G.H.

RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, NAGPUR

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENT No.1

AIM: To Study different type of conventional electrical symbol.

1. Cell: - Supply electrical energy. The larger terminal is tie. A simple single cell is often called battery.
But strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.
2. Battery: - Supply electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal is +ve
3. DC Supply: - Supplies electrical energy AC = uni direct continuously constant in one direction.
4. AC Supply: - Supplies electrical energy Ac= Alternating current continuously changing directions.
5. Fuse:- safety devices which will flow melt if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.
6. Transformer:- Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformer is used to step up (increase) and
step down (decrease) Ac voltage. Energy is transformed b/w the coil by the magnetic field in the core.
There is no electrical connection b/w the coil.
7. Earth (Round):- A connections to earth for many electrical circuits X is 0 Volt of the power supply.
But four mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth.

Sr.No. COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL

1. Cell

2. Battery

3. DC Supply

4. AC Supply

5. Fuse

6 Transformer

7 Earth

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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8. Resistor:- A resister opposes the flow of current for eg. To limit the current passing through an LED, a
resistor is used with capacitor in a timing circuit.
9. Variable resistor (Rheostat) :- This type of variable resistor with two contact ( a rheostat ) is usually
to control current.
10.Variable resistors (Potentiometer):- This type of resister with 3 contacts is to control voltage.
11.Variable resistor (Preset):- This type of variable resistor is operated with small screw driver or similar
tools.
12.Capacitor:- A capacitor shores the electric charge. A capacitor is used with resistor in a timing circuit.
It can also be used as filter to block DC and to pass AC signal.
13.Capacitor (Polarized) :- A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the current
way round.
14.Variable Capacitor:- A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.
15.Primary Capacitor:- This type of variable capacitor is operated with small screw driver or similar
tool. It is designed to when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Sr.No. COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL

8. Resistor

Or

9. Variable Resistance (Rheostat)

10 Variable Resistor(Potentiometer)

Or
11. Variable Resistor (Preset)

Or

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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12. Capacitor

13. Capacitor (Polarised)

14. Variable Capacitor

15. Primary Capacitor

16.Voltmeter:- A voltmeter is used to measure voltage

17.Ammeter:- An ammeter is used to measure current.
18.Galvanometer:- A galvanometer is a very sensitive metal which is used to measure tiny currents
usually more or less.
19.Ohmmeter:- An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most of the multimeter has ohmmeter
setting.
20.Inductor ( Coil solenoid):- A coil of wire which reats a magnetic field when current passes through it.
It may have an iron core inside the coil.
21.ON-OFF Switch (Spst-Single pole single threw):- An on off switch allows current to flow only when
it is the closed.
22.Two way switch ( Spdt) (Spdt-single pole double throw):- A two way challenge swithches have a
central off position and are described as on OFF-On
23.Dual ON-OFF switch: (DPST):- double pole single threw.

This switch can be required as reversing switch four a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off
opposition.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Sr.No. COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL

16. Voltmeter

17. Ammeter

18. Galonometer

19. Ohm Meter

20. Inductor (Coil Solenoid)

21. ON-Off Switch

22. Two Way Switch(SPDT)

23. Dual ON-OFF Switch(DPST)

24.Reversing Switch (DPDT) :- This switch is required for a motor. Some DPDT switches have central
off position.
25. Relay:- A electricity operated switch for examples a 9v battery is connected to the coil can be switch
230V a.c. main ckt. It is a switch which operates if over current flows thought ckt. The realy trips and
get disconnected.
NO= normally open com= common.
NC= normally closed.
26.Push Switch:- A push switch allows current to flow only when button is pressed

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
27.Push to Break:- This type of push switch in normally closed ( ON) it is open (OFF) but it is sometime
omitted.
28.Wire Joined:- A ‘Blob’ should be drown when wires are connected ( Joined) by it is sometime
omitted.
29.Wire not joined:- Preference of bridge symbol used when wires are not joined.
30.Diode:- A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.
31.Transistor:- It amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make amplifies or switching
ckt.

Sr.No. COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL

24. Reversing Switch

25. Relay

26. Push Switch

27. Push to break

28. Wire Joined

29. Wire not Joined

30. Diode

31. Transistor

Result :- So, we come to know about various types of conventional electrical symbols which will be useful to
us in coming experience.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENT No.5

AIM: To Study about digital LUX meter.

APPARATUS:- Digital LUX Meter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY: - Digital LUX meter a step forward for us into the field of precision measurement. Although
this LUX meter is a complex of and delicate instrument. Its ruggedness will allow many years of use it
proper operating techniques are developed. Basically a digital LUX meter is a high accurate and
sensitive instrument which is used to measurement of light illumination of light.

This LUX (symbol: LX) is the SI unit of illumination and luminous capacitance. Measuring
luminous Flux Per unit area. It is wed in photometry human eye, of light that hits or press through a
surface, it is analogous to radiometric unit watts per meter. Illumines is a measure of have much
luminous flux is spread over area. One lux is equal to one lumen per sq. m.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
TYPES:-

1. LM-8, LX selectable LUX meter tool candle meter:

A. LUX selectable
B. Light meter range-0-50,000 LUX.
C. ± 5% Accuracy.
D. Spectrum meets C/E photonic curve.
E. 4-light type electability ( tungsten, fluorescent, mercury & sodium)
2. LUX-1108 LUX /Foot candle meter:-
1) LUX/foot candle selectable.
2) Dual digital display with analog bargraph.
3) Light meter range: 0-400,000LUX & 0-40000foot candles.
4) It has ± 3% Accuracy.
5) Spectrum meters C.I.E. photonic curve.
6) Rs-232, Hold, Record, Zero Adjust.
7) 4-Light type electability ( tungsten, fluorescent, Mercury & sodium)
3. L.M.-8000 mini 4 in 1 environment quality meter:
1) Integrated 4 in 1 Model.
2) Anemometer, Humidity meter, light meter and thermometer.
3) Anemometer: 04 to 30m/s.
4) Anemometer units: m/s, KM ? h, Mph, Knots,ft/min cC/oF.
5) Light meter Range:- 0-20,000 LUX & 0-2000 Foot. Candles.
6) Type K thermometer:- 100 to 1300 0C (0C/PF).
7) Spectrum meet (I. EPhotopic curve).
4. LM-81 LX selectable LUX meter / Foot Candle meter:
1) LUX/Foot candle selectable.
2) Integrated sensor design.
3) Light meter range: 0-20,000 LUX & 0-2000 Foot candles.
4) Data Hold & min data record.
5) Spectrum, meter C.I.E. photopic curve.

5. LX-100 LUX Meter:

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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1) Light meter range: 0 – 20,000 LUX.
2) ± 5% Accuracy.
3) Spectrum meters C.I.E. photopic curve.
6. LX-100 F foot candle meter:
1) Light meter range: 0-200 foot LUX candles & 0-2000 foot candles.
2) ± 5% Accuracy.
3) Spectrum meters C.I.E. photopic curve.
7. LX-101 A LUX meter
1) Light meter Range :- 050,000 LUX
2) ± 5% Accuracy.
3) Spectrum meters C.I.E. photopic curve.
4) Their prices: $ 89.00.
8. LX-103 selectable LUX meter/ foot candle meter:
1) Light meter Range: - 050,000 LUX & 0-5,000 foot candles.
2) I 5% Accuracy.
3) Spectrum meters C.I.E. photo curve.
4) Their prices : $ 109.00
1. FEATURES
 Precise and easy readout.
 High accuracy and wide measurement range.
 LSI- circuit use provides high reliability and durability.
 In build LOW BATTERY indicator.
 LCD display allows clear read out even at bright places.
 LCD display provides low power consumption.
 Compact, lightweight, and excellent operation.
 Separate PHOTO DETECTOR allows used take
Measurements at an optimum position.
 Data Hold function for holding measuring values.

2. SPECIFICIATIONS

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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3-1 General Specification

 Environment Conditions:
 Operating Temperature :
0 to 40 ≤ 80% RH, non-codensing
Storage Temperature:
-10 to 60 ≤ 70% RH, battery removed
 Operating principle: dual slop integration
 Sample Rate: 2 times /sec for digital data
 Display:
 ½ digits LCD Display with max. Reading 1999,
 Over-range Display.”1” is displayed.
 Power Supply:
 DC 9V battery (NEDA 1604 6F22 006P).
 Low Battery indicator:
 The “ “ is displayed when the battery is under
The proper operation range.
 Photo Detector Lead Length: 150cm (approx.).
 Photo Detector Size: 83 x 52 x20.5 mm
 Dimension: 125.5 (L0 x 72 (W0 x27 (H)mm
 Weight: 140 g approx... (battery removed)
 Accessories: Carrying case, battery, user’s manual.

3-2 Technical Specification:

Accuracy: ± (% of reading + number of digits) at 18OC to 28OC (64 OF to 82 OF) with relative
humidity to 80%

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Range Resolution Accuracy

0-1,999 Lux 1 Lux ± (5% +2d)
2,000-19,990 Lux 10 Lux ± (5% +2d)
20,000-50,000 Lux 100 Lux ± (5% +2d)

Result:- The Study of Lux meter has been studied.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENT No.6

AIM: To measure the earth resistance by digital earth resistance tester.

APPARATUS:- Digital earth resistance, tester connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Theory:- Waco digital earth resistance tester is direct replacement of the conventional hand generator
resistance of earthling used in the electrical equipment as well as for measurement. Of ground resistivity it
can also be used for measurement of other. Low regular & liquid resistance.

This instrument finds wide application based industries, telecommunication network & electrical
traction system etc.

This is powered by rechargeable batteries. A LCD low battery indication can be recharged by
charging leads provides with the instrument.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Operating Principle:- The principle used in measuring the earth resistance is based an simple ohms law four
electrodes E1 P1,E2 P2 are which is to be tested at the distance of 20 meters from each other all shown in fig.
AC singles applied to electrodes E1 & E2 and voltage developed across electrodes P1 & P2 are flow of
current through the earth is measured by ammeter m, and per fig. The current in constant the voltage
resistance. To eliminate the error due to other signal the meter reading is sampled at same frequency. As that
of the applied signal according the frequency selected is of odd value 73 Hz. Thus eliminating any chance of
an due to harmonics of 50 Hz, The sampling is done by having FET across meter and switch selected
frequency only the metering is also from DC source. The maximum value being measured in range decides
the value of resistance and also series resistance to ensure that the current through earth is kept essentially
constant. Because of very wide coverage of earth resistance measurement involved. It was of AC current
without adversely value of AC signal voltage & current are chosen for different range. The Ac signals are
generated by building inverter.

Application:-

1. Earth electrode testing to investigate the effective of resistance to earth of each element of earth
installation ( i.e resistance of earth connection)
2. Sail resistance measurement of sitter giving data enabling the pottered positioning & dept of proposed
system to be calculated.
3. Measurement of low rectangular & liquid resistances.

Measurement of earth resistance:- To measure the resistance with Waco digital earth tester, it should be
usual there terminal type, for that terminals E1 and R1 are to be as shown in fig. Connect as per fig. Take
ling by processing the test switch. Note down the reading displayed on the L.C.D of the instrument.

Measurement of earth resistivity:- To find out the earth resistivty for preferred positioning and depths of
proposed electrode system four terminals method is to be used connect the instrument terminals. All the
four spices to be barred in one straight line and distance between to be kept some. The value of ‘1’ may
kept beween so ’70 ‘. Take reading by pressing the switch value is in ohms. The value of earth
resistivity’s may be obtained from following formulas.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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F=2Π LR ohms-m.

Where,

R= value of earth resistance measurement in ohm’s

L = Distance between spikes in m.

P= Earth resistivity in ohm M.

Π = 3.14

Digital resistance tester has four terminals. It has to be used for above application than terminals, ‘E1’and
‘P’ may be shorted ‘P2’ has to be connected to potential spikes and terminals ‘E2 to the auxiliary earth as
shown under this condition meter will give resistance of earthling connection and the earth. To avoid emf
due to wire resistance first short the wires then note the meter with wire shorted will give actual value of
resistance. The distance and‘d’ may range from 20 to 30 meters depending upon the sail.

Operation: - Operate the instrument first the range selector switch 1500 or 20/200/200 depending upon
model. Selector switch to 500 or 1000 or 2000 ohm position. The digital will come in action and will
read 20 connect the teat reads to E1, P1, P2, E2. Terminals as per procedure for testing the test switch the
LCD display will indicate the resistance it the reading is too small the range selector. A Lobat indication
will appear on the left upper side on display. Connect the charging adapter to the instrument and charge it
for 12 hrs. before testing the selector knob should be turned to off position and elegits on the display with
disappear.

Probing:- It the measurement of sail resistance described above repeated from the same measuring point
but with all distances increased, and it resistance values thus found are plotted in a chart, conclusions may
be drawn about the scarification of subsalt groundwater or certain induction. This method is known as
prosing.

Plotting:- In plotting the electrode found advantages for probing is varies for this purpose the area do be
examined is favourable electrode distance obtained. The ear thing to the fig. measured value plotted.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Now spike 1 is displaced for and ear thing meter connections exchanged as required are connect 2 to E1 &
to P1 P2 and 5 to E2. Thus one measurement after another is taken and value are plotted.

When measuring parts on live replaced in same way on the second line, whose displaced from,
as also the line of equal resistance graph somewhat resembling to prographic controller.

