Mathematics for Physics 1

Attendence- regular evaluation (10%)

Mid-term evaluation (30%)

Evaluation

Final examination (60%)

• Chapter 1: Multi-variable functions

• Chapter 2: Integrals

• Chapter 3: Vector analysis in curved

coordinate

• Chapter 4: Complex number. Theory of

complex function

• Chapter 5: Complex integration and

complex function series
One – variable function

 y = f(x)
 y’ = f’
 dy =f’ dx
 Examples
 Suppose that at time t1 a particle is at a point x1 on the x-axis. At a later time
t2, the particle has moved to x2. The displacement (the change in position) is
(x2 – x1) and the time taken is (t2 – t1).
The average velocity is then

x 2  x1 x
v 
t 2  t1 t
 The acceleration is a measure of the rate at which the velocity of the particle
is changing. The average acceleration is defined

v 2  v1 v
a 
t 2  t1 t
 Examples: Distance-time graphs
 A body travelling with uniform velocity covers equal distances in equal times. Its
distance-time graph is a straight line, like OL in figure for a velocity of 10 m/s.
The slope of the graph, is LM/OM = 40m/4s=10m/s, which is the value of the
velocity.
The slope or gradient of a distance – time graph represents the velocity of the body
 When the velocity of the body is changing, the slope of the distance-time
graph varies, as in figure, and at any point equals the slope of the tangent at T
is AB/BC = 40m/2s = 20m/s.
The velocity at the instant corresponding to T is therefore 20m/s.
 Examples: Velocity-time graphs

 If the velocity of a body is plotted against the time, the

graph obtained is a velocity-time graph. It provides a way
of solving motion problems. Tape charts are crude velocity-
time graphs that show the velocity changing in jumps
rather than smoothly, as occurs in practice. A motion
sensor gives a smoother plot.
The area under a velocity-time graph measures the distance
travelled.
 In figure, AB is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with a uniform
velocity of 20 m/s.
 Since distance = average velocity x time, after 5s it will have moved 20m/s x
5s = 100m.
This is the shaded area under the graph (rectangle OABC).
 In Figure, PQ is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with uniform
acceleration. At the start of the timing the velocity is 20m/s but it increases
steadily to 40m/s after 5s. If the distance covered equals the area under PQ,
(the shaded area OPQS), then
Distance = area of rectangle OPRS + area of triangle PQR
= OP x OS + ½ x PR x QR = 20m/s x 5s + ½ x 5s x 20m/s
= 100 m + 50 m = 150m
 The distance travelled equals the shades area OXY
The slope or gradient of a velocity-time graph represents the acceleration of the
body.
 The slope of AB is zero, as is the acceleration.
 The slope of PQ is QR/PR = 20/5 = 4; the acceleration is 4 m/s2 .
 The slope along OX changes, it is the acceleration.
 Examples
 In a test of a sports car on a straight track, the following readings of velocity v
were obtained at the times t stated
t(s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

v(m/s) 0 6 12 18 24 30 20 10 0

 On graph paper, draw a velocity-time graph and use it to determine the

acceleration of the car, draw a acceleration-time graph.
 Find also the total distance travelled between t = 0s and t = 16s
t(s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

v(m/s) 0 6 12 18 24 30 20 10 0

v 2  v1 v
The acceleration is given by a 
t 2  t1 t
t: 0-2s: a = (6-0)/(2-0) = 3 m/s2
t: 2-4s: a = ((12-6)/(4-2) = 3 m/s2
…
t: 10-12s: a = (20 – 30)/(12 – 10) = -5 m/s2
….
 We can confirm that the area under a velocity-time graph
gives the displacement. The area under the line is

1  1 
 x10 x 30 
  x 6 x 30   240m
2  2 
 The Trapezoid rule

b
 The Trapezoid rule approximation of  f (x)dx corresponding to the
a
partition a  x 0  x1  x 2  ...  x N  b of [a, b] into N subintervals of equal
width Δx is
b N
1
a f (x)dx    f (x j1 )  f (x j )  x
j1 2

