Lecture # 2

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2021 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
 Characteristics of fluids

 For a solid, application of a shear stress causes a deformation which, if

modest, is not permanent and solid regains original position.

 For a fluid, continuous deformation takes place with an infinite number

of layers sliding over each other. Deformation continues until the force
is removed.

 A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when acted

upon by a shearing stress of any magnitude

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 Shear force on a Solid & Fluid

Solid
(Stress is proportional to strain)

Fluid
(Stress is proportional to strain rate)

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 Characteristics of fluids - Viscosity
 Two fluids can have same densities but behave differently when flowing.
 Consider following experiment on a solid material:

 To resist the applied force, P, a shearing stress , would be developed at

the plate–material interface
 For equilibrium to occur, where A is the effective upper plate area (b). For
elastic solids, the small shearing strain is proportional to the shearing
stress.
 What happens if the solid is replaced with a fluid such as water?

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 The water will start to move continuously with the upper plate with velocity U
similar to plate’s velocity. (Def of fluid)

 The fluid in contact with the bottom fixed plate has a zero velocity.
 The fluid between the two plates moves with velocity that would be found to vary
linearly Thus a velocity gradient is developed which = U/b

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 The experimental observation that the fluid (liquid/gas)
“sticks” to the solid boundaries is a very important one in
fluid mechanics and is usually referred to as the no-slip
condition.
 For a small time , the line AB rotates by (function of
force P and time), so that:

Since

Rate of shearing strain

 Experimentally proven: For fluids shearing stress is

proportional to the rate of shearing strain (velocity
gradient).
 Newton’s Law of Viscosity:
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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

 The constant of proportionality is designated by the Greek

symbol (mu) and is called the absolute viscosity,
dynamic viscosity, or simply the viscosity of the fluid.

 The viscosity of a fluid is a quantitative measure of its

resistance to deformation at a given rate. Or a measure
of fluid’s resistance to flow.

 Viscosity depends on particular fluid, and is also

dependent on temperature.

 Units: FTL–2 N.s/m2 or lb.s/ft2

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 For Newtonian fluids shearing stress is linearly proportional to the rate
of shearing strain (angular deformation) (Newton's Law of Viscosity)
 Most common fluids are Newtonian.

Temperature of water changes from 60 to 100

F, the density decreases by less than 1%, but
the viscosity decreases by about 40%.

A rotating parallel-disk
rheometer
Linear variation of shearing stress with rate of
shearing strain for common fluid
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Viscosity
 Viscosity is very sensitive to
temperature

Dynamic (absolute) viscosity of some

common fluids as a function of
temperature

Q: What is the general relationship with

increase in temperature for liquids and
gases?
 Reason: ???
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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 Interesting Experiment: Guinness World Records for ‘World's longest
continuously running laboratory experiment.

 Pitch drop experiment which contains highly viscous pitch. If flows at

very low flow rate taking a single drop around 10 years to fall.

 Since 1927, only 9 drops have fallen.

Some substances which appear solid

are actually highly viscous fluids
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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate
of shearing strain are designated as non-Newtonian fluids.
 The study of non-Newtonian fluids is called rheology

 For shear thinning fluids the apparent

viscosity decreases with increasing shear
rate—the harder the fluid is sheared, the less
viscous it becomes e.g. colloidal
suspensions, polymer, latex paint.
 For shear thickening fluids the apparent
viscosity increases with increasing shear rate
—the harder the fluid is sheared, the more
viscous it becomes e.g. water–corn starch
mixture and water–sand mixture “quicksand”.
 Bingham plastic: The limiting case of a plastic
substance is one that requires a finite yield
Variation of shearing stress with rate stress before it begins to flow, e.g. Toothpaste
of shearing strain for several types
of fluids, including common non- and mayonnaise. Neither a fluid nor a solid.
Newtonian fluids. 11
 Example 1
 Example 1.5:
The velocity distribution for the flow of a Newtonian fluid between two wide, parallel plates is
given by the equation

where V is the mean velocity. The fluid has a viscosity of 0.04 lb . s/ft2. V = 2 ft/s and h = 0.2 in.
Determine: (a) the shearing stress acting on the bottom wall, and (b) the shearing stress acting
on a plane parallel to the walls and passing through the centerline (midplane)

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 Example 1
 Example 1.5:
 If the velocity distribution is known, the shearing stress can be
determined at all points by evaluating the velocity gradient

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 Problem 1
 Problem 1.89:
A 12-in-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed bottom plate with a 0.1 in. gap between
the two plates filled with glycerin.
Determine the torque required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume that the
velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the shear stress on the edge of the rotating
plate is negligible. = 0.0313 lb.s/ft
2

𝑇 =𝑟 × 𝐹
𝑇 =𝑟 ×𝜏 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐴=2 𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

2𝜋
𝑅 𝑟𝑝𝑚× =𝑟𝑎𝑑 / 𝑠
𝜇𝑟 𝜔 60
𝑇 =∫ 𝑟 ×2 𝜋 𝑟 × 𝑑𝑟
0 𝛿 1 𝑓𝑡 =12 𝑖𝑛𝑐h𝑒𝑠

𝑇 =0.0772 𝑓𝑡 . 𝑙𝑏
4
𝑇 =2 𝜋𝜇𝜔 𝑅 /4 𝛿
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 Problem 1
 Solution 1.89: