Statistical Formulae Sheet

1. Measures of Central Position

∑x ∑ fx
x= x=
n n
c (f m −f m −1 ) n
M o=O mo+ c [ −f ( ¿ ) ]
2 f m −f m−1−f m+1 Me = Ome + 2
fme
2. Measures of Dispersion
R=xmax −x min
R=Upper Class Boundary (Highest Class)−Lower Class Boundary( Lowest Class)
s= √ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ 2
s =∑ f ¿ ¿
n 3n
c [ −f ( ¿ ) ] c [ −f ( ¿ ) ]
Q1 = OQ1 + 4 Q3 = OQ3 + 4
fQ 1 fQ 3
2 2 2 2
2 ∑ x −n x 2 ∑ fx −n x
s= s=
n−1 n−1

3(x−M e ) s
SK p= CV = ×100%
s x
( Q1 −Q2 )−( Q2−Q1)
SK B =
( Q3−Q1 )

3. Probability
r
P ( A )=
n P ( A ∩B )=P ( A ) × P ( B )
When A and B are independent

P ( A ∪ B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P( A ∩ B) P( A ∩ B)
P ( A / B )=
P (B)
n!
n Pr =
( n−r ) ! n!
C r=
n r ! ( n−r ) !
4. Probability Distributions
x n−x −λ x
P ( x )=nC x × p ×(1− p) , x=0 ,1 , 2 ,3. . , n e λ
P ( x )= , x=0 , 1 , 2, 3 …
where µ=np , σ=√ np ( 1− p ) x!
where µ=λ , σ=√ λ
x−µ
z=
σ
5. Confidence Intervals

σ σ s s
x−z ≤ μ≤ x+z x−t ≤ μ ≤ x−t
√n √n √n √n

p−z
√ p ( 1− p )
n
≤ π ≤ p+ z
n√
p ( 1− p )

6. Hypothesis Testing

x−μ x−μ
z stat = t−stat=
σ s
√n √n

z stat =
p−π ( x 1−x 2 )−(u1−u 2)
z stat =

√ π (1−π )
n
√
2
σ 1 σ2
+
n1 n 2
2

( x 1−x 2 )−(μ1−μ2 ) 2 ( n 1−1 ) s 21+ ( n2−1 ) s22

t stat= s=

√
p
2 1 1 n1 +n2−2
S ( + )
p
n1 n2

x 1+ x 2 ( p1− p 2) −(π 1 −π 2)
^π = z stat =

√
n1 + n2 1 1
π^ (1−^π )( + )
n1 n 2

( p1 −p 2 )−( π 1−π 2 ) 2
x calc =∑ ¿ ¿
Z calc=

√
π 1 ( 1−π 1 ) π 1 ( 1−π 2 )
n1
+
n2

7. Index Numbers

∑ (p 1 × q0 ) ∑ (p 1 × q1 )
P L= ×100 % P p= ×100 %
∑( p 0 × q0 ) ∑ (p 0 × q1 )

∑ (p 0 × q1 ) ∑ ( p1 × q1 )
Q L= × 100 % Q p= ×100
∑ (p 0 × q0 ) ∑ (p 1 × q0 )
8. Regression
n ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
^y =b0 +b 1 x ; b 1= 2
n ∑ x −¿ ¿
9. Linear Correlation

n ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
r=
√¿¿ ¿