Trigonometry – Lecture Notes
1. Importance of Trigonometry in Engineering
- Structural Design: Calculating forces, angles, and lengths.
- Signal Processing: Analyzing waveforms and signals.
- Mechanical Engineering: Motion analysis, vibrations.
- Civil and Surveying: Height measurement and plotting.
- Electrical Engineering: AC circuit analysis.
2. Trigonometric Ratios and Functions
Basic Definitions
sin(θ) = Opposite / Hypotenuse
cos(θ) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
tan(θ) = Opposite / Adjacent
csc(θ) = 1 / sin(θ)
sec(θ) = 1 / cos(θ)
cot(θ) = 1 / tan(θ)
Unit Circle & Angle Measurement
- Angle measured in degrees and radians (180° = π radians).
- Unit circle defines sin and cos for all real angles.
3. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
- sin(x): Wave-like, period 2π
- cos(x): Similar to sin, starts at 1
- tan(x): Vertical asymptotes, period π
4. Trigonometric Identities
Fundamental
sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1
Reciprocal
csc(θ) = 1/sin(θ), sec(θ) = 1/cos(θ), cot(θ) = 1/tan(θ)
Quotient
tan(θ) = sin(θ)/cos(θ), cot(θ) = cos(θ)/sin(θ)
Co-function & Even-Odd
sin(90° − θ) = cos(θ), cos(90° − θ) = sin(θ)
Even: cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
Odd: sin(−θ) = −sin(θ), tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
Angle Formulas
Sum/Difference: sin(a ± b) = sin(a)cos(b) ± cos(a)sin(b)
Double Angle: sin(2a) = 2sin(a)cos(a)
Half Angle: sin²(a/2) = (1 − cos(a))/2
5. Solving Trigonometric Equations
- Solve basic equations like sin(x) = 1/2.
- Use identities to simplify and solve equations.
- Consider general solutions over intervals.
6. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
- Definitions: sin⁻¹(x), cos⁻¹(x), tan⁻¹(x).
- Principal values:
sin⁻¹(x): [−π/2, π/2]
cos⁻¹(x): [0, π]
tan⁻¹(x): (−π/2, π/2)
7. Applications of Trigonometric Equations
- Waveforms: y = A sin(ωt + φ)
- Mechanical Systems: Harmonic motion
- Signal Transmission: Modulation and filtering
8. Trigonometry in Triangles
Right-Angle Triangles
- Use SOH-CAH-TOA for unknowns.
- Applications: ramps, beams, tension.
Non-Right-Angle Triangles
- Law of Sines: a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C)
- Law of Cosines: c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos(C)
- Applications: structural analysis, navigation