Sequence of Real numbers
Sequence of Functions
𝐷1 = 0,1
𝐷=𝑅
𝑓𝑛 (x)= 𝑥 𝑛
Lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 if 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 1
1 if r=1
𝑥 𝑛 converges pointwise to 𝑓(𝑥) on 𝐷1
0 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 = 1
𝑓𝑛 :D→ 𝑅 Sequence of function defined on
𝐷⊂𝑅
What is
• 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) ? Assign some specific value to 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , we get a seq. of real numbers
𝑓𝑛 (𝑥0 )
• Limit Function lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛→∞
There exists 𝐾(∈) ∈ 𝑁 such that 𝑥𝑛 − 𝐿 <∈ for all n ≥ 𝐾
• Pointwise Convergence: For ∈> 0, there exists 𝐾(∈, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑁 such that
𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) <∈ for all n ≥ 𝐾
• Uniform Convergence: 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 converges uniformly to f(x) on 𝐷 if
For ∈> 0, there exists 𝐾(∈) ∈ 𝑁 (depending on ∈ but not 𝑥 ) such that
𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) <∈ for all n ≥ 𝐾 and for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷.
How to check 𝑓𝑛 (x) is (Not) uniformly
continuous on 𝐷 ⊂ 𝑅
• Apply Definition of Uniform Convergence
• Make use of If and Only if theorems involving uniform convergence.
❑ Uniform Norm
❑ Cauchy Convergence
❑…
• Apply the contrapositive statement of theorems on Uniform
convergence
Uniform Norm
• Definition. Let 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑅 and ∅: 𝐴 → 𝑅 is a function. ∅ is bounded on 𝐴
if the set ∅(𝐴) is bounded subset of ℝ. If ∅ is bounded, the uniform
norm of ∅ on 𝐴 by ∅ 𝐴 = sup{ ∅(𝑥) : 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}
• Note: ∅ 𝐴 ≤ ∈ if and only if ∅(𝑥) ≤ ∈ for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
• Theorem: A sequence (𝑓𝑛 ) of bounded functions on 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ
converges uniformly on 𝐴 to 𝑓 if and only 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑛 𝐴 → 0 where
lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑛→∞
IF AND ONLY IF RESULT (Very Important)
• Theorem: A sequence (𝑓𝑛 ) of bounded functions on 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ converges
uniformly on 𝐴 to 𝑓 if and only 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑛 𝐴 → 0 where lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑛→∞
In other words,
A sequence (𝑓𝑛 ) of bounded functions on 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ converges uniformly on
𝐴 to 𝑓 if and only lim 𝑀𝑛 = 0, where
𝑛→∞
𝑀𝑛 =Sup 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) : 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 .
Observation: If lim 𝑀𝑛 ≠ 0, then (𝑓𝑛 ) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
𝑛→∞
We make use of this result to show that (𝑓𝑛 ) is not uniformly convergent on
its domain.
Theorems on Uniform Continuity
• If 𝑓𝑛 (x) are bounded on 𝐷 and 𝑓𝑛 (x) converges uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥) then
𝑓(𝑥) is bounded on 𝐷.
Observation: If𝑓𝑛 (x) are bounded on 𝐷 but the limit function 𝑓(𝑥) is
unbounded on 𝐷 then 𝑓𝑛 (x) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥).
Example to illustrate
1−𝑥 𝑛
• For each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑓𝑛 x = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +⋯+ 𝑥 𝑛−1 = , 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 .
1−𝑥
1
Here, 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑛 x = ,𝑥 ∈ [0,1).
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑥
The sequence (𝑓𝑛 x ) converges on [0,1] to the function 𝑓.
For 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 , 𝑓𝑛 x = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛−1
≤ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +…+ 𝑥 𝑛−1
≤ 𝑛.
Each 𝑓𝑛 is bounded on [0,1) but 𝑓 is unbounded on [0,1).
Thus, (𝑓𝑛 ) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
Example to illustrate
𝑛𝑥
• For each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁, 𝑓𝑛 x = 2 2 ,x ∈ 0,1 .
1+𝑛 𝑥
Here, 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑛 x = 0, 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 .
𝑛→∞
1
𝑓 − 𝑓𝑛 [0,1] = Sup 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥∈[0,1] 2
1
So that lim 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑛 [0,1] = ≠ 0. Thus, the convergence of the
𝑛→∞ 2
sequence of functions (𝑓𝑛 ) is not uniform on 0,1 .
Note that here, each 𝑓𝑛 is bounded on 0,1 and 𝑓 is bounded on 0,1 .
But the convergence is not uniform.
Theorems on Uniform Convergence of
Sequence of function
• If 𝑓𝑛 (x) are continuous on 𝐷 and 𝑓𝑛 (x) converges uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥)
then 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on 𝐷.
