next: 34, 31, 28.
beginning with 5.
39. D. 2 14
34. C. VIJ
This is an alternating addition and
There are two alphabetical series subtraction series. In the first pattern,
here. The first series is with the first 2 is added to each number to arrive
letters only: STUVW. The second at the next; the alternate pattern, 6 is
series involves the remaining letters: subtracted from each number to
CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL. arrive at the next.

35. C. VIJ 40. B. 42 36

There are two alphabetical series In this simple subtraction series,

here. The first series is with the first each number is 6 less than the
letters only: STUVW. The second previous number.
series involves the remaining letters:
CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL.

36. B. 44 50
 QUANTITATIVE: ANSWER KEY

1. A. 14,320,010 has the same number of

t 폀 䁙 䁙 䁙 폀
significant digits as 3.618000. Significant digits
include all nonzero digits, all zeroes that are
between nonzero digits, and trailing zeroes in any Mutiply both sides by 2 and substitute known
number with a decimal point. In 14, 320,010 there is lengths.
no decimal point; thus the last zero is insignificant
and there are seven significant digits. In 3.618000, t o
all of the digits are significant; thus there are also Multiply both sides by 2 and substitute known
seven significant digits. In 3.618000, all of the digits lengths.
are significant; thus there are also seven significant to
digits.
t‫ ﳨ‬䁙㤵㈠㈠㐮‵浔㰍〰㤵吾੪ 吾‵ ‵t੪ ੪㈠㰍〰㤵浔 ㈠浔㤵㈠੪

2. A. 4. The fourth root of a number, or a number

5. B. 72π units2.
raised to the one-quarter power, is the square root
Let x be the side of the square. The area is
of the square root of that number:
equal to x2. Hence,
ooo‫ ﳨ‬Ѩ oo oo oo
The square root of 200 should be a bit larger 浔 , solve for x, x=12
than 14 (142 = 196); therefore, the fourth root of
200 should be a bit less than 4. The diameter d of the circle is equal to the
length of the diagonal of the square. Using
3. B. 10. Express the total area as the area of the Pythagorean theorem, we obtain:
upper and lower triangles with common base AC: 浔 浔

o 폀 t 폀 to Solve for d:

Multiply all terms by 2, simplify and solve for

AC:

The radius r of the circle is equal to d/2

o 폀 t 폀 to

t 폀 to 㐮 t

to The area A of the circle is given by

폀 o
t
㐮
4. C. 6.7. The area A of the given triangle may be
calculated using the two altitudes as follows: 6. D. sin θ = sin (90° - θ). 㰍t 㰍t 䁙to ,
although 㰍t ㈠‵ 䁙to . The other
t 폀 or 䁙 䁙 䁙 폀
statements must be all true. Because sine and
Hence, cosine values are always between -1 and 1, the
 products of sine and cosine will always have a t 浔 t
magnitude less than 1. The sum of the absolute _________________
value of sine and the absolute value of cosine, on t t t
the other hand, will always be greater than 1. Ѩ Ѩ
Therefore, choice A can be eliminated. Because Ѩ
sine is the ratio of opposite to hypotenuse and 浔 Ѩ
cosine is the ratio of adjacent to hypotenuse, the 12. D. 8. Let Mike’s, James’ and Anne’s ages be M, J
quotient between the two is the ratio of opposite to and A, respectively.
adjacent, or the tangent of the angle. Therefore, Ѩ
choice B can be eliminated. By the same logic,
because 㰍t to and ㈠‵ to o, 吾㤵t to Present Age 2 years from now
is undefined, eliminating choice C.
Mike 10A o

James 2A
7. A. -3. The minimum value of the cosine function is -
1 (cos to . Therefore, the minimum value Anne A
of cos is .
t Ѩt
Ѩ
8. B. ½. Listing the gender of the older child first, our
sample space is {BB, BG, GB, GG}. The event “the
older child is a girl” is {GB, GG} and the event “both t
children are girls” is {GG}. Thus the probability that
both children are girls given the older child is a girl 13. C. 52 and 25.
is ½. 浔
o 浔 o浔
_________________
9. C. 50%. It is certain that at least two coins will fall t t浔
with the same side up. Thus it is just as likely that t 浔
these two coins will be tails as it is that they will be _________________
heads. t浔 t

10. B. 77.4%. For a given problem, let C be the event 浔 ; Ѩ

the student gets the problem correct and K th event 52 and 25
the student knows the answer. The question asks
for P(K|C). Using Bayes’ rule: 14. C. 1.20
o浔 ѨѨ 浔 o䁙
폀 䁙 o浔 tѨ ѨѨ浔 o
폀 Ѩ浔 Ѩ
䁙폀
t 浔 ‫ﳨ‬t
o‫ﳨ‬ ‫ ﳨ‬吾 浔 ‫ﳨ‬t

15. A. 9.
11. D. 15. Let x be the larger number. Let y be the 浔 Ѩ浔 o浔
smaller number. t浔
浔 浔 t
 21. B. 24 cm x 10 cm.
16. C. P 31 250. x 2x
Ѩo ooo
r
o‫ﳨ‬ot浔 o‫ﳨ‬ Ѩo ooo 浔 Ѩoo
o‫ﳨ‬ot浔 ooo o‫ ﳨ‬浔 Ѩoo Fund X 0.06 x
o‫ﳨ‬ot浔 Ѩoo Fund Y 0.14 50 000 - x
浔 Ѩo
x-2
17. A. 30 mph.
Distance Rate Time

MRT 1 㐮 o 5
浔 浔䁙浔
MRT 2 㐮 3
浔 浔 tt 浔
d rt Both MRT1 and MRT2 travel equal 浔 浔 tt 浔
distances. 浔 浔 tt
Ѩ 㐮 o 㐮 浔 浔 tt
Ѩ㐮 oo 㐮 䁙浔 oo
㐮 Ѩo 浔 o
㐮 o o 浔
Dimensions are 24 cm x 10 cm.
18. B. 24/5 hrs.
Work Rate Time 22. B. 40 500.
Painter 1 1 t 12 Ѩoo䁙 t oѨoo
Painter 2 1 tt 8
23. A. 1
t〰 t
䁙 浔 䁙 〰 t
t 浔
浔 浔 _________________
〰
浔 tѨ
〰
19. C. 3 and 6. Each of the choices sum up to 9 and
choice C yields the highest value when one number t t
is multiplied to the square of the other number. t

20. D. 270. 24. B. 9/20

Multiples of 3: {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
Multiples of 5: {5, 10, 15, 20}

Ѩo t Ѩo t t
t Ѩo o o o o
o
Ѩ
25. D. 6
 t Atlantic had 4.0% more. 4.0% of 191.3 million is 0.4
폀 t
t t x 191.3, or about 7.7 million.

33. B. 191.3 million. All the regions combined had

100% of the population, or 191.3 million.
26. C. 58%.The team won 29 out of 50 games, or 58%.
34. D. 110. Drawing a vertical line at the end of 1985,
27. D. seventh week. The seventh week was the only
we reach the consumer price graph at about the
week that the team lost more games than it won.
110 level.

35. D. 1989. The slope of the consumer graph is clearly

28. C. 41. To win 70% of all the games, the team must steepest in 1989.
win 70 out of 100. Since it won 29 games out of the
first 50 games, it must win 70 – 29, or 41 games out
of the next 50 games.
36. A. between 125 and 120. Wholesale and industrial
prices were about 110 at the beginning of 1989,
when consumer prices were between 120 and 125.