1 1 
  f (x 0 )  f (x1 )  f (x 2 )  ...  f (x N 1 )  f (x N )  x
2 2 
  We can use the integral to calculate the displacement as followings

t(s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

v(m/s) 0 6 12 18 24 30 20 10 0

16
s   vdt
0

06 6  12 10  0
 x (2  0)  x (4  2)  ...  x(16  14)  240m
2 2 2
Chapter 1: Multi-variable
functions
I. Introduction
II. Derivative and differential of multi-variable function
I. INTRODUCTION

z
f(x, y) = x2 + y2

x2 + y2 = 16

x2 + y2 = 9
x2 + y2 = 4
x2 + y2 = 1
y
x2 + y2 = 0

x
Function of Two Variables
A real-valued function of two variables f, consists of
1. A set A of ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y) called
the domain of the function.
2. A rule that associates with each ordered pair in the
domain of f one and only one real number, denoted
by f = f(x, y).
Examples
 Let f be the function defined by

f ( x, y )  x  xy  y 2  2
 Compute f(0, 0), f(1, 2), and f(2, 1).
Solution
f (0,0)  0  (0)(0)  02  2  2
f (1, 2)  1  (1)(2)  22  2  9

f (2,1)  2  (2)(1)  12  2  7
 The domain of a function of two variables f (x, y), is a set of
ordered pairs of real numbers and may therefore be viewed
as a subset of the xy-plane.
Examples
 Find the domain of the function

f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2
Solution
 f(x, y) is defined for all real values of x and y, so the domain of
the function f is the set of all points (x, y) in the xy-plane.
Examples
 Find the domain of the function

2
g ( x, y ) 
x y
Solution
 g(x, y) is defined for all x ≠ y, so the domain of the function g is
the set of all points (x, y) in the xy-plane except those lying on
the y = x line.
y
y=x

x
Examples
 Find the domain of the function

h( x, y )  1  x 2  y 2
Solution
 We require that 1 – x2 – y2  0 or x2 + y2  1 which is the set of all
points (x, y) lying on and inside the circle of radius 1 with
center at the origin:
y

1
x2 + y2 = 1

x
–1 1

–1
Graphs of Functions of Two
Variables
 Consider the task of locating P(1, 2, 3) in 3-space:
 One method to achieve this is to start at the origin and measure
out from there, axis by axis:
z

P(1, 2, 3)

3
y
1
2
x
Graphs of Functions of Two
Variables
 Consider the task of locating P(1, 2, 3) in 3-space:
 Another common method is to find the xy
coordinate and from there elevate to the level of
the z value: z

P(1, 2, 3)

3
y
2
1 (1, 2)
x
Graphs of Functions of Two
Variables
 Locate the following points in 3-space:
Q(–1, 2, 3), R(1, 2, –2), and S(1, –1, 0).
Solution
z
Q(–1, 2, 3)

y
S(1, –1, 0)

x –2
R(1, 2, –2)
Graphs of Functions of Two
Variables
 The graph of a function in 3-space is a surface.
 For every (x, y) in the domain of f, there is a z value
z
on the surface.
z = f(x, y)

(x, y, z)

(x, y)
x
Level Curves
 The graph of a function of two variables is often difficult to
sketch.
 It can therefore be useful to apply the method used to
construct topographic maps.
 This method is relatively easy to apply and conveys sufficient
information to enable one to obtain a feel for the graph of the
function.
Examples
 Sketch a contour map of the function f(x, y) = x2 + y2.
Solution
 The function f(x, y) = x2 + y2 is a revolving parabola called a
paraboloid.

z
f(x, y) = x2 + y2

x
Examples
 Sketch a contour map of the function f(x, y) = x2 + y2.
Solution
 A level curve is the graph of the equation x2 + y2 = c, which
describes a circle with radius c .
 Taking different values of c we obtain:

z
f(x, y) = x2 + y2 y
x2 + y2 =
4 2 + y2 = 9
x16
x2 + y2 = 4
2 x 2 + y2 = 1
x2 + y2 =
x2 + y2 = 0
16
x
–4 –2 2 4
x2 + y2 = 9
–2
x2 + =4y2
x2 + y2 = 1
–4
y
x2 + y2 = 0

x
Examples
 Sketch level curves of the function f(x, y) = 2x2 – y
corresponding to z = –2, –1, 0, 1, and 2.
Solution
 The level curves are the graphs of the equation 2x2 – y = k or
for k = –2, –1, 0, 1, and 2:

y
2x2 – y = – 2
4
2x2 – y = – 1
3 2x2 – y = 0
2 2x2 – y = 1
2x2 – y = 2
1

0 x
–2 –1 1 2
–1

–2
II. DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL OF MULTI-
VARIABLE FUNCTION
1. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

