01 08 23

what is viscosity

It is resistance to flow for soft matter

Is liquid paste etc

Newtonian paid viscosity constant

o n
I 3dg
9998s Tear rate

shear strain 6 modulus

Dy stiffen
f
worst
strain rate 8
shears

tore parameter object

111711,11114 surface shear stress
F A

I shear stress na

gift4J beg of tana

O tamil
Df
I local strain as
ay o

Immmmmannymmanagy 8 taut a D lim DX

r
d by Ey
very small deformation for
a
very thin strip
Approximating shear stress for Newtonian fluid
o
no 110 21
Ea
Ey
n The only equation to
FA Iffy measure viscosity

Newtonian
Lurid
5 2 5

I Rheometry to measure viscosity stress strain

Str property relationship of soft matter

H q
small particles flowing in
this pattern titis will

II j give velocity profile Ian

be used to determine
stress strain
Particle Image relation
 Parallel plate velocitymerry
Rheometer
d
circular disks

p
f a
cone with a
very small auger

_Wi Cone AND PLATE

diff
Microfluidic
Approach
flap t.nl DEY
Un Vo I
42
r
a

inertial force

viscous
inci
because

volume
Yin
ratio
ge Iaa
viscous force dominates over

I
I
viscous
inertial force tore
supporting
supporting

7 wall shear strain

Q to find
up 42 27g wall shear
stress
 Tw 2T R L a
AP TI R2

Tw
f bifid
wall shear
stress

41 TO do stress strain at the point

find viscosity same

A
Using this we will
get viscosity near tin wall
and not at any other point Though we will
approximate it as viscosity of fluid because tu
channel is thin

R IER R1
351 7
in Padang
If
Oo 2
vang
L ja Vang
falsumption

hit
p density of
K BP.pjmt.pt liquid

Constitutive Eoin lain that governs the fluid behaviour

 fly 8,8

31123
Constitutive earn

fly 8,8
8 shear strain power law fluids
5 G 6 f F M j
5
Mj nel Newtonian fluid
V27
Prom n I

o r
g
Vat On
by issmall
very
ayjs.IE
Un

thinning
shearfluid
no

shear thickening
newtonian
8 fluid

8
 L 8 88 n
from experiment 01
a

shear
thinning
2

j
n
i pure liquid
show region
cannot

n
shear twinning
shear thickening
1 shear
twinning
8
To explain part 2 we have many theories
example hydro cluster theory
2 is
part normally shown
by dispersion
emulsions
 constitutive relationship of a material
flow are
g
o s f fr j material properties

Newton's Law of Viscosity Stress a strain rate

Hook's law of viscosity stress a strain

complex fluids D constitutive earns are complex

complex microstructure

Pure liquids can be complex fluids D Liquid crystals

but mostly complinfluids need to have 2 components

Typesof Compton
fluids
gel
I emulsion
foam
concentrated dispersion toothpaste
straight
a
line
constitutive earns pmatefastant roughly
5 t kY residual stress
Ey t
I
yield stress
8 o flog
at Ty
BINGHAM FLUID Yifdess
8
Clog

MARSHAL BULKLEY FLUID

 F Ey R j

Ey 7

Power Law Fluid

o n
t key
F o
lost

Yogi
structural decomposition of a
fluid
c visas
VISCOELASTICITY

A Our aim here is to define stress locally

If constitutive rain is Newtonian ie

Eat
E M II tensor product of two vector

their general momentum rain becomes Navier Stokes een

H
z l
1Ez By
1
 i Tyr Ty Ty z M
1I Inn
I Ir
312 EEZ

writing in matrix vector form

5 E
P IE t

It 931793179317
opto Y
II 7 it op to.E g
p If divergence

I first j
Proof for 8 sky

Mechanical model

E
spring elastic nay

dashpot x viscous nature

114
 I G Ro model
parameters
not of liq

lid
In we
apply STEP STRAIN
reality

II
now we have To E Go No

e Oo be TV
Ee Er o f since components
are in series

Differentiating
O Jet Jv f to is constant
 0
If Eg re
I J
ou

o t
Eg En
is
t
only a
É É
t o
É function of time
cannot remain
constant has to keep
Initial Condition changing

To Je t o f 8 7 0

Af to me cannot
initiate strain in liquid body

Or will always start from

re is increased instantaneously

tf
5
e

f
O
Gg
at

t
14 E
a
tie
a g e
E
HI Go
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t
 Mp 0bjediv
Mfd Manwell mom

my
I
III
o be Gre
no s Gr

any retro
Ho o tetsu
model parameter
No Go
got Iq material specific

0
at In time
prelagation
t I
It Gor e E Rog
t I
EH to e
RELAXATION
a
Energy dissipation due