37. C. 3 points. At the beginning of 1982 consumer

prices were about 105; at the end of 1980 they were
o oѨ Ѩ
about 130. The average increase is t t
,
or about 3.

38. B. 4:7. To answer this question, you will have to

measure the bars. In 1978, about 8 billion square
feet of plywood were produced. In 1987, about 14
billion square feet were produced. The ratio of 8:14
is the same as 4:7.

39. C. 49.8. All you have to do is to measure the bar for

29. A. East North Central.
each year—of course, don’t include the 1982 bar—
and estimate the length of each bar. Then you add
30. C. t
. The Mountain region had 4.0% of the the five lengths. 1978 = 8, 1979 = 10, 1980 = 10,
population. 4.0% is . 1981 = 10, 1983 = 12. The total is close to 50.
Ѩ

31. B. 24 million. Pacific had 12.5% of the population. 40. D. 1983 and 1985; 1982 and 1984. The jumps from
12.5% of 191.3 million is .125 x 191.3, or about 24 1981 to 1983, from 1983 to 1985, and from 1987 to
million. 1989 were all about 2 billion square feet, so you can
eliminate answers A and C. The jump from 1982 to
32. B. 7.7 million. Middle Atlantic had 18.8% and South 1984 was from 11 to 13.5 = 2.5 billion square feet.
Atlantic had 14.8% of the population. So, Middle None of the other choices show such broad jumps.
 PERCEPTUAL ACUITY
HIDDEN FIGURES
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. D
MIRROR IMAGES

11. B
12. C
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. B
17. D
18. A
19. D
20. D
 IDENTICAL INFORMATION
21. D. (4)
22. B. (2)
23. A. (1)
24. D. (4)
25. C. (3)
26. D.
On average, avian blood glucose concentrations are 1.5–2 times those of mammals of
similar mass and high concentrations of insulin are required to lower blood glucose.

27. C.
Death had to take him sleeping, for if (Theodore) Roosevelt had been awake, there would
have been a fight.

28. B.
Species are currently dying at such an alarming rate, some scientists have warned that we
are on the verge of the sixth mass extinction in our planet’s history.

29. B.
The US space probe Dawn began orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres on Friday, March 6 on a
voyage of discovery into the solar system's main asteroid belt, where it will collect a trove of
data and photos, NASA said.

30. A.
In recent years, hundreds of new synthetic recreational drugs have emerged – drugs that
neither the general public nor the scientific community know very much about.

31. B.
BMG Entertainment Asia Pacific
11/F, One Harbourfront
18 Tak Fung Street.
Hunghom, Kowloon
Hong Kong

32. C.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-55823-7
ISBN-10: 0-321-55823-5
I. Reece, Jane B. II. Campbell, Neil A., 1946–2004. Biology. III.
Title: Biology / Jane B. Reece . . . [et al.].
QH308.2.C34 2011
33. E.
The macromolecules in three of the four classes of life’s organic compounds—
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—are chain-like molecules called polymers (from
the Greek polys, many, and meros, part). A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a
chain of cars. The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller
molecules called monomers (from the Greek monos, single). Some of the molecules that
serve as monomers also have other functions of their own.

34. A.
Published by Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, an informa business,
711 Third Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 1 0017, USA,
and 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN, UK.

35. E.
First, like the antigen receptor on T cells, it signals to the cell's interior when antigen is
bound (see Chapter 7). Second, the B-cell antigen receptor delivers the bound antigen to
intracellular sites, where it can be degraded to give peptides that are returned to the B-cell
surface bound to MHC class II molecules (see Chapter 6).

36. B.
2.7.17, 2.8.33–38, 2.8.41– 44, 9.1.11–12, 10.1.24–27, 11.10.2, 13.2.1–2, 13.3.33–37,
14.1.1–2, 14.1.30–38, 14.3.3–10, 14.6.1–2, 14.7.3– 4, 15.1.5–10, 16.1.11–18, 16.2.17–18

37. D.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69686-1 (student ed. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-321-69686-7 (student ed. : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69685-4 (exam copy)
ISBN-10: 0-321-69685-9 (exam copy)

38. E.
Lane 1: Novagen 1kb Perfect DNATM Ladder (labels in kbp), Lane 2: (+) control, Lane 3: (-)
control, Lane 4: 1.25 mM MgCl2, Lane 5: 1.5 mM MgCl2, Lane 6: 1.75 mM MgCl2, Lane 7:
2.0 mM MgCl2, Lane 8: 2.25 mM MgCl2, Lane 9: 2.50 mM MgCl2

39. A.
0.8% NaCl, 0.02% KCl, 0.144% Na2HPO4, 0.025% KH2PO4, pH 7.4, sterilized

40. A.
http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/15/coursehome/342521/342526/342552
 BIOLOGY KEY

1. B. Ribosome
Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles as opposed to a eukaryotic
cell. They also do not have a true nucleus because the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is
located in a region called a nucleoid and not enclosed within a nuclear envelope. The
ribosome is present because it is an essential protein structure that is required for
translating mRNA codons into their corresponding amino acid sequences.

2.

C. embedded in a lipid bilayer

S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that membrane proteins reside in the phospholipid
bilayer with their hydrophilic regions protruding. This molecular arrangement maximizes
contact of hydrophilic regions of proteins and phospholipids with water in the cytosol and
extracellular fluid, while providing their hydrophobic parts with a non-aqueous
environment.

(Taken from Reece et al (2011))

3. B. glycolysis
Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules first in the process of glycolysis.
Pyruvate is mainly the molecule utilized and further broken down in both fermentation
(anaerobic) and cellular respiration (aerobic) pathways.

4.
A. oxygen
Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent that is capable of receiving electrons that have passed
through the entirety of the electron transport chain.
5. C. it extends from one end of a tRNA molecule
Letter C pertains to an anticodon, a group of 3 nucleotides in the tRNA molecule that is
complementary to a codon found in an mRNA.

6. C. Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell. It generates much of the energy a cell
needs through oxidative phosphyorylation, and this process is common in both animals
and plants. The energy produced by both animal and plant cells is mainly in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

7. B. endodermis
The endodermis functions to prevent the backflow of water from the vascular bundle
(which is surrounded by the endodermis). It also regulates the passage of substances
from the soil into the vascular bundle of the root.

(Taken from Reece et al, 2011)

8. D. cell elongation
Growth in a plant is mainly measured and identified through increasing height and/or
width, and most of it is contributed by the elongation of cells because it enlarges the cells.
Cell division on the other hand, only increases the number of cells that have the potential
to elongate.

9. A. Depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.

Sugar movement into the phloem requires active transport because sucrose is more
concentrated in sieve-tube elements and companion cells than in mesophyll. Proton
pumping and H+/sucrose co transport enale sucrose to move from mesophyll cells to
sieve-tube elements or companion cells.
10. A. most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes.
Enzymatic reactions that also involve cofactors only require very few molecules to work
with in order to maximize its efficiency. If there is too much, it does not increase its
efficiency because of saturating effects and plants only take what they need.