Observation: If𝑓𝑛 (x) are continuous on 𝐷 but the limit function 𝑓(𝑥) is
not continuous on 𝐷 then 𝑓𝑛 (x) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥).
Example for illustration
𝑓𝑛 x = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 nx, x ∈ [0,1]
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑛 x = 𝑠𝑔𝑛𝑥
𝑛→∞ 2
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
=൝𝜋
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0.
2
Each (𝑓𝑛 ) is continuous on [0,1] but the limit function 𝑓 is not
continuous on 0,1 .
Conclusion: 𝑓 does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
Theorems on Uniform Continuity
• If 𝑓𝑛 (x) are Riemann Integrable on 𝐷 = [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑓𝑛 (x) converges
uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑓(𝑥) is Riemann Integrable on 𝐷 = [𝑎, 𝑏].
And
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
lim ( 𝑛𝑓 𝑎x) dx= 𝑎 lim 𝑓𝑛 (x) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Where lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛→∞
Interchange of Limit and Integral
• Observation: If𝑓𝑛 (x) are Riemann Integrable on 𝐷=[a,b] but the limit
function 𝑓(𝑥) is not Riemann Integrable on 𝐷 then 𝑓𝑛 (x) does not
converge uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥).
Observation: If𝑓𝑛 (x) are Riemann Integrable on 𝐷=[a,b] and the limit
function 𝑓(𝑥) is also Riemann Integrable on 𝐷 but
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
lim ( 𝑛𝑓 𝑎x) ≠ ( 𝑎lim 𝑓𝑛 (x)) ≠ )𝑥(𝑓 𝑎
then 𝑓𝑛 (x) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥).
Example for illustration
−𝑛𝑥 2
• Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥𝑒 , 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 .
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 0. So, lim 𝑓𝑛 0 = f(0) = 0.
𝑛𝑥 2 2 𝑛2 𝑥 4 𝑛2 𝑥 4
For 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + +⋯>
2 2
−𝑛𝑥 2 2
so that 0 < 𝑛𝑥𝑒 < 3 for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑛𝑥
−𝑛𝑥 2
By Sandwich theorem, lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = lim 𝑛𝑥𝑒 = 0. Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑛→∞
lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 0.
Each 𝑓𝑛 is integrable on [0,1] and 𝑓 is integrable on 0,1 .
1 1 −𝑛 1 1 1
Since, 0 𝑓𝑛 (x)dx = 1 − 𝑒 . lim 0 𝑓𝑛 (x)dx = . But, 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2 𝑛→∞ 2
1 1 1
Thus, lim 0 𝑓𝑛 (x) dx ≠ lim 𝑓𝑛 (x) 𝑑𝑥 ≠
0 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So, ( 𝑓𝑛 ) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
Logic
𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 → 𝑟
i.e., 𝑝 is true and 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 then q is false.
p q p→ 𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Results on Uniform Convergence
• Let 𝑓𝑛 : D → ℝ be a sequence of functions defined on 𝐷 ⊂ 𝑅 which
converges pointwise to the limit function 𝑓 𝑥 . Let 𝑥0 be a limit point
of 𝐷. If lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 then
𝑥→𝑥0
(i) 𝑎𝑛 is convergent
(ii) lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = lim lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑛→∞ 𝑥→𝑥0
Example.
• 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,1).
Here, 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 ∈ [0,1).
𝑛→∞
1 is a limit point of 0,1 . So, lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→1
Let 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 . Then 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 1.
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
Thus, lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1, but lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ lim 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥→1
So, (𝑓𝑛 ) does not converge uniformly to the limit function 𝑓 𝑥 .
Interchange of limit and Derivative
• Let 𝑓𝑛 : J → ℝ be a sequence of functions defined on 𝐽 ⊂ 𝑅 where 𝐽 is
an interval. If
(i) 𝑥0 ∈ 𝐽 such that (𝑓𝑛 (𝑥0 )) converges.
and
(ii) The sequence (𝑓𝑛 ′ ) of derivatives exists on 𝐽 and converges
uniformly on 𝐽 to a function 𝑔.
Then the sequence (𝑓𝑛 ) converges uniformly on 𝐽 to a function 𝑓 that
has a derivative at every point on 𝐽 and 𝑓 ′ = g.
Bounded Convergence Theorem
• Let (𝑓𝑛 ) be a sequence of Riemann Integrable functions on 𝐼 = [𝑎, 𝑏]
that converges on 𝐼 to a Riemann Integrable function 𝑓.
If there exists a constant 𝐵 > 0 such that 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) ≤ 𝐵 for all 𝑥 ∈
𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 then
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
lim ( 𝑛𝑓 𝑎x) dx= 𝑎 lim 𝑓𝑛 (x) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑛→∞
Dini’s Theorem
• If (𝑓𝑛 ) is a monotone sequence of continuous functions on 𝐼 = [𝑎, 𝑏]
that converges on 𝐼 to a continuous function 𝑓. Then the convergence
of the sequence is uniform.