I
to

y the material
J m3 E N m2
e
energy
t
dissipation Éy
Higher relaxation time scale signifies energy dissipation
process is slow

toothpaste
F
dilutepolymer
c
t
 Some materials like cross linked polymers plateau on
e uts t graph
t
Jo Go

8 02
s
i t

th
gro
n
4 in parallel same strain

Go
of
I
It 8 Go espe tie
T No Go
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ADD UP
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5177 No Goat 8 Go exp Et T

tf g ro Go 6027
 Generalized Maxwell Model

5177 Gilt

no
gino
he
É Eometti
tilt GioexpL t Til
Ii RoilGoi

MI Kelvin Voight model

IKVI ME

KII
a

841
th
fi Fiene L E og
residual

s
i t

Single Maxwell Element

to Go emp
1 E ÉÉ
i
obtain a no
To
material
property
 plot t
off
Therefore we
G relaxations vs

Git Go exp L Ye

Generalized Maxwell model I

GHI
If Goi exp 1 t Til

Kelvin Voight model

I
450 7

EFFIN
it
8 Te t fu
to a Gor No8

ft ng q

Et E En

using integrating factor

t
rap Ep
t eup Ep at

V11 exp E ryo In rep Ep

whenever viscous part is in A
tee strain always starts from zero
Mf
Oltl exp t ED hip Lt ED 1
g
 op a

rat I exp
E
fetandation time scale

NOTES OF MISSED CLASS ON 22 08 2023

803
502
ret Fol

E
803 7 502 7807

ret
E
i exp E
Jet
If
i
t rep
I
CREEP and
we previously had
G Ctl
Lare both
It Go exp
E They
properties
emerging from
differentmodels

1 I
GIVEN
INPUT
I on

Ei
111171111111
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ji I
I Go o f t t
I I 0 Get Fu Gor 778
I

I
t I og
r
fd G
rail

til
en
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rat rith up Gq It til
L
rail
E
i exp E
E 450
t T a

Hen a Gor

I I
9 o 52 5 Go 8
Go

É Sez t fur

III i
Egs Ear
General
constitutive
go slit ago Gq
E earn
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Eo GEE
É t t r
Gog Goz

Ii tag of exp Gq Going up

Eg

f f f Goff
d at
agt
t exp
exp
agt

explain
I GEE Yo p
Kit
FIH exp 510 r Goi exp I
Goyt Agt
As the dashpot is FCO
T 60180 Go2 To
in series just remove a
yo Gort 902
it

FIH exp 8 901 9027 0901

Agt
i
explain
title ip rohon whole ip
Agt Eg
Fett Vohor exp t 8 Go
G
Tati to Goi t hor exp
902,1
 É É sit 15 ho ro exp
Tft
Go to

at t a

energy will only be stored in the left spring

Oscillatory Rheology D

G G
d d
viscous loss
elastic storage
modulus
modulus

Till now we have leaned

5141 8 Relaxation modulus Relaxationtime scale

Git
Jit Jit 5 creep compliance Retardation time scale

Oscillatory Measurements

8 rosiniutl input to top plate

w angular frequency
f w 2T second cps
cycles per
rosin wt
I
arosinwt
t Goro sin fat
9
É 1
No
5 7070W coswt
no row sincutt
E
are in phase F Y are out of phase
daff 5,8
6 0 visa G The
 tomitm
t.im 0
have linear
oncology

in
elastic part Yesoutpan
asof
as in phase phase
win input with input

G G
t.gg osing
storage
emmaus ossifies
Now only for maths purpose

g G't IG int
complex moony Mt 2 Joe
output seilutto
Gt pg
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tati yet

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g g pi q
wittol int
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e'd
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cost
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t i
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up mug
 É s t
Gt I G't IG only for mathematical convenience

LINEAR REGIME STRAN AMPLITUDE SWEEP TEST

r r sin 129ft
LINEAR REGIME NO CHANGE IN ELASTIC PROPERTY
a 7

IYYj.fi Xmaernae structure starts

TO BREAK
pendant

likes I r
solid liquid like
The formulas of Gl cos 8 G sins are
valid in 5
LINEAR REGIME
E only

In NON LINEAR REGIME we cannot expect 5 to follow a

sinusoidal cone with some this is because we have
crossed the linear regime
lag
the material breaks down

STRESS AMPLITUDE SWEEP TEST

i
FL Fc
7 to
Relaxation time scale T it belongs to material cannot control

Top can control this

I we

Now we look at the effect of FREQUENCY

e a temp fliquid like behaviour glow frequency

T D Texp solid like behaviour high frequency

Even in strain Amplitude sweep Test or depends on frequency

8 To sin 127 f ti

Iffy
trip
r ro sin 127 fat

larger linear

MYX
regime
a
3 2Sf
re 784784
2

FREQUENCY SWEEP TEST D 8 To sin 27ft

he choose on ltu
n
of basis of lower freq
1 00 o
0
8 OG
G g
g I we representative of
o liquid I solid like relaxation time scale
like
We f
I crossover frequency w
Analysing frequency sweep test using Maxwell model

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n

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day int C int f
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iffy
Gt Go Twi Gotw
time fi wie we i

Go Tw Grew tutti
we i list w2z2 I

GoEw2 i
w2z2 Eff
T
storage
Tloss
If we KI I liquid like

G n GoW2t2 GI N GowZ

If we 771 solid libel elastic nature dominant

G G
Go
Gg
N

more accurate graph

I
 G CWI711
I ng ng
converts
scan
power law
frame to straight
e toe
line frame
G
solid like

I
we w

Topics left to cover

d Boltzmann's superposition principle via generalized manwell model

Time temperature superposition
Rheometry
Normal stresses in complex food climbing effect
fluids
Dynamic light scattering only Applications theory very briefly

F Generalized Manwell Model

find out relaxation modulus for GMI

Goi Toi

I 1 I 1 I
a am

non
not I
motto

Get
we know
Ti hog
41 IT soiree L E
GA
E
I fo Goi e pl ta

É Goi exp C t Ti

Pls solve yourself

G Goi Toi w

I
It Toil Think of it as
adding relaxation
G
É Goi Toi
It
w
Coi 2
modulus when in
11 arrangement

Assignment Problem
htt 8171 constitutive earn doesn't
µ depend on the type of
experiment we use
81,8
It is general

Modeling

8 81782
8 G N
E 1282
Garn
We have 3 variables G ha ha
we have 3 equations to solve for above
Boltzmann's Superposition Principle

tilt tilt
I É t
g
Go
n
E
I
I
t
get to It Ge jdt
t
d to
get to G et a
J
a e jet dt
G
finite a

Generalizing for maxwell models

5111
É si Goi e Jilt't at
stationg
Ftl
It G t 2178111 dt
N

8121
tf N
Jlt til 5141 It A Chemin Voight model

t
f 6171 Jit til dti convolution integral
 Due to addition swain
Yj's
some
rail Istepl we get some extra
stress which is also added

I
Elt V Git Zi tra Git Tal t 83 Git 3 try Git ty
It
J o
alt
t.ly da

how does step swain happen practically

rig 570 step strain

go to t

t t

Git
Elt jet'ldt t
I to
ait til
It'ldt
o

5
514 Git til
y
da
egg f Git 2 nodt

Applying L'Hospital Rule

514 61 180 Htt Gst To

11
 Assignment Problem

We will to find relation btw Git i.e

now
try 2
viscosity and modulus

Newton's law of Viscosity This is universal

22
I not only for
newtonian fluids
j constant to

Fett Git 7178 dt

1
II
d
IG it that s t t's s
da ads
came out
because
of
const
R Gls ds only for small deformation
shear 8 o for linear
me regime

For single maxwell model D

t to
Gits Go e

lads
R
J G e a Goro e skol

Goto
 12 60 21

Prone for generalized maxwell model

R
É Goi Toi

Now we aim to find rein btw G w Git

htt
d IG it all 8 Hildt
Iacs It si ds

or small
deformations to t t s
dt ds
JG's gritsyds
Since we have w we will apply oscillatory rheology
for further analysis
8 rosin wt mid t like a constant time
ret s To sin wit s value we are interested to
ts wrowsywy.gg n

5141
I Gcs Wr cos wt ws ds

THI row Gcs cosutcoswst sinwasinws as

we You Gis asus d cosutt row fastsin Dds sinwt

we
To
WIGis asus d coswtt w fastsin Dds sinwt

Gila w
J Gcs sinews ds
Gifu I Gcs Costas ds

2
verifying using Maxwell model
th
G Iti Go e

91 G
9 n offer

Gits W Go e sinks Is

Applying by parts

g
I tie
shaft I e cows as

I Sk cos us ds I I Tw
In e

I
I Éw2
It Yw
Gtw Hwa y

G GowzT2
Twin
 Applied step strain
n n
s
to
t s
ng I

g 4
Applying Boltzmann Superposition Principle

Elt Get 51
Eds

f 0 de si ds
get s t o
fait
O f not possible

So step strain doesn't increases suddenly but has a

steep slope
titE a

J o
ait
sty ds t
fact
si
E ds
tf
Get s
of
ds

o o
fit E
rods
It I Git s

E
Applying Hospital rule
 NG't ti d alt til
It o

Htt JOG It til

it ToGo hop
4th

Zero shear viscosity 18 o

no Gcs as proved from Bsp

GMM
for GCS I Goiexp C s Til

no if I Goi e skids I Goiti it ol

 Sh 5122
Gfs Gie tG e

EH Git s
yds

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H s ti
g e
it s
try kids IIG e ta e kid

ts t
u EG e
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tea e
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t s
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a s ti
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ft
put these limits inplace of s