11. C. Nitrogenous waste from the earthworm is uric acid

Earthworms excrete urea. The other statements are correct.
12. B. Aorta
Blood from the left ventricle flows into the aorta towards the rest of the body while blood
from the right ventricle flows into the pulmonary artery into the lungs.
13. A. Adrenal medulla
Adrenaline/epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla.
14. C. Cardiac
Intercalated discs are an identifying feature of cardiac muscle. They allow the cardiac
muscle cells to function as a single unit, or syncytium, which is necessary when pumping
blood.
15. D.

D points to the refractory period, where the sodium-potassium pump is returning the
membrane to its resting potential. No impulse can pass through the membrane during this
time.

16. B. Convergent evolution

 Natural selection affects independently evolving species in similar environments in similar
ways and this results to the evolution of similar features in different lineages through
convergent evolution.

17. C. Biological species concept

The biological species concept emphasizes a species’ ability to unite with and only with
organisms that belong to the same group and undergo the process of reproduction.
Morphological species concept identifies a species based on its body shape and other
structural features. Ecological species concept focuses on the ecological niche and
interaction of species, while the phylogenetic species concept characterizes species as a
group of individuals than share a common ancestor.
18. D. The species in a phylogenetic tree are arranged in a specific way and cannot be
rearranged.
Due to evolution, a species may lose the key features that connect it to its closest
relatives. Advanced DNA technology also proved that some species are not related to the
ancestor they were once rooted to.
19. B. cladistics
In cladistics, species are grouped into clades which share a common ancestor and all its
descendants. Meanwhile, molecular systematics uses information from the DNA to infer
evolutionary relationships, and phenetics focuses on the overall resemblance of
morphological characters.
20. A. Synapomorphy
Synapomorphies are shared derived characters while symplesiomorphies are shared
ancient traits. Autapomorphies are unique derived traits specifically found in one taxon.

For items 21-22, refer to the following events:

I. Sodium ion channels in the egg plasma membrane depolarize the egg cell.
II. Receptors in the sperm recognize the vitelline layer of the egg, causing the acrosomal
membrane to dissolve.
III. The fertilization envelope is formed.
IV. Cortical granules are released from cortical vesicles.
V. Voltage-sensitive calcium ions open in the egg plasma membrane.

21. In what order do these happen when forming the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy in sea
urchins?

A. II-V-I-IV-III
B. I-II-V-IV-III
C. II-IV-I-V-III
D. II-I-V-IV-III
Fertilization starts with the acrosomal reaction, where the acrosome of a sperm releases
hydrolytic enzymes. Once this happens, Na+ channels depolarize the egg cell. This change in
 voltage causes voltage-sensitive calcium channels to release Ca2+, which is needed for the
cortical reaction. The fertilization envelope then forms.
22. Which of the events describe the fast block to polyspermy in sea urchins?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. V
Depolarizing the membrane prevents additional sperm from fusing with the egg.
23. Which of the following are not derived from the neural crest?

A. The adrenal medulla

B. Epithelial cells of the pancreas
C. Dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
D. A and B only
Don’t be fooled by the “epithelial cell” choice! The epithelial linings of many organs in the
digestive and endocrine systems are derived from the endoderm. Meanwhile, the dorsal root
ganglia are neurons in the spinal cord, so they’re clearly derived from the neural crest. The
adrenal medulla is also derived from the neural crest (while the adrenal cortex is derived from
the mesoderm.)

24. A. The vegetal hemisphere has more yolk than the animal hemisphere.
In meroblastic cleavage, yolk moves towards the vegetal hemisphere. C is incorrect because the
animal hemisphere contains most of the dividing blastomeres – since they’re rapidly dividing,
they divide into progressively smaller cells. D is incorrect because the blastocoel is located in the
animal hemisphere.

25. A. It is displaced, with its original location eventually becoming the archenteron

The blastocoel is eventually filled with cells and disappears, but whatever cells that fill it are not
ectodermal cells.
26. C. 50%
Because the heterozygote flower is noted to be red, this means that the white allele is
recessive. Hence, the cross is between Rr and rr.
This is what the cross looks like:

r r
R Rr Rr

r rr rr

Looking at the Punnett square, one can see that there is a 50% chance of offspring being
red (Rr) or white (rr).

27. Refer to this hypothetical pedigree of an inherited trait in humans. Assume complete
penetrance and that individual II-1 (marked with an asterisk) does not carry the allele for
the trait.

What mode of inheritance is depicted in this pedigree?

B. X-linked recessive

When analyzing pedigrees, the first step is always to determine the mode of inheritance.
Looking at the pedigree, one can see that only males are affected, meaning it is likely
sex-linked. It is not Y-linked because the son of individual I-2 (II-3) is unaffected.
Meanwhile, X-linked recessive traits can only manifest in females if both X chromosomes
carry the allele for it (XrXr). It is more common in males because they only need one
affected X-chromosome in order to manifest the trait (XRY).
28. B. Codominance
The trait is codominant because both parental phenotypes (black and white) are exhibited
in the heterozygous offspring. If it were incomplete dominance, the heterozygous
phenotype would be an intermediate color (eg. gray).
29. A. 22%
Since guanine bonds to cytosine in DNA, there must be an equal amount of cytosine in
the sample – 28%. This means that 44% of the sample is adenine and thymine, the other
complementary pair. Divide this number by two to get the amount of thymine, 22%.
30. If the sequence on a strand of DNA is AAATACCGGGGATC, then the sequence on the
corresponding mRNA strand is
A. AAAUAACCGGGGATC
B. TTTATTGGCCCCTAG
C. UUUTUUGGCCCCUAG
D. UUUAUUGGCCCCUAG

In transcription, the corresponding mRNA strand of a specific strand is made of up the

complementary bases of the original strand, except thymine (T) is replaced with uridine
(U).
31. D. Microtubule : muscle contraction
Microtubules are involved in shaping and supporting the cell, and in providing tracks for
motor proteins to move along. However, these motor proteins are primary involved in the
movement of cilia and flagella, not muscles. The other pairs are correct.
32.
A. A greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids

Because unsaturated hydrocarbons contain “kinks” (where double bonds are located),
they are not packed as compactly/tightly as saturated phospholipids. Thus, an increase of
this would decrease membrane fluidity. See the figure below for a visualization.

33. Refer to this figure:

 All the following processes produce this molecule except:
A. Calvin cycle
The molecule is ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. The Calvin cycle is a process by which
plants produce sugar. This consumes ATP. The other processes produce ATP.

34.
A. Disruption of spindle formation
Microtubules are involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle. If they cannot be
assembled from tubulin monomers, the mitotic spindle cannot form; hence, cells cannot
divide.
35.
A. G1
DNA is replicated during the S phase, which is after the G1 phase. All the other choices
take place after the S phase, which is why the amount of DNA has doubled.
36. B. Photosynthesis
Chemical evolution was able to occur because of the absence of highly reactive oxygen.
The production of oxygen from photosynthesis ended abiotic synthesis because oxygen
interfered with the abiotic chemical reactions. Also, the oxygen interacted with UV light to
form the ozone layer, which absorbed most incoming UV, the major energy source for
abiotic reactions.
37. D. Natural selection

Only natural selection generates adaptations. Changes in gene frequencies from other
factors may contribute to increase in fitness but not because they produce adaptations.
For example, mutations may introduce a new allele, but the allele will lead to an
adaptation only if it increases in the population as a result of natural selection.
38.

