Comprehensive Guide to Solar PV Systems
Chapter 2: PV Cell to Module to Array Connections
2.1 Introduction
While a single solar photovoltaic (PV) cell produces only a small amount of power-typically around 0.5 to 0.6
V and a few watts-practical applications require much higher voltages and currents. To achieve this, individual
cells are electrically interconnected to form modules, which in turn are connected to form larger arrays. This
chapter delves into the architecture of PV modules and arrays, explaining the implications of different
electrical connections, protection mechanisms, and layout design strategies.
2.2 Series and Parallel Connections of PV Cells
To enhance voltage and current output, PV cells are connected in series and/or parallel.
Series Connection:
- When PV cells are connected in series, their voltages add while the current remains the same.
- Total Voltage (V_total) = V1 + V2 + ... + Vn
- Current (I_total) = I (same for all)
Parallel Connection:
- In parallel connections, currents add while voltage remains the same.
- Total Current (I_total) = I1 + I2 + ... + In
- Voltage (V_total) = V (same for all)
2.3 Cell to Module Configuration
A typical commercial PV module may contain 36, 60, 72, or 96 solar cells arranged in specific series-parallel
configurations. For example, a 60-cell module commonly arranges all 60 cells in series to produce around
30-36 V under load.
Bypass Diodes:
Bypass diodes are integrated across subsets of cells (e.g., 20 cells per diode in a 60-cell module) to protect
against shading-induced hotspots. If one or more cells are shaded, their voltage drops, potentially reversing
polarity and damaging the cell. The bypass diode provides an alternate path for current flow.
2.4 Module to Array Connections
Multiple PV modules are connected in series to form a "string". Multiple strings are connected in parallel to
form an "array".
Comprehensive Guide to Solar PV Systems
String:
- Modules in series.
- Output voltage increases; current remains the same.
Array:
- Strings in parallel.
- Current increases; voltage remains the same.
Blocking Diodes:
Used to prevent reverse current from flowing back into shaded or damaged strings, especially in arrays
without centralized MPPT.
2.5 Design of PV Arrays
Several factors affect array design:
- Operating Voltage and Current Limits (Inverter specs)
- Temperature Effects (voltage decreases with heat)
- Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) compatibility
- System layout: rooftop, ground-mount, or tracking
Typical equations:
- Power = Voltage x Current (P = V x I)
- Series modules: V_total = N x V_module
- Parallel strings: I_total = M x I_string
2.6 Effects of Partial Shading and Mismatch Losses
Even a small amount of shading on one cell can significantly affect the output of an entire string. Mismatch in
voltage-current characteristics among cells or modules leads to energy losses.
Mitigation:
- Bypass diodes
- String-level or module-level MPPT
- Reconfigurable arrays or smart inverters
2.7 Schematic Diagrams and Layout Examples
(Figures will be included during final image generation)
Comprehensive Guide to Solar PV Systems
- Basic cell in series and parallel connection
- 60-cell module with 3 bypass diodes
- String connection of 10 modules
- Array connection of 3 strings into inverter
2.8 Case Study: Residential Rooftop PV Design
Scenario: A home needs a 5 kW PV system.
- Chosen module: 330 Wp, 60-cell, Voc = 38 V, Isc = 9 A
- To reach 5 kW: 5000 / 330 16 modules
- Configuration: 2 strings of 8 modules in series
- Inverter input: 2 MPPT channels, 600 V max
Array Output:
- Voltage per string = 8 x 38 = 304 V
- Current per string = 9 A
- Array current = 2 x 9 = 18 A
2.9 Summary
Understanding how PV cells combine to form modules and arrays is fundamental to designing efficient and
reliable solar systems. Configuration impacts everything from energy yield to fault tolerance. The next chapter
will explore Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), a key technology in optimizing energy extraction
under real-world conditions.