• Suppose 𝑓𝑛 are continuous and 𝑓𝑛 → 𝑓. Given that 𝑓 is continuous.
Do you conclude that 𝑓𝑛 → 𝑓 uniformly ? No.
𝑓𝑛 x = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 nx, x ∈ [0,1]
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑛 x = 𝑠𝑔𝑛𝑥
𝑛→∞ 2
𝜋
− , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<0
2
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝜋
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0.
2
Conclusion: 𝑓 does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
2 −nx2
Some Problems: Find 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 e dx
−𝑛𝑥 2
• Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑒 for 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 .
𝑛𝑥 2 𝑛2 𝑥 4
For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 2 + + ⋯ > n𝑥 2
4
−𝑛𝑥 2 1
so that 0 < 𝑒 for 𝑥 > 0. Thus, for 𝑥 ∈ 1,2 , by Sandwich theorem, we
< 2
𝑛𝑥
get lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = f(x) = 0 for 𝑥 ∈ 1,2 .
−𝑛𝑥 2 1 1
So, for 𝑥 ∈ 1,2 , 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 < 2 < as 𝑛 ≥ 1.
𝑛𝑥 𝑛
1 1 1
Thus, 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) < <∈ if 𝑛 > . Choosing 𝐾 = + 1, depending only on
𝑛 ∈ ∈
∈ , we find 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) <∈ if 𝑛 > 𝐾.
So, (𝑓𝑛 ) converge uniformly to 𝑓 on [1,2].
2 2 2 2
Since, lim 1 𝑓𝑛 (x)dx = 1 lim 𝑓𝑛 (x) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 0𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Study the same sequence of function defined on a different domain.
−𝑛𝑥 2
• Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑒 for 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 𝑥 ≥ 0.
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 0. So, lim 𝑓𝑛 0 = 𝑓 0 = 0.
𝑛𝑥 2 2 𝑛2 𝑥 4
For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + + ⋯ > n𝑥 2
4
−𝑛𝑥 2 1
so that 0 < 𝑒 < 2 for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑛𝑥
By Sandwich theorem, lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = f(x) = 0 for 𝑥 > 0. We conclude
lim 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 = f(x) = 0 for 𝑥 ≥ 0.
−𝑛𝑥 2 1 1 1
So, 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 <∈ if 𝑛 >
< 2 Choosing 𝐾 =
2 . + 1,
𝑛𝑥 ∈𝑥 ∈𝑥 2
depending both on ∈ and 𝑥, we find (𝑓𝑛 ) does not converge uniformly to 𝑓.
Lect 10-UG3-C-V-SB-5/8/2020
Series of Functions
• Series of real numbers
𝑓𝑛 : Sequence of real numbers
𝑓𝑛 (x): Sequence of functions
Series of real numbersσ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 Sequence of partial sums 𝑠𝑛 =𝑓1 +𝑓2 +…+𝑓𝑛
If (𝑠𝑛 ) is convergent, we say the series σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is convergent. If lim 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑠,
the sum of the series σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is 𝑠.
22 23
1+2 + + +….
2! 3!
If (𝑠𝑛 ) is divergent, we say the series σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is divergent.
σ∞
Series of functions 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥); 𝑓𝑛 :D→ ℝ
• Corresponding Sequence of partial sums
𝑠𝑛 (x)=𝑓1 (𝑥)+𝑓2 (𝑥)+…+𝑓𝑛 (𝑥);
If lim 𝑠𝑛 (x) = s(x): Limit function of 𝑠𝑛 (x), then the sum of the series of
𝑛→∞
function σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is 𝑠(𝑥)
If (𝑠𝑛 (x)) converges pointwise to 𝑠 𝑥 on 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐷, then σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is pointwise convergent
to 𝑠 on 𝐴.
If (𝑠𝑛 (x)) converges uniformly to 𝑠 𝑥 on 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐷, then σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is uniformly convergent
to 𝑠 on 𝐴.
Pointwise convergence /Uniform convergence of series of functions 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)
σ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1.
2 𝑛−1 1−𝑥 𝑛
𝑠𝑛 (x)= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +…+𝑥 =
1−𝑥
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1,
1
s x = lim 𝑠𝑛 (x) = as lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑥 𝑛→∞
Thus, σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1, converges and the sum of the series is
1
.
1−𝑥
Here, (𝑠𝑛 (x)) are bounded for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 and for each 𝑛 but 𝑠(𝑥) is
unbounded on [0,1). So, (𝑠𝑛 (x)) is not uniformly convergent to 𝑠 𝑥 .
The series σ∞ 𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛
is not uniformly convergent to 𝑠(𝑥) on 0,1 .