A. Convergent evolution

The maintenance of various patterned shells in the snail population is an example of a

balanced polymorphism. It may be (and there is good evidence that it is) maintained by
natural selection, mutations, and other factors as well. Convergent evolution does not
apply here because it refers to two or more species not of common ancestral origin that
share similar traits. This question deals with phenotypic variation within a single species.
39. B. a butterfly wing

Structures in different species are homologous because they have been inherited from a
common ancestor. Insects (butterflies) are not closely related to the other listed animals.
Mammals (bats and humans) and birds (penguins) are related by descent from an early
reptile.
 40.

A. mutation in an individual

Evolution does not occur for an individual. Only groups of individuals of the same species
evolve.
For questions 1-5, refer to the diagram below. The three boxes represent the three major
biosynthetic pathways in aerobic respiration. Arrows represent net reactants or products.

41. Arrow 2 is

D. Pyruvate

You should review aerobic respiration by identifying each arrow: Pathway A is glycolysis;
Pathway B is the Krebs cycle; and Pathway C is oxidative phosphorylation. Arrow 1: ADP
or NAD+; 2: pyruvate; 3: NADH; 4: ATP; 5: ADP, NAD+, or FAD; 6 and 7: FADH2 and
NADH (either one can be 6 or 7); 8: ATP or CO2; 9 and 10: O2 and ADP (either one can
be 9 or 10); 11 and 12: H2O and ATP (either one can be 11 or 12).
42. B. ATP
ATP is produced in the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis), the Krebs cycle, and by oxidative
phosphorylation.
43.

A. NADH

Arrow 3 represents the NADH produced in glycolysis (Pathway A) and is used in

oxidative phosphorylation (Pathway C). In addition, NADH could also be represented by
arrow 7, a product of the Krebs cycle (Pathway B). Arrow 7 could also represent FADH2,
but FADH2 cannot be represented by arrow 3. Thus, only NADH can be represented by
both arrows 3 and 7. If arrow 7 represents NADH, then arrow 6 represents FADH2.
44. Arrow 9 could be

A. O2
 Arrow 9 could represent the O2 that accepts the electrons after they pass through the
electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. Arrow 9 could also be ADP, but
ADP is not among the answers.
45. Pathway B is

C. The Krebs cycle

Pathway B represents the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle uses the energy in pyruvate
(arrow 2) to generate FADH2 and NADH (arrow 6 and 7).
46. B. Glucose, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, NADH
These molecules each have the potential to produce the following amounts of ATP:
glucose, 36 ATP; pyruvate, 15 ATP; acetyl CoA, 12 ATP; NADH, 3 ATP (or 2 ATP if they
originate in glycolysis); FADH2, 2 ATP. The metabolic pathway that breaks down ethanol
to H2O and CO2 in the human liver is variable. However, answer A can be eliminated
without knowing how many ATP molecules ethanol can yield because glucose produces
more ATP than does pyruvate.
For questions 9-10, refer to the graph below that shows the amount of CO2 that is released by
plant cells at various levels of atmospheric oxygen.

47. C. Alcoholic fermentation is occurring.

When O2 is absent (or very low), anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation) is initiated.
Alcohol fermentation releases CO2. Photosynthesis, which would consume CO2 to
produce glucose, is obviously not occurring. This indicates that the plant activity
illustrated by the graph is occurring at night (or during a heavily clouded day).
48. C. An increase in Krebs cycle activity
CO2 is produced in the Krebs cycle. As in the previous question, the production of CO2,
rather than its consumption, indicates the photosynthesis is not occurring, and that the
plant activity is taking place at night.
49. C. Epitopes that the immune system can recognize
50. C. Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation describes the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to
electron acceptors that pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxygen is
required as the final electron acceptor of these electrons. However, no CO2 is involved. In
contrast, all the remaining answer choices describe processes that release CO2. Note
that answer choices B and D describe the same process.
 Physics Key

1. B. im2/s3

Convert the given variables into their respective SI units wherein s, d, and y are
represented in meters (m); t is represented in seconds (s), and a is represented in
meters per second squared (m/s2). Then, isolate variable e.

2. D. time it takes for the egg to come to rest

The softness of the pillow allows it to absorb the impact of the egg by prolonging the
time it takes for the egg to come to rest.

3. B. 295 edi/wow2

Apply dimensional analysis wherein 1 edi: 13.67m and 1 wow: 28.41s. Take in mind that
the final unit is m/s2.

5.00m/s2 (1 edi/ 13.67m) ((28.41s)2 /1 wow2 )

4.
A. It produces a torque with the star as the axis of rotation.
A force whose direction goes through the axis of rotation always has a torque of zero.

5. C. decreases then increases

Throughout the motion, the ball experiences a negative acceleration due to gravity.
Initially, the ball’s movement is directed upwards (opposite the acceleration of gravity);
hence, decreasing its speed. As the ball comes down, its speed is now in the same
direction as the acceleration due to gravity; thus, increasing its speed.

6. C. the gravitational force exerted by the can on Earth

Option A is the reaction force to the force exerted by the can on the table. Option B is
the same force as the given; hence it cannot be its own reaction force. Option D is the
reaction force to the normal force exerted by the table on the can.

7.

C. 31.0 m/s, toward east

Both cars are moving relative to the ground (Earth: denoted as E) Relative velocity is
computed by VBR =VBE — VER . Take note that VER= -17 since the direction is westward.
 A. 0.50 s
B. 1.0 s
C. 2.0 s
D. 4.0 s

香䁞 䀀㌳䁏䁞 ꀀ 䁞䁞 ব香ರ ㌳䥜 ꀀ ꜜ香Āರ ㌳䁞

䁞
th t th ꀀ th ㌳
㌳ ꀀ hth

8. A force F is applied perpendicular to a rod at a distance L away from the axis of

rotation. Which of the following is TRUE about the torque on the rod?

A. Torque is parallel to force F

B. The longer the lever arm, the smaller the torque.
C. When the magnitude of F is doubled, the torque is halved.
D. Torque is perpendicular to the lever arm.

Torque and force are always perpendicular to the rod but are not parallel to each other.

9. You toss a stone of mass m straight upward with kinetic energy K. If the stone reached
a maximum height h, what is its kinetic energy when it is at a height of h=4?
A.¾K
B.⅜ K

C.¼ K

D. ½ K

Total energy = K
Maximum height = h
Law of conservation of energy: ꀀ Đ䁞䁞 ꀀ 䁞tᆘ. At any point of time/height,
ᆘ
Đ Đꀀ ꀀ Đ䁞䁞 . Thus, 䁞tᆘ ꀀ 䁞t Đ.
Đꀀ 䁞tᆘ
䁞tᆘ ꀀ
Đꀀ

10.
A. U = k|x|

A point is in the position of stable equilibrium if the potential energy has a minimum at
that point. The graphs of choices B and D are a downward parabola and thus will have a
maximum but not a minimum. The graph of choice C will have neither a maximum nor a
 minimum since it will extend infinitesimally up on the right and down on the left of the
origin. Only the graph of choice A displays a minimum.

11.
A. 12.6m/s

One revolution is equal to the circumference of the circle. The ant’s distance from the
center of the CD will be the radius. ( ꀀ

Ā hthhh 䁞
hth h t 䁞t
hĀ

12. C. 2.40 m

㌳香Āi䁏 ꀀ ꜜ香Āರ ㌳䁞䀀ರ ꜜĀ香䁞 Ā香㌳䁞㌳ 䀀t 䁞

thh 䁞
ರ 䀀㌳ Ā 香ꜜ Ā香 ꀀ ꀀ ht h 䁞
Rose’s upward force = 60.0 N
Jack’s remaining upward force = 160 N – 60 N = 100 N

Let x be the distance from the rotating axis/center.

㌳香Āi䁏 ꀀ h ht h 䁞 ꀀ hhh
ꀀ ht‷ 䁞

Distance of Jack from Rose = Distance of Rose to center + Distance of Jack from center
Distance of Jack from Rose = 1.5 m + 0.9 m
Distance of Jack from Rose = 2.4 m

13.
D. 0.750 nC

Since i and i have opposite sign, the force on i exerted by i is attractive (towards
the right). If the total force on i is to be zero, the force exerted by ih must be repulsive
(toward the left). Thus ih and i must have the same sign, and ih must be positive. We
can find the magnitude of ih by equating the magnitude of the forces on i exerted by ih
and i :

h ꀀ
ih i i i
ꀀ
Āh Ā
ih ꀀ hth hh thth hh i ꀀ ht h nC
14.
A. is doubled and is doubled.

Doubling both masses will increase the attractive gravitational force. Choice C is wrong
because doubling both charges will increase the repulsive electrical force. Choices Band
D will not change the forces at all.

15. B. 0 Nm²/C

No charge is enclosed so Đ ꀀ ht

16. 12.5 m/s

Use the conservation of energy: 䁞 䁞 香㌳ᆘ Ā ꀀ

h iih
U for the pair of point charges is ꀀ
h Ā

Let point a be where i is 0.800 m from ih and point b be where i is 0.400 m from ih ,
as shown below.

h ih i
Only the electric force does work so 香㌳ᆘ Ā ꀀ h and ꀀ
h Ā

h h 䁞
䁞 ꀀ 䁞 䁞 ꀀ ht h hh t th = 0.3630 J
h ih i 䁞 t h hh t h hh
䁞 ꀀ ꀀ t‷ hh‷ ꀀ ht
h Ā䁞 ht hh 䁞
h ih i 䁞 t h hh t h hh
ꀀ ꀀ t‷ hh‷ ꀀ ht ‷h
h Ā ht hh 䁞

The conservation of energy equation then gives ꀀ 䁞 䁞

h
䁞 ꀀ ht h ht ht ‷h ꀀ hthh

hthh
ꀀ ꀀ h t 䁞t
ht h hh t

17.
 B. 2 A

The effective resistance is 3 0. The voltage divided by the effective resistance gives 4
amps coming out of the battery. The 4 amps split evenly at the node before A and B; 2
amps through each resistor.

18. D. 3.67 s

h ꀀ t
ꀀ ht h

If g/6, ꀀ t
ꀀ h ꀀ ht h ꀀ t

19. What happens to the average power of a harmonic wave if the amplitude is doubled?

A. It is halved.
B. It is doubled.
C. It is quartered.
D. It is quadrupled.

Power transmitted = P1 = ½ μω2A2v

Wherein,
μ = mass per unit length of string
ω = angular frequency
A = wave amplitude
v = wave propagation velocity
Power transmitted (if A is doubled) = P2 = ½ μω2 (2A)2v = (4/2) μω2 A2v = 2 μω2 A2v
P2 = 4P1

20. D. 242 Hz
 䁞 䁞
㔍 香ꜜ 香䁏䀀 㔍 香ꜜ Ā ರ Ā
ꜜꀀ ꀀ 䁞 䁞
㔍 香ꜜ 香䁏䀀 㔍 香ꜜ 香䁏Āರ 䁞 ㌳㌳ ꜜĀ i䁏 䀀ರ䥜 h h ′
ꀀ ′

21. D. It is underdamped.

Critically damped is when the system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible

without oscillating.

Underdamped is when the system oscillates with the amplitude gradually decreasing to
zero but at a reduced frequency compared to the undamped case.

Simple harmonic is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of
displacement.

Overdamped is when a system returns to equilibrium without oscillating.

22.
C. 125 m

Call “up” the positive direction, and set up a chart. We know that ꜜ ꀀ h because, as its
maximum height the firework stops for an instant.

h +50 m/s2
ꜜ 0
?
䁞 -10 m/s2
㌳ ?

Solve for Δx using the equation ꜜ

ꀀ h
䁞 . The answer is 6 m/s2, or about the
skyscraper’s height.

23.

B. 4 m/s2

Call “down” positive, and set up a chart:

h +15 m/s2
ꜜ ?
+17 m
䁞 ?
㌳ 1s
 h
Plug straight into ꀀ h㌳ 䁞㌳ and you have the answer. This is NOT a quadratic,
because t is a known quantity. The answer is 4 m/s2, less than half of Earth’s
gravitational field, but close to Mars’s gravitational field.

24. B. The normal force must be less than the car’s weight.

The normal force exerted on an object on an inclined plane equals 䁞t cos , where is
the angle of the incline. If is greater than 0, then cos is less than 1, so the normal
force is less than the object’s weight.

25. C. 60°

Brewster’s angle:
䀀
䀀ರ 䀀ರ 䁞䀀tব ꀀ arctan 䀀h
wherein n1 is the refractive index of the initial medium
which the light propagates and n2 is the index of the other medium.
䀀ರ 䀀ರ 䁞䀀tব ꀀ arctan ꀀ h
Reflective angle/Polarizing angle = 90° - Incidence angle = 60°

27. B. 31°

Since the exam does not permit the use of a calculator, to answer this problem, we
have to consider the choices. The light must bend toward the normal when traveling
into a material with higher index of refraction, and choice B is the only angle smaller
than the angle of incidence. Choice A is silly because total internal reflection can only
occur when light goes from high to low index of refraction.

28. D. The light’s wavelength and frequency change, but the light’s speed stays the
same.

The speed of light (or any wave) depends upon the material through which the wave
travels; by moving into the water, the light’s speed slows down. But the frequency of a
wave does not change, even when the wave changes material. This is why tree leaves
still look green under water—the color is determined by frequency, and the frequency of
light under water is the same as in air. So, if speed changes and frequency stays the
same, by ꀀ ꜜ, the wavelength must also change.

29. B. They bend away from the center of the lens, appearing to have come from the
focal point to the left of the lens.

First off, a converging lens focuses parallel light rays that pass through it toward the
focal point of the lens. This is how the lenses in cameras, microscopes, and reading
glasses work. However, light rays coming toward and then passing through a
 diverging lens diverge away from the center of the lens. This fact immediately
eliminates choice C. Choice A is also obviously incorrect, because if light rays were
coming in parallel to each other, why would they all bend and go through the first
focal point before ever even coming into contact with the lens? If they haven’t yet
interacted with the lens, then they would not undergo any sort of bending due to the
lens. That leaves us with choices B and D. The only difference between the two is
that in choice B the light rays appear to have come from the first focal point, and in
choice D, they appear to have come from the second focal point. Imagine a ray
diagram for a typical diverging lens: If the rays appear to come from the second focal
point, then they would have to be refracted by more than ninety degrees. Since this
is physically impossible, the light rays must appear to come from the first focal point.
This is why dashed lines in ray diagrams are extended back to the first focal point,
using the straight lines associated with the diverging rays leaving the lens.