Conclusion:- From this about the location of desired boundary area between two different salisterts

Result :- The earth resistance by digital earth resistance tester is 35 Ω

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENT No.9

AIM: To study the Ferranti Effect of transmission line by virtual lab

THEORY: Ferranti Effect

A long transmission line/cables draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line/cable is
open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater
than voltage at sending end due to capacitive reactance. This is known as Ferranti Effect. Both capacitance
and inductance is responsible to produce this effect. The capacitance (which is responsible for charging
current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Hence, this
phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. The figure shown below is representing a transmission line
by an equivalent pi(π)-model. The voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line length.

The Line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the receiving end. In the phasor diagram shown
above
OM = receiving end voltage Vr
OC = Charging current drawn by capacitance = Ic
MN = Resistive drop
NP = Inductive reactance drop
Therefore; OP = Sending end voltage at no load and is less than receiving end voltage (Vr) Since,
resistance is small compared to reactance; resistance can be neglected in calculating Ferranti effect.
From π-model, Vs=Vr-Impedance drop Under open circuit condition Ir=0 and hence, Vs=Vr-IcR-jwL*Ic
i.e. receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this effect is called Ferranti

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Effect. It is valid for open circuit condition of long line. When load current is increased of R-L loads the
resultant current is not remains leading, because of the inductive drop. Hence, receiving end voltage (Vr) is
lesser than sending end voltage (Vs) under full load conditions.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Select initial length of line (say 30kms).
2. Start the motor-generator set.
3. Note down the sending end voltage Vi, sending end current Ii and receiving end voltage Vo.
4. Disconnect the supply of motor-generator set.
5. Increase the length of line.
6. Repeat the steps 2-5.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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OBSERVATION:
S. No. Line length (Km) Sending End Voltage (V) Receiving End Voltage(V)
1 0
2 30
3 60
4 90
5 120
6 150
7 180
8 210

RESULT: In this way we can study the Ferranti Effect of transmission line by virtual lab.

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Industrial ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENT No.10

Aim : To study Digital Clamp Meter

Theory:-

1. Specifications
1.1 General Specification

Display- 3 ½ digit liquid crystal display ( LCD) with a maximum readings of 2000 counts.

Polarity - automatic, positive implied, negative polarity indication.

Over range-(OL) or (-OL) is displayed

Zero-automatic

Low Battery Indication- is displayed when the battery voltage drops below the operating level.

Measurement Rate- 3 times per sec. nominal

Operating Environment- 0 ̊C to 50 ̊C at < 70% relative humidity.

Storage temp.-20 ̊C to 60 ̊C, 0 to 80 % r. Hwith battery removed from meter.

Accuracy- Stated accuracy at 27 ̊C ± 5 ̊C,<75% relative humidity.

Power- Two 1.5 V’ AAA’ size battery

Battery Life- 200 hour typical

Dimensions- 185*65*28mm (approx)

Weight-170 gms including battery (approx.)

Accessories- Pair of test leads *1,instructions manual* 1,1.5V battery’s (installed)*2,carring Case*1,
(K Type thermometer upto 260 ̊C 27T-AUTO only)*1

Maximum Jaw Opening-25mm

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Continuity Check-

Threshold Level-40Ω Approx.

Open circuit voltage: 0.4V Approx.

Indication is displayed on LCD and buzzer sound at continuity.

Diode test

Measurement circuit: 1.0±0.6 mA Approx.

Open circuit voltage: 1.6 V approx..

Temprature ( 27 T-AUTO only)

Range :- 20 ̊C to 750 ̊C

-4 ̊ F to 1400 ̊ F

Accuracy: ± (3% rdg + 5dgts)

Resolution : 1 ̊C/1 ̊F

Sensor : k type thermocouple

2. OPERATION
Before taking any measurements, read the safety information section. Always examine the instruction
for damage, contamination (excessive dirt, grease, etc.) and defects.
Examine the test leads for cracked or frayed insulation; if any abnormal condition exists do not
attempt to make any measurement.
AUTO POWER OFF (APO)
The meter will be switch off if no range switch or key is used for approx. 15 min.
FUNCTIONAL BUTTON
The button is used for select range and ̊C/F ̊C ( 27 t-AUTO Only)
HOLD BUTTON
‘Press hold button to ogle in and out mode, in the hold mode, the annunciator is displayed

MAX BUTTON

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
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Press MAX button to toggle in and out of MAX mode ( Holding the highest absolute reading ) in the
max mode, the enunciator is displayed. The function is available for DCV,ACV & current ranges.
2.1 Procedure Measurements
1. Set the range switch to the highest 400 A range.
2. POress the trigger to open transformer jaws, clamp onto one conductor only and relase trigger.

Jaw should be completely closed. Ready the current directly on the display. It is recommended
that the conductor be placed at the center of the closed jaws for maxