ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Dalton's atomic theory
i Malter is composed of very small particles called
atoms which are indivisible
Drawback atoms can be further divided into
sub atomic particles i e electrons protons neutrons
Ii Atoms of same element have identical properties
like mass size
Drawback Isotopic atoms have same atomic number
but different atomic masses ex IH THTH
Iii of different elements have different
Atoms
properties
Drawback In case of isobars atoms of different
elements have same atomic masses
E fjar Foca
Iv Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed
Drawback In case of nuclear fission nuclear fusion
atoms are created destroyed
v Atoms combine in a fixed mass ratio to
form compounds
Drawback
1
coz 02
mass 14 32
ratio of 12 32
C and O 3 g 7 16
Discovery of sub atomic particles
Discovery of electrons cathode ray experiment
Discovery of protons Anode ray experiment
Discovery of neutrons
cathode ray experiment
tube
Discharge
phosphorescent
f a
D 2ns
coating
Gas at v
very low Perforated
anode
pressure
Gases are very poor conductor of electricity
in ordinary conditions
Gases conduct electricity at very low pressure
and at high voltages
dotting
-
when high voltage is applied across the
electrodes current starts
flowing through a
stream of particles moving in the discharge
tube from cathode to anode These were
called cathode cathode
rays ray particles
on
using perforated anode coated behind
with 2ns a
glow was spotted on coating
Metal electrode cathode
source of major source
cathode rays
gas atoms present in
discharge tube
-
atomo cati F
Properties of cathode rays
II Cathode travel in straight line path in
says
absence of external magnetic or electric field
His cathode rags exert mechanical force on
the object strike
when
4 Cathode
says produce heat they
strike a material surface
Civ when cathode rays strike heavy solid metals
x rays are emitted from metals
Cathode are not visible but their
rays
behaviour is observed with certain materials
cathode ionise the atoms
His rays can gas
through which they pass
Cathode thin metal foils
Lviii rays penetrate
vi In presence of electrical or magnetic
the
field the behaviour of cathode rays were
similar to that of negative charge particles
i e cathode
rays are made of re charged particles
named electron
negative charged particle as
Cixi The characteristics of cathode rays do
not defend on electrode material and
nature of gas present in the tube
electrons are basic constituents of all atom
cathode are electrons
Calculation of charqui of electron
J Thomson elm
specific charge
Icharge mass
when only electric field applied electrons
is
deviated from their usual path and stirited
at point A
when only magnetic field applied electrons
is
deviated from their usual path and stirited
at point E
Electric and magnetic field both applied together
perpendicular to each other and as well as to
path of electrons
By carefully balancing the electrical
and magnetic
fields electron is brought to its usual path
and it Striked at point B
electrical force on cathode says Ex e
magnetic force on cathode rays :
OB
E electric B o velocity
tieseetength mfigfqxgeghff.fm
e E e VB
v E Cis
B
in es from
CIninetiagopetatuoisotagedeveloped
-
KE electrical work
eV
2 mo
0er
m
Egf
putting values of
2
on
F E V E B
g I 7588 10 Coulomb
1kg
const do not depend on nature of gas
in tube and electrodes
In an oil drop experiment charges found
on oil droplets were 3 1019 6 10 19
18 10 19 and 30 10 19 Coulomb Find the
charge on an electron according to the given
data
He All given charges are integeral multiple
3 6 19
of
so ace To this data
charge on an e 3 10 19 coulomb
Discovery of proton Anode says experiments
Canal rays experiment
Ionating'T
on using perforated cathode glow appeased
behind it
They consist of particles carrying positive
charge so known as positive rays Anode
rays1 canal rays
A t e
cm
At t e
Gas cathode cation
atom
ray
positive
says
Properties of anode rays
i
They are positively charged ions
Iii Unlike cathode
says the properties of
anode vary with the nature of gas
rays
Iii The positive charge on anode rays was
found to be equal to or integeral multiple
of magnitude of charge on an e
The deflection by electric field and magnetic
field was to be less as compared to
cathode rays ie anode
says are heavier
in charge to mass ratio of particles defend
on nature gas present in the tube
The lightest positive ions were obtained
from hydrogen atoms were named as
they
protons ,
^
observation
Googintive notation fgtsons yffff.am
a
integer y integer
Ht smallest positive charge
proton fundamental particle
Note Anode rays do not emit from anode
2
Discovery of neutrons
meuaftaoksautmpaff.LK manatsaofm
chataugeotectsons thank pototons
÷
-
then there
must be neutral particle contributing
to the mass of atom
-
Neutrons discovered
were by bombarding of
g particle nucleus of tee on Berrylium metal
Nuclear
Be tattle t on
reactions
I G particle caution
to 6
n o
-
Properties of fundamental particles
Mass
Particle symbol Absolute charge
coulomb Relative kg u
g 11 10 31
19 0.00054
e l 602 10
Election e I o
S 27
Pzoton to to 11.602 15 I 1 673 10 1.0073
1
27 I 0087
Nettleton n no o 1.675 10
1
Some important terms
Atomic No Z
no of protons in nucleus of an atom ion
no
of electrons in neutral atom
ex
Na atom proton atomic No 11
11 e
Nat ion
11 Proton atomic No 11
10 e
Ii Mass No A
The total no of protons and
neutrons in nucleus total no of nucleons
is termed as mass no
A No of No of
Protons neutrons
Z n
Iii Isotopes
Elements having same atomic no
but different mass no are isotopes
EI g ite TH TH
E Ee Etc
^
6
0
8
Isotopes have different no of neutrons
iv Isobars
Elements having same mass no but
different atomic no ase isobass
40
48Ar
zola
14
Hc 7N
G
V Isotones
Different elements having same no
of neutrons are isotones
24
exe jN Il
na
12ang
n Eat Fa
7 7 n II's u iz P Eiz ia
Isotones have same A Z value
vii Isoelectronic species species having
same no of electrons
exe Nat Mgt2 Aft3 Ne 02 Ns
No of a 10 10 10 10 10 10
e s
isoelectronic
molecules
e Benzene Inorganic benzene
Cotto B3N3H6
6 6 6 1 3 5 3 7 16 1
Total _42 Es Total 42 Es
Lviii Isodiaphers Different elements having
same difference in no of
protons and neutrons are called isodiaphers
same G f value Z value A 2Z value
CALI
equal natron excess
238
u
EB Fifth gz
n 7 n 144
F re s
in
E II
b L n f L Cn b 54
g
Viii Isosters species having equal no
of atoms
well electrons
as as equal no
of
Isoelectronic species having equal no
of atoms
exe CO2 Npo Chi NHI
T ms
S S
II tales Etat notYes1712 8
tnot.afe.gov
Tog'T7
to 774 1
10
complete the following table
species A Mff 2Cato.mi4PCnpfoFonsg o.nogneutsenscno.g
N atom
14 7 7 7 7
Cott ion 20
yo go 20 18
O atom 8 8
16 8 8
Br atom 80 35 35 36
45
Models of atoms
A Thomson's atomic model
Plum pudding modellwatermelon model
c Atom consist of a sphere of positive charge
in which electrons are embedded
The mass of atom is assumed to be
uniformly distributed over whole atom
Atom is electrically neutral achievement of this
model
It was challenged by Rutherford's scattering experiment
CBI Rutherford's nuclearmodelofatomi
planetary model
It was based on scattering experiment
Rutherford's a particle scattering experiment
Gold
1
Helium
nucleus
O H
a
A stream of highly energetic a particles
from radioactive source was bombarded at
thin gold metal foil woo mm thickness
Behind the gold foil there was a circular
2ns coated screen
whenever particles struck the screen a
a
flash of light was produced at that point
observations
i Most the particles passed through the
of a
foil undeflected
Ii A small
fraction of a particles were
deflected by small angles
iii particles art out
very few a
of 20,000
bounced back i e deflected by 188J
conclusions
i Most of the space inside an atom is empty
as most of a particles passed undeflected
several particles got deflected at angles
a
a particles being positively charged the
deflection can be caused by fooesence of another
positivecharged system present inside the atom
iii very few particles deflected back and a
a
particles are heavy they could be deflected
back only when
they strike some heavier
body present inside atom