   f   2 f
x   2
f x  x  x

x   f   2 f

x  
y y  x  yx
2 f 2 f
f 
yx xy
   f   2 f
    When both are
f x x  y  xy continuous
y
y    f   2 f
   2
y y  y  y
First Partial Derivatives
First Partial Derivatives of f(x, y)
 Suppose f(x, y) is a function of two variables x and y.
 Then, the first partial derivative of f with respect to x at
the point (x, y) is

f f ( x  h, y )  f ( x, y )
 lim
x h0 h
provided the limit exists.
 The first partial derivative of f with respect to y at the point
(x, y) is
f f ( x, y  k )  f ( x, y )
 lim
y k 0 k
provided the limit exists.
 Geometric Interpretation of
the Partial Derivative
z
f f(x, y)
What does mean?
x

x
 Geometric Interpretation of
the Partial Derivative
z f
 slope of f ( x, b)
f f(x, y) x
What does mean?
x f(x, b)

y = b plane

b y
a
(a, b)

x
 Geometric Interpretation of
the Partial Derivative
z
f(x, y)
f
What does mean?
y

x
 Geometric Interpretation of
the Partial Derivative
z
f(x, y)
f
What does mean?
y
f
f(c, y)  slope of f (c, y )
y

x=c
plane d
y

c
(c, d)

x
Examples
 Find the partial derivatives ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂y of the function

f ( x, y )  x 2  xy 2  y 3
 Use the partials to determine the rate of change of f in the x-
direction and in the y-direction at the point (1, 2) .
Solution
 To compute ∂f/∂x, think of the variable y as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of x with respect to x:

f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2 x  y 3
f
 2x  y2
x
Examples
 Find the partial derivatives ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂y of the function

f ( x, y )  x 2  xy 2  y 3
 Use the partials to determine the rate of change of f in the x-
direction and in the y-direction at the point (1, 2).
Solution
 To compute ∂f/∂y, think of the variable x as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of y with respect to y:

f ( x , y )  x 2  xy 2  y 3
f
 2 x y  3 y 2
y
Examples
 Find the partial derivatives ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂y of the function

f ( x, y )  x 2  xy 2  y 3
 Use the partials to determine the rate of change of f in the x-
direction and in the y-direction at the point (1, 2).
Solution
 The rate of change of f in the x-direction at the point (1, 2) is
given by
f
 2(1)  22  2
x (1,2)
 The rate of change of f in the y-direction at the point (1, 2) is
given by

f
 2(1)(2)  3(2) 2  8
y (1,2)
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function
xy
w( x, y )  2
x  y2
Solution
 To compute ∂w/∂x, think of the variable y as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of x with respect to x:

xy
w( x, y )  2
x  y2

w ( x 2  y 2 ) y  xy (2 x )

x ( x 2  y 2 )2

y( y 2  x2 )
 2
( x  y 2 )2
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function
xy
w( x, y )  2
x  y2
Solution
 To compute ∂w/∂y, think of the variable x as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of y with respect to y:

xy
w( x, y )  2
x  y2

w ( x 2  y 2 ) x  xy (2 y )

y ( x 2  y 2 )2

x( x 2  y 2 )
 2
( x  y 2 )2
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

g ( s, t )  ( s 2  st  t 2 )5
Solution
 To compute ∂g/∂s, think of the variable t as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of s with respect to s:

g ( s, t )  ( s 2  st  t 2 )5

g
 5( s 2  st  t 2 ) 4  (2 s  t )
s

 5(2 s  t )( s 2  st  t 2 ) 4
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

g ( s, t )  ( s 2  st  t 2 )5
Solution
 To compute ∂g/∂t, think of the variable s as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of t with respect to t:

g ( s, t )  ( s 2  st  t 2 )5

g
 5( s 2  st  t 2 ) 4  (  s  2t )
t

 5(2t  s )( s 2  st  t 2 ) 4
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

u2 v2
h ( u, v )  e
Solution
 To compute ∂h/∂u, think of the variable v as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of u with respect to u:

u2 v2
h (u, v )  e

h u2 v2
e  2u
u
u2 v2
 2ue
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

u2 v2
h ( u, v )  e
Solution
 To compute ∂h/∂v, think of the variable u as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of v with respect to v:

u2 v2
h (u, v )  e

h u2 v2
e  ( 2 v )
u
u2 v2
 2ve
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y
Solution
 Here we have a function of three variables, x, y, and z, and we
are required to compute

f f f
, ,
x y z
 For short, we can label these first partial derivatives respectively
fx, fy, and fz.
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y
Solution
 To find fx, think of the variables y and z as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of x with respect to x:

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y

f x  yz  e yz  ln y
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y
Solution
 To find fy, think of the variables x and z as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of y with respect to y:

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y
x
yz
f y  xz  xze 
y
Examples
 Find the first partial derivatives of the function

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y
Solution
 To find fz, think of the variables x and y as a constant and
differentiate the resulting function of z with respect to z:

w  f ( x, y , z )  xyz  xe yz  x ln y

f z  xy  xye yz
 Second Order Partial
Derivatives
 The first partial derivatives fx(x, y) and fy(x, y) of a
function f(x, y) of two variables x and y are also functions
of x and y.
 As such, we may differentiate each of the functions fx
and fy to obtain the second-order partial derivatives of f.
Second Order Partial
Derivatives
 Differentiating the function fx with respect to x leads to the
second partial derivative

2 f 
f xx  2  ( f x )
x x
 But the function fx can also be differentiated with respect to y
leading to a different second partial derivative

2 f 
f xy   ( fx )
yx y
 Second Order Partial
Derivatives
 Similarly, differentiating the function fy with respect to y leads to
the second partial derivative
2 f 
f yy  2  ( f y )
y y

 Finally, the function fy can also be differentiated with respect to x

leading to the second partial derivative

2 f 
f yx   ( fy)
xy x
Second Order Partial Derivatives
 Thus, four second-order partial derivatives can be obtained of
a function of two variables:

   f   2 f
xx   2
f x  x  x

x   f   2 f

xx  
yy y  x  yx
2 f 2 f
f 
yx xy
   f   2 f
  When both are
xx  
x  y  xy continuous
f
yy
y    f   2 f
   2
yy y  y  y
Examples
 Find the second-order partial derivatives of the function

f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2
Solution
 First, calculate fx and use it to find fxx and fxy:

 3
f x  ( x  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 )
x
 3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2

 
f xx  (3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 ) f xy  (3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 )
x y
 6x  6 y  6 x  6 y

 6( x  y )  6( y  x )
Examples
 Find the second-order partial derivatives of the function

f ( x, y )  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2
Solution
 Then, calculate fy and use it to find fyx and fyy:

 3
f y  ( x  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 2 )
y
 3x 2  6 xy  2 y

 
f yx  ( 3x 2  6 xy  2 y ) f yy  ( 3x 2  6 xy  2 y )
x y
 6 x  6 y  6x  2
 6( y  x )  2(3 x  1)
Examples
 Find the second-order partial derivatives of the function
xy 2
f ( x, y )  e
Solution
 First, calculate fx and use it to find fxx and fxy:

 xy 2
f x  (e )
x
2 xy 2
ye

 2 xy 2  2 xy 2
f xx  ( y e ) f xy  ( y e )
x y
4 xy 2 xy 2 3 xy 2
ye  2 ye  2 xy e
xy 2
 2 ye (1  xy 2 )
Examples
 Find the second-order partial derivatives of the function
xy 2
f ( x, y )  e
Solution
 Then, calculate fy and use it to find fyx and fyy:

 xy 2
f y  (e )
y
xy 2
 2 xye

 xy 2  xy 2
f yx  (2 xye ) f yy  (2 xye )
x y
xy 2 3 xy 2 xy 2 xy 2
 2 ye  2 xy e  2 xe  (2 xy )(2 xy )e
xy 2 xy 2
 2 ye (1  xy ) 2
 2 xe (1  2 xy 2 )
 2. Differential of multi-variable functions

Let f = f (x, y). The differential df is given by

f f
df  dx  dy
x y
 Some applications of this linear approximation to f are
1. Estimating values of functions.
2. Estimating errors in measurements
 Examples
Solution

The size of the error depends on the second order derivatives of f

3. Derivative of function composition
4. Gradient vector and directional
derivative

Gradient vector
 Directional derivative
Let P0(x0; y0) be a fixed point in the xy–plane.
Let l be a line in the xy–plane that passes
through P0.
The point P (x; y) moves along the line l.
Directly above it, the point Q moves along the
surface z = f(x; y), tracing out a curve C.

What is the rate at which the z–coordinate of Q

changes with the distance s between P0 and P?
Examples