30. Placing a glass lens in oil will:

A. increase the focal length of the lens relative to air.

The focal length of a lens is a measure of how much the lens can bend incoming light
rays. The index of refraction of oil is higher than that for air, and thus is closer to the
index of refraction of the lens. This means that light going from air to glass will be
refracted more than light going from oil to glass. The focal length of the lens is therefore
greater (farther from the lens) in oil than it is in air. This eliminates choices B and C and
makes choice A the best answer. The wavelength of light is shorter in oil than air, so
choice D is also eliminated.

31. B. 40°C
Solve the formula for length expansion for temperature change:

ꀀ . The only term on the right-hand side that is different from the original situation
h
is h , which has doubled (from 50.0 mm to 100.0 mm). If you double the denominator of
an equation, the entire equation is cut in half—thus the answer is 40°C.

32.

A. The temperature must go up if the piston remains stationary.

Use the first law of thermodynamics, ꀀh . The candle adds heat to the gas, so
Q is positive. Internal energy is directly related to the temperature, so if is positive,
then temperature goes up and vice versa). Here we can be sure that is positive if the
work done on the gas is either positive or zero. The only possible answer is A—for B, the
work done on the gas is negative because the gas expands. (Note: adding heat to a gas
does not mean that temperature automatically goes up)
33.

A. 1.2 times as efficient

The equation for efficiency of an ideal heat engine is . The temperature must be in
kelvins. The denominator doesn’t change from a hot day to a cold day, so look at the
numerator only. Because a change of 1°C is equivalent to a change of 1 K, the
numerator is 100 K on a cold day and 80 K on a warm day. So the engine is 100/80 ~
1.2 times as efficient on a warm day as on a cold day.

34. C. 100%
Energy and power are positively and linearly related. A 100% increase in the energy
output means the energy output doubles. Thus, if energy output doubles, so does the
power output.

35. C. Both boxes have the same change in gravitational potential energy.
The change in gravitational potential energy depends only upon the change in height,
and not the distance the object travels or the angle of inclination. Both boxes start at the
same initial height and finish at the same final height, so they each change by the same
height, 2 meters. Because they each undergo the same change in height and have the
same mass, they experience the same change in gravitational potential energy.

36. C. Infrared, red, green, violet, ultraviolet

The radiation with the highest frequency (or shortest wavelength) has the highest energy
per photon by E=hf. In the visible spectrum, red has the longest wavelength and violet
has the shortest. Outside the visible spectrum, infrared radiation has a longer
wavelength than anything visible, and ultraviolet has a shorter wavelength than anything
visible. So, infrared has the smallest energy per photon, and so on up the spectrum to
ultraviolet with the most energy per photon.

37. B. 600 eV
䁞
ᆘರ th hh h 香 thh hh
Combining the equations Đ ꀀ ᆘꜜ and ꜜ ꀀ ರt . Đ ꀀ ꀀ th hh ‷ 䁞
ꀀ hh 香

38. B. 0.02 nm
ᆘ t hh
The de Broglie wavelength of a particle whose momentum is p is ꀀ㔍ꀀ t hh t 䁞t
ꀀ
hh
th hh 䁞 ꀀ hth 䀀䁞

39. D. Nothing will happen.

The gap between the ground-state and the first excited state is hh 香 h 香 ꀀ
h 香. Therefore, the electron must absorb the energy of a 30 eV photon (at least) in
order to move even to the first excited state. Since the incident photons have only 15 eV
of energy, the electrons will be unaffected.
40. C. It would increase by a factor of 2.
The energy of a photon is given by the equation Đ ꀀ ᆘꜜ, or equivalently by Đ ꀀ ᆘರt .
Therefore, E is inversely proportional to . If decreases by a factor of 2, then E will
increase by a factor of 2.

41. A person sips a drink through a straw. At which of the following three positions is the
pressure lowest?

I. Inside the person’s mouth

II. At the surface of the drink
III. At the bottom of the drink

A. Only at position I
B. Only at position II
C. Only at position III
D. Both at positions I and II

The fluid is pushed into the mouth by the atmospheric pressure. Because the surface of
a drink is open to the atmosphere, the surface is at atmospheric pressure, and the
pressure in the mouth must be lower than atmospheric.

42.

B. The electric potential is two times larger at A than at B.

If the potential difference between plates is, say, 100 V, then we could say that one plate
is at +100 V and the other is at zero V. So the potential must change at points between
the plates. The electric field is uniform and equal to V/d (d is the distance between
plates). Thus, the potential increases linearly between the plates, and A must have twice
the potential as B.

43. A point charge of +1 μC moves with velocity v into a uniform magnetic field B directed to
the right, as shown below. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the charge?

C. Directly into the page

 Use the right-hand rule for the force on charged particles. You point in the direction of
the velocity, and curl your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field. This should get
your thumb pointing into the page. Because this is a positive charge, no need to switch
the direction of the force.

44. A uniform magnetic field B points up. A loop of wire carrying a clockwise current is
placed at rest in this field as shown below, and then let go. Which of the following
describes the motin of the wire immediately after it is let go?

A. The wire will expand slightly in all directions.

B. The wire will contract slightly in all directions.
C. The wire will rotate, with the top part coming out of the page.
D. The wire will rotate clockwise, remaining in the plane of the page.

Using the right-hand rule for the force on a wire. Look at each part of this wire. At the
leftmost and rightmost points, the current is along the magnetic field lines. Thus, these
parts of the wire experience no force. The topmost part of the wire experiences a force
out of the page (point to the right, fingers curl up the page, the thumb points out of the
page). The bottommost part of the wire experiences force into the page. So, the wire will
rotate.

45. C. The speed of these waves increases.

The frequency of these waves must go up, because the pitch of a sound is determined
by its frequency. The wavelength of the waves in the host’s voice box doesn’t change,
though, because the wavelength is dependent on the physical structure of the host’s
body. Thus ꀀ ꜜ, the speed of the waves in his vocal cords must go up. You can even
look it up—the speed of sound of helium is faster than the speed of sound in normal air.

46.

A. The 100 Ω resistor

 On one hand, you could use a V-I-R chart to calculate the voltage or current for each
resistor, then use ꀀ 香䖾 , or 香 t to find power. On the other hand, there is a quick
way to reason through this one. Voltage changes across the 100 Ω resistor, then again
across the parallel combination. Because the 100 Ω resistor has a bigger resistance
than the parallel combination, its voltage across it is larger as well. Now consider each
resistor individually. By power, 香 t , the 100 Ω resistor has a bigger resistance than the
parallel combination, its voltage across it is larger as well. Now consider each resistor
individually. By power ꀀ 香 t , the 100 Ω resistor has both the biggest voltage and the
smallest resistance, giving it the most power.

47. Three capacitors are connected as shown in the diagram below. h ꀀ t ꀀ

t ꀀ . If the battery provides a potential of 9V, how much charge is stored by
this system of capacitors?

A. th
B. h
C. t
D.

First, simplify the circuit to find the equivalent capacitance. The parallel capacitors add to
. Then the two series capacitors combine to . So we end up with 9 V across a
equivalent capacitance. By the basic equation for capacitors, h ꀀ 香, the charge
stored on these capacitors is .

48.