avi No of a particles deflected baek is veryvery
small this shows that heavy body present
inside atom occupies a
very small volume
Rutherford's atomic model
i The positive charge and most of the mats
of atom is densely concentrated in a
very
nucleus
small
region called
ii Nucleus surrounded by electrons that move
is
around nucleus with very high speed in
circular paths called orbits
Just like solar system sun at centre
planets revolve around it
iii electrons and the nucleus are held together
attraction
by electrostatic force of
Nucleus
components
Atom
Nucleus 9e
of extra
nuclear
part
e present
Application past
volume of nucleus is negligibly small as
compared to total volume of atom
10 m
Tatom 10
rnadeusI to m
nucleus 4132TGnuclees 5 15
4 0
10
atom 1432T ratomp
Fraction of volume of an atom occupied
the nucleus lots
by
I I
fermi to 15ns
feyftmgmeter
ii Radius of nucleus
R Ro A b
R radius of nucleus
I 33 fm 1.33 1515on
Rao
s.jo
wmnagw
Find radius mass no 27J
of nucleus of AI
SOI R Ro 27 13
R 3 gg fm
4 fm
at angle 0
CIII No
of a particles scattering an
I
NL for same
Sinaloa target metal
N no of d particles scattering
angle of deviation
L atomic no
at go angle
If no of particles scattering
is goowhat is the
then no L particles
getting scattered at 128 angle for same
target metal
Soft Ngo Singing
Nooo Sint Eg
900 4 14
Nso 4
goo 9 16
Nl20 1 4
Nini 400 particles
Civ Distance of closest approach of a particles w r t
nucleus
It is the distance at which the a particles
stops due to repulsion from nucleus of
target
distance of
ro closest approach
TE lkEl FEKETE
a particle qtype Target
a nucleus
1 KEI I PEI
ME K 9192
to chargeof
A particles
mu K 2e 2e
chargeof target
to nucleus
2
to 2K Ze
Izmit k const
2
9 109 µm2c
yo
2KZe2
KE of a particle
Find distance of closest approach when
a particles with KE 5 Mev are scattered
1800
by gold fat no 7g by
SOI
ev 1.6 1019 I
Lelectronvolt
l MeV 106 EV
X
2KZI 2 9 109 79 X 1.6 1519
ro
KEN 5 106 1.6 10 19
to 45 5 10 15 m
Vo 45 5 fm
QQ why gold chosen as
target
Most malleable heavy metal dense nucleus
1
easy to observe
deflection
what will happen if we use a foil
instead of gold foil
Mose no of a particles will pass through as
nucleus of lighter atom is small
smaller no of 2 particles will be deflected
as no of positive charged protons is less
Drawbacks of Rutherford's atomic model
Liz According Maxwell's theory when a
to
charged particle accelerates it emits energy
continuously in form of electromagnetic radiations
electron revolves incircular path called obits
has got acceleration so it will emit
will collapse into nucleus in
energy and it
approx 10 8 see making atom unstable
e
Id
Rutherford's model was unable to explain the
stability of an atom
It does not explain theelectronic
distribution and energy of electrons
iii Unable to explain spectral lines of atom
Waves
on the basis
medium
of requirement of
Mechanical waves
require medium for propagation
ee sound waves
Non mechanical waves
do not require medium for propagation
electromagnetic waves
on the basis of displacement of
particle and wave propagation
Transverse waves
particle motion perpendicular
to wave propagation
E EM waves
Longitudinal waves
Particle motion in the direction
of ware propagation
e sound waves
Some info terms related to wave
i Amplitude A
E Height
of crest or the depth of trough
is amplitude
e It is maximum displacement from the
mean position
e unit S M cm
Ii Wavelength T
It is the distance between two consecutive
crests or two consecutive troughs
M Ao
units un
Iii Frequency v
No of waves passing through a point in I see
units sect Hertz Hz isect l Hz
Iv Time period T
e The time taken by a wave to complete
one oscillation is time period
units Sec
fifrequencyesy in Sec
U wanes
no of 1
f Sec
one wave it
Timed
1 L
V
v velocity v
ett is displacement of wave in 1 second
T seconds l displacement
1 second displacement
velocity
v
IT
to
v w
v N
for light V
3 108 m s
fc Od
wi wave number J
It is waves per unit length
no
of
A meter I wave
1 meter waves
f
I
wave no
D L
a
m l l
units om
C Dd
U
U CT
10
I Ao 10 m
I nm nanometer 10 9 m
TIME a am
