Statistical Formulae Sheet

1. Measures of Central Position

∑𝑥 ∑𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅ =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
𝑐(𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑚−1 ) 𝑐[ −𝑓(<)]
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑂𝑚𝑜 + Me = Ome + 2
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑚−1 − 𝑓𝑚+1 𝑓𝑚𝑒

2. Measures of Dispersion
𝑅 = 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦(𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠)
− 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦(𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠)

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑛 3𝑛
𝑐[ −𝑓(<)] 𝑐[ −𝑓(<)]
4 4
Q1 = OQ1 + Q3 = OQ3 +
𝑓𝑄1 𝑓𝑄3

∑𝑥 2 − 𝑛𝑥̅ 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2 − 𝑛𝑥̅ 2

𝑠2 = 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

3(𝑥̅ −𝑀𝑒 ) 𝑠
𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 𝐶𝑉 = ×100%
𝑠 𝑥̅

(𝑄1 − 𝑄2 ) − (𝑄2 − 𝑄1 )
𝑆𝐾𝐵 =
(𝑄3 − 𝑄1 )
3. Probability
𝑟
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
When A and B are independent

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
4. Probability Distributions
 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 × 𝑝 𝑥 × (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥 , 𝑥 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3 …
= 0, 1, 2, 3. . , 𝑛 𝑥!
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 µ = 𝜆, 𝜎 = √𝜆
where µ = 𝑛𝑝, 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝑥̅ − µ
𝑧=
𝜎
5. Confidence Intervals

𝜎 𝜎 𝑠 𝑠
𝑥̅ − 𝑧 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ + 𝑧 𝑥̅ − 𝑡 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝑥̅ − 𝑡
√𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛 √𝑛

( p1 − p2 )  z p1q1 p2 q2
n1
+
n2
𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝑝 − 𝑧√ ≤ 𝜋 ≤ 𝑝 + 𝑧√
𝑛 𝑛

12  22 s12 s22

( x1 − x2 )  z +
n1 n2
( x1 − x2 )  t +
n1 n2

6. Hypothesis Testing

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝜎 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝑝−𝜋 (𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) − (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )

𝑧 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝑧 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 =
√𝜋(1 − 𝜋) 𝜎12 𝜎22
𝑛 √
𝑛1 + 𝑛2

(𝑥
̅̅̅1 − ̅̅̅)
𝑥2 − (𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ) (𝑛1 − 1)𝑠12 + (𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22
𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠𝑝2 =
1 1 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
√𝑆𝑝2 (
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) − (𝜋1 − 𝜋2 )
𝜋̂ = 𝑧 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 1 1
√𝜋̂(1 − 𝜋̂)( + )
𝑛1 𝑛2

2
(𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑒 )2
𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 =∑
𝑓𝑒
 (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) − (𝜋1 − 𝜋2 )
𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 =
𝜋1 (1 − 𝜋1 ) 𝜋1 (1 − 𝜋2 )
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

7. Index Numbers

∑(𝑝1 × 𝑞0 ) ∑(𝑝1 × 𝑞1 )
𝑃𝐿 = × 100% 𝑃𝑝 = × 100%
∑(𝑝0 × 𝑞0 ) ∑(𝑝0 × 𝑞1 )

∑(𝑝0 × 𝑞1 ) ∑(𝑝1 × 𝑞1 )
𝑄𝐿 = × 100% 𝑄𝑝 = × 100
∑(𝑝0 × 𝑞0 ) ∑(𝑝1 × 𝑞0 )

8. Regression
𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦 ∑𝑦−𝑏1 ∑𝑥
𝑦̂ = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑥; 𝑏1 = 𝑏0 =
𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 𝑛

9. Linear Correlation

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦 − ∑𝑥∑𝑦
𝑟=
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 − (∑𝑥)2 ] × [𝑛∑𝑦 2 − (∑𝑦)2 ]