A. 0.25 A
B. 0.50 A
C. 1.0 A
D. 4.0 A
 To use Ohm’s law here, simplify the circuit to a 10 V battery with the 10 Ω equivalent
resistance. We can use Ohm’s law for the entire circuit to find that 1.0 A is the total
current. Because all the resistors are in series, this 1.0 A flows through each resistor,
including the 2 Ω resistor.

49. What is the resistance of an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltmeter?

Ideal Ammeter Ideal Voltmeter

A. Zero infinite
B. Infinite zero
C. Zero zero
D. Infinite infinite
E. 1 Ω 1Ω

An ammeter is places in series with other circuit components. In order for the ammeter
not to itself resist current and change the total current in the circuit, you want the
ammeter to have as little resistance as possible—in the ideal case, zero resistance. But
a voltmeter is placed in parallel with other circuit components. If the voltmeter has a low
resistance, then current will flow through the voltmeter instead of through the rest of the
circuit. Therefore, you want it to have as high a resistance as possible, so the voltmeter
won’t affect the circuit being measured.

50. D. Halving the distance between slits

䁞
Use the equation ꀀ . Here m = 3 because we are dealing with the third-order
maximum. We want to double the distance to this third-order maximum, which means we
want to double x in the equation. To do this, halve the denominator; d in the denominator
represents the distance between slits.
 SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. B. Cognitivism. experience Elektra complex. It is also after this

Cognitivism is an approach that examines the stage when moral development begins.
human thought and behavior in terms of how we
interpret, process, and remember environmental 8. D. Phantom limb
events. A phantom limb is a vivid perception that a
limb that has been removed or amputated is
2. A. Structuralism still present in the body and performing its
Structuralism is the idea that the mind operates normal functions. Amputees usually
by combining subjective emotions and objective experience sensations including pain in the
sensations. phantom limb.

3. A. I only 9. B. Reinforce
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s
own culture or race is superior over others’. 10. B. Frontal
In a coup-countrecoup injury in a head injury,
4. A. Glutamate the skull is temporarily bent inward. As the
GABA and serotonin are both inhibitors. skull bends inward, it may set the brain into
Dopamine, on the other hand, is considered a motion, causing it to collide with the opposite
special neurotransmitter as it is considered both side of the skull and may result in a
an inhibitory and an excitatory. contrecoup injury. This means that a hit in the
back of the head can cause an injury on the
5. D. Alzheimer’s disease opposite part of the brain, which is the frontal
Alzheimer’s disease can be characterized by lobe.
cholinergic abnormalities or inability to release
acetylcholine. 11. D. Self-Reference Effect
Self-reference effect is the tendency for
6. B. Neural plasticity individuals to have better memory for
Neural plasticity can best be thought of as the information that relates to oneself in
subtle but orchestrated dance that occurs comparison to material that has less personal
between the brain and the environment; relevance
specifically, it is the ability of the brain to be
shaped by experience and, in turn, for this 12. D. Episodic memory
newly remolded brain to facilitate the embrace Nondeclarative and implicit memory are
of new experiences, which leads to further synonymous. They are memories that don’t
neural changes. need conscious thought such as procedural
memory (skills and habits). Semantic memory
is concerned with the general knowledge.
7. C. Phallic Stage
The theory explains that boys at this stage 13. A. Obedience
experience Oedipus complex while girls This is an example of obedience, since direct
command from an authority figure was given.
14. B. identity 19. C. Authoritative parenting
Erikson’s theory places adolescents into the Authoritative parents try to balance
Identity versus Role Confusion stage. the responsibility of the child to conform to the
Adolescents would very possibly be concerned needs and demands of others with
with the other factors listed in the choices, but the rights of the child to be respected and
Erikson’s theory identifies identity as the area of have their own needs met.
primary concern.
20. C. Sublimation
15. B. homeostasis Sublimation expresses sexual or aggressive
Homeostasis is a balanced internal state we energy in ways that are socially acceptable.
seek by satisfying our drives. The word
equilibrium does indicate balance but is not the 21. B. Eros
most correct term in this context. Primary and Eros is sometimes referred to as sexual
secondary refer to drives, but the terms primary instincts, the life instincts are those that deal
and secondary satisfaction are made-up with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction.
distractions. These instincts are essential for sustaining the
life of the individual as well as the continuation
16. C. Experiment of the species. While they are often called
Experiments use independent and dependent ‘sexual instincts,’ these drives also include
variables in making such causal inferences. such things as thirst, hunger, and pain
Correlation studies, on the other hand, only avoidance.
studies the relationship (postive or negative?)
and magnitude (strong or weak?) of variables. 22. B. Students randomly assigned to listen to
classical music
17. A. psychodynamic The experimental group is the one that gets
Eclectic therapies incorporate aspects of the treatment involved in the independent
several different models rather than strictly variable; therefore, the group that listens to
adhere to one theoretical orientation. classical music is the experimental group. It
Psychodynamic therapy, while based on doesn’t matter whether the experimental group
psychoanalysis, tends to incorporate aspects of already listens to classical music or has
other models as well. Client-centered therapy is studied Calculus so long as students are
humanistic. Aversive conditioning is behavioral. randomly assigned to the experimental and
Psychoanalytic therapy is, of course, control groups.
psychoanalytic.
23. A. Negative Reinforcement
18. B. transference Operant Conditioning: Something was
Transference is when patients direct feelings removed (NEGATIVE) and the behavior
toward important people in their lives onto the increased in frequency (REINFORCEMENT).
therapist. Resistance also commonly occurs in
psychoanalysis but happens when a patient 24. B. Rationalization
rejects the therapists’ interpretations or Rationalization is a defense mechanism that
otherwise seeks to thwart the therapeutic involves explaining an unacceptable behavior
process. or feeling in a rational or logical manner,
avoiding the true reasons for the
 behavior. Regression suggests that people act Anomic suicide is caused by breakdown of
out behaviors from the stage of psychosexual social order. This type of suicide is typical of
development in which they are fixated. people who feel morally lost and have no
Projection is a defense mechanism that involves sense of direction in their lives. Given the lack
taking our own unacceptable qualities or of a solid path, this person would rather die
feelings and ascribing them to other people. than feel lost. Egoistic suicide is caused by
Denial functions to protect the ego from things excessive individualism. Altruistic
that the individual cannot cope with. suicide takes place when a person has lost his
individual feeling of self.
25. B. Role Strain
Role Conflict is when an individual has difficulty 31. B. Structural functionalism
meeting responsibilities of different roles. An Structural functionalism, or simply
example would be being a court judge to your functionalism, is a framework for building
own son’s case. theory that sees society as a complex system
whose parts work together to promote
26. D. Archetypes solidarity and stability. Important concepts in
Archetypes are images and thoughts which functionalism include social structure, social
have universal meanings across cultures functions, manifest functions, and latent
which may show up I dreams, literature, art or functions.
religion.
32. A. Gesselschaft
27. D. Industrial Revolution The concepts of gemeinschaft and
This transition to a new manufacturing process gesselschaft were espoused by Ferdinand
happened from 18th to 19th centuries. This Toennis. In gemeinschaft society, relationships
shifting caused vast improvements in some are close, durable and highly valued by the
people’s standard of living but also caused grim members. In gesselschaft society,
living conditions for the poor and working relationships tend to be impersonal and
classes. segmented. Formal and informal group
classification is based on the form of
28. B. ascribed status organization of the group. In formal groups,
Ascribed status refers to 'a position one holds in purpose and objectives are explicitly labelled.
a social system that one attains involuntarily or Informal groups arise spontaneously out of the
by birth'. Its counterpart is called, ‘’achieved interactions of two or more persons. According
status,” which is ‘a position one holds in a to William Graham Summer, an in-group is a
society that is based on one's choices or merit'. group that members use as a point of
reference while an out-group are those who do
29. B. power elite not belong to the in-group.
Power elitism is a theory that centers on the
idea of how power is concentrated. In this 33. D. Levirate
model, sociologists argue that the majority of A sororate is a type of marriage wherein the
the power is concentrated among the wealthy. widower marries the sister or the nearest kin of
the deceased wife. Exogamy is a marriage
outside one’s clan. Polygamy is a form of
30. C. Anomic suicide marriage where a man marries two or more
 women at the same time. Levirate is when a 39. B. Each wife of the husband typically keeps
widower marries the brother or nearest kin of a separate home as he rotates his attention
the deceased wife. among them.
Polygyny is when a man is married to more
34. B. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, than one wife. The counterpart of this is called,
Pariah “polyandry,” wherein a woman has more than
one husband. The practice in Letter ‘A’ is
35. A. Egoistic suicide called cenomgamy.
Egoistic suicide is caused by excessive
individualism. It occurs when a person 40. B. Geographers
commits suicide as a result of not feeling like
they belong to society; they struggle to find a 41. A. Teratogens
reason to live. Altruistic suicide, on the other Teratogens are chemicals that the mother is
hand, takes place when a person has lost his exposed to in the environment, making them
individual feeling of self. Anomic suicide is environmental influences. The rest of the
caused by breakdown of social order. answers either are not environmental in origin
or do not have proven effects on a fetus.
36. C. Martin Luther
The Church’s corrupt practice of selling 42. C. Motor development
indulgences’ was the last straw for the Although gross and fine motor development of
questioning Martin Luther. He firmly belived children can be improved by various activities
that the Bible is the central religious authority given to them, the effects of these are not
and that humans may reach salvation only by really dramatic as motor development is
their faith. more greatly affected by biological factors.