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th
GH G e th t Gre t Go

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t g F 5 52 53
g 5 Eat 890

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4 equations 4 variables

t ean
egg G

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PG 862 Gn 52 433

PG 862 1 Gn Gy 82

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 8 81 82
To G Y
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81 Go

We needto find j
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p HE
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4
t 1
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freep compliance

105 Assignment 2 a

GH Go e
th
ro
gI
I
l
s

FA et NJ Get Sds to Get s ds

Eso fo
f ti E
g
Applying L'nopital
THI Git E Get titel
go
e ro
ft
it To Gill GH til
it
To Go e
tie
e tilley
 Je tr v o
MI
e

je tri o

É
o
E
E
at
g
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Et Elt
Gt exp
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roar I 7
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It I
1 exp E Ja
1 A 5171
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proving V41
f N
Ift ti Ect It

Y't set a
r
G
ve V
G

a is miss
5 Go t ni

n t a r E
da
t
dat E E
t
r exp t I fohe exple dt

ret exp I att expo 5 exp tye dz

Em
O

814 exp
1 7 dt
Inti
we know t i exp tf
to
Ttt ti
at
I exp IE'D
1 Go Jet ti
exp I til

substituting in Integral

POST MID SEM

 Electro Rheology ER
CER fluids
dietemit material

O O

Tgpersion g
g oil
edible
o o

Oh
we observe

EEE shows easy

E E to behaviour due
to dielectric
É8,5 chains formed
we can change the
fluidity
material
of by applying different
electril fields

Polymer Rheology Time Temperature superposition

as grassyregime verysluggish
onlymeasureacts g
gain
on j Plateau viscous liquid
lo sect
Ruby effect of MW
of crosslinking
g
as 1st t cost
effect
density
 Y
Tg glass transition temp Isuddendrop in Gitil

polymers may have cross links

intra
entanglement
I inter
when temp T molecules
try to flee each other DORR

In Rubbing Plateau Region

Ii cross linked polymer cross links will break

H entanglement will diminish

tryptamine
nor
semi
apian
AN Amorphous

A polymer can exist in any of these 3 states depending on

conditions applied

Time Temp Superposition

Mt T C To C T C Ty

man.am
t t
t Gltl at Gltl Azt hits ast ait a I
191197,92
ii it g i iii G for horizontal shifting
of
curves at highertemp
 I I 1 I 8

5 1013

Polymer Tg 6071

2h
Experiment at 700C
empmm at gooo my
at
Superiment 110 C
Experiment at 1500C

By doing short term experiments at higher temperature we can estimates the long
term properties at low temperature. Self similar curves

Self similarity is defined with respect to the independent variable or the x axis.
This allows for horizontal shifting. This is because the mechanism of relaxation
remains the same at different temperatures. We can apply vertical shifting when
the properties of the material start to change and the mechanism of relaxation
itself changes.

Ge Itt Go exp t t Til 9 shift factory

Ge It go up 1 tie
fat fin
Ge ftl Go exp I that

a l or
on
on lacildepin
whether we are shifting
higher T master calm
or lower t master culm shitting on high temp
master curve

shiftingon lower temp matter awe

 to predict term behaviour fproperty estimation using
long
short term up data

Dynamic light Scattering

radius of gyration monochromatic

light
App Effective particle size brownian motion

Laser light to hit as less particles as possible

lone particle light phenomenal
I
Very ideal case

fitted
pest due to electric

d d
Act Dq 9 4 sino
9267
GLIIHIATED D KI
y ICE 2 GAUR

H interaction b w electron cloud of molecule

electric field of electromagnetic wave light

Weissenberg Principle
fluid rotation clockwise

III flow E to
velocity gradient r direction
 pirdoldt
d
Top view

2
2
1
gig pirdoldz
Gin p t ti
d deviatory
This den is component
Twirdoldt
always writtenin
Irkridodzyd direction of velocity

79 gradient 12 in this case

1
Tyrirdoidz

Now

do
2
pgydytd ppg

dad'd
Tpd
all components along radial
direction