Weierstrass M-Test
• Let 𝑓𝑛 : D→ ℝ and σ∞𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) be a series of function. If there exists a
sequence of positive terms (𝑀𝑛 ) such that 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑀𝑛 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ⊆
𝐷 and for each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 such that σ 𝑀𝑛 is convergent then σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is
uniformly convergent on 𝐴.
Examples: Check whether the series of function is uniformly convergent on
the given domain.
1
1. σ 𝑛3+𝑛4𝑥2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
1 1 1
Since, 3 4 2 ≤ 3 for each 𝑛 and for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, ( 3 ) is sequence of positive
𝑛 +𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛
terms with
1 1
σ being convergent, we conclude σ 3 4 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is uniformly
𝑛3 𝑛 +𝑛 𝑥
convergent on 𝑅.
Example:
𝑥 𝑥
2. σ , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Let 𝑓𝑛 (x)=
𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2 𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑛 (x)=0.
𝑛
If 𝑥 ≠ 0, then + 𝑛2 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑛3 = 2𝑛3/2 .
𝑥
𝑛 1
Thus, ( + 𝑛2 𝑥 )−1 ≤ for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁. Since
𝑥 2𝑛3/2
1 𝑥
σ 3/2 is convergent, we conclude σ , is uniformly convergent
2𝑛 𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2
on 𝑅.
Lect 13-UG3-C-V-SB-12/8/2020
Series of Functions/Darboux Integral
• Series of real numbers
𝑓𝑛 : Sequence of real numbers
𝑓𝑛 (x): Sequence of functions
Series of real numbersσ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 Sequence of partial sums 𝑠𝑛 =𝑓1 +𝑓2 +…+𝑓𝑛
If (𝑠𝑛 ) is convergent, we say the series σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is convergent. If lim 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑠,
the sum of the series σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is 𝑠.
22 23
1+2 + + +….
2! 3!
If (𝑠𝑛 ) is divergent, we say the series σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 is divergent.
σ∞
Series of functions 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥); 𝑓𝑛 :D→ ℝ
• Corresponding Sequence of partial sums
𝑠𝑛 (x)=𝑓1 (𝑥)+𝑓2 (𝑥)+…+𝑓𝑛 (𝑥);
If lim 𝑠𝑛 (x) = s(x): Limit function of 𝑠𝑛 (x), then the sum of the series of
𝑛→∞
function σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is 𝑠(𝑥)
If (𝑠𝑛 (x)) converges pointwise to 𝑠 𝑥 on 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐷, then σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is pointwise convergent
to 𝑠 on 𝐴.
If (𝑠𝑛 (x)) converges uniformly to 𝑠 𝑥 on 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐷, then σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is uniformly convergent
to 𝑠 on 𝐴.
Pointwise convergence /Uniform convergence of series of functions 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)
σ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1.
2 𝑛−1 1−𝑥 𝑛
𝑠𝑛 (x)= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +…+𝑥 =
1−𝑥
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1,
1
s x = lim 𝑠𝑛 (x) = as lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑥 𝑛→∞
Thus, σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1, converges and the sum of the series is
1
.
1−𝑥
Here, (𝑠𝑛 (x)) are bounded for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 and for each 𝑛 but 𝑠(𝑥) is
unbounded on [0,1). So, (𝑠𝑛 (x)) is not uniformly convergent to 𝑠 𝑥 .
The series σ∞ 𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛
is not uniformly convergent to 𝑠(𝑥) on 0,1 .
Weierstrass M-Test
• Let 𝑓𝑛 : D→ ℝ and σ∞𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) be a series of function. If there exists a
sequence of positive terms (𝑀𝑛 ) such that 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑀𝑛 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ⊆
𝐷 and for each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 such that σ 𝑀𝑛 is convergent then σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is
uniformly convergent on 𝐴.
Examples: Check whether the series of function is uniformly convergent on
the given domain.
1
1. σ 𝑛3+𝑛4𝑥2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
1 1 1
Since, 3 4 2 ≤ 3 for each 𝑛 and for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, ( 3 ) is sequence of positive
𝑛 +𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛
terms with
1 1
σ being convergent, we conclude σ 3 4 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is uniformly
𝑛3 𝑛 +𝑛 𝑥
convergent on 𝑅.
Example:
𝑥 𝑥
2. σ , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Let 𝑓𝑛 (x)=
𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2 𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2
If 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑛 (x)=0.
𝑛
If 𝑥 ≠ 0, then + 𝑛2 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑛3 = 2𝑛3/2 .
𝑥
𝑛 1
Thus, ( + 𝑛2 𝑥 )−1 ≤ for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and each 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁. Since
𝑥 2𝑛3/2
1 𝑥
σ 3/2 is convergent, we conclude σ , is uniformly convergent
2𝑛 𝑛+𝑛2 𝑥 2
on 𝑅.