37. C. Succession 43. A. The psychoanalytic theories are less

Invasion occurs when a new type of people, empirical
institution, or activity enters an area which has The psychoanalytic theories are based on
been previously occupied by a different type. anecdotal evidence and personal inference
Concentration is the increase of population in a rather than empirical research methods.
given area. Dispersion is the opposite tendency
of concentration. Succession is the dominance 44. B. Formal operations
of the new population or function in the area. Creating hypotheses demonstrates formal
operational thought. The other choices are not
38. B. Fecundity stages in Piaget’s theory.
Fecundity is the physical ability to reproduce. It
is also defined as the maximum rate a woman 45. C. Schema
can physically produce children. Fertility refers A schema is a mental rule we use to interpret
to the actual reproductive performance of men our environment. Assimilation and
or women. .Mortality refers to deaths that occur accommodation are other steps in the process
within a population. Longevity refers to the of learning described by Piaget. We first try to
ability to remain alive from one year to the next. assimilate new information into an existing
schema, then accommodate the new
information by changing the schema if we
 need to. A syllogism is a type of logical is a made-up term, and open communication,
argument, and a hypothesis is an explanation while healthy in a relationship, does not
for an environmental event. describe this specific exchange.

46. D. I, II, and III 49. B. Santiago dislikes cheerleaders

Communications are made more effective A prejudice is an attitude, while discrimination
when communicators are attractive, famous, involves an action. Santiago has a negative
and/or perceived as experts. All of these attitude or prejudice toward cheerleaders. Billy
factors enhance the persuasiveness of an and Mr. Tamp are engaging in discrimination
appeal. by acting differently toward different groups of
people. Athena may be really fast or
47. B. Self-serving bias overconfident, but she is not evidencing a
The students in the school are evidencing self- prejudice. Ginny’s belief that all Asians are
serving bias, the tendency to take more credit for smart is a stereotype that may or may not lead
good outcomes than bad ones. When the football her to have some kind of prejudice against
team wins, they want to identify with them and Asians.
therefore say “We are awesome.” When that same
team loses, the students distance themselves 50. C. Out-group bias
from the players, explaining that “They were By dividing his students into groups, Mr.
terrible.” Fundamental attribution error is a Simpson fostered the development of in-group
different attributional bias; it explains that people and out-group bias, the belief that members of
overestimate the role of personal factors when one’s own group are superior to members of
explaining other people’s behavior. The self- other groups. While Jody’s aggressive behavior
fulfiling prophecy effect is the finding that people’s cannot be fully explained by Mr. Simpson’s
expectations about others can influence the grouping, the fact that he attacks only members
behavior of those others. The false consensus of other groups suggests that out-group bias
effect is another example of an attributional bias. It may play a role. Group polarization is the
says that people overestimate the number of tendency of groups to take more extreme
people who share their beliefs. positions than those taken by their individual
members. Since Jody acts alone and not as part
48. A. Self-disclosure of a group, his aggression cannot be seen as an
Self-disclosure is the process by which two example of deindividuation. Superordinate goals
people become closer by sharing intimate are helpful in reducing conflict between groups
details about themselves. Deindividuation is by making their success contingent upon their
when people in a group lose their self-restraint cooperation. Groupthink is the idea that because
due to anonymity and act in anti-social ways. In- group members are often loathe to express
group bias is the preference that people show opinions different from those of the majority,
for members of their own groups. Dual sharing some groups fall prey to poor decisions.
 Chemistry (Answer Key)

1. Regardless of the molarity of the weak acid, when the pH of the solution is 2.70, the
[H30+] in solution is 10-2.7 M. This means that the [H30+] is equal to something x 10-3
(where "something" is a value less than ten). Because [H30+] = [A-] when a weak acid
dissociates, it should be concluded that [A-] = something x 10-3, which makes choice B
the best answer.
2. The formula weight, also known as the empirical weight, is derived from the mass of
compound per mole of equivalent. Adding up the molecular mass of the compound
yields 90 grams/mole. Because there are two equivalents of protons per oxalic acid, the
formula weight is 45grams/mole. Pick B. Be sure not to pick A by mistake.
3. This is a question involving the common ion effect. Because F- is present in solution in
choices A and B, and Mg2+ is present in choice D, all of the choices except C are
eliminated due to the common ion effect. It is only in choice C that the compound does
not have a common ion (either Mg2+ or F-) present.
4. B

5. B
6. D

7. D

8. A
9. C
10. E
11. D—The addition of zinc ion, from the  , increases the zinc concentration. This
increases the numerator in the logarithm part of the Nernst equation. This is a negative
term, so the cell voltage will decrease.

12. A— The size of the electrode is not important.

13. B— The salt bridge serves as an ion source to maintain charge neutrality. Deionized
water would not be an ion source, so the cell could not operate.

14. D—As the cell operates, the copper ion concentration would decrease and the zinc ion
concentration would increase. Both of these changes would make the logarithm term in
the Nernst equation more negative. This would decrease the voltage.

15. A
16. C
17. D
18. E
19. B
20. D
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. A
25. B

26. A
27. A
28. C

29. C
30. C
31. C
32. C
33. B
34. A
35. D
36. B
37. C
38. D
39. B
40. A

41. A
42. B

43. C
44. D

45. C
46. A
47. C
48. C
49. A
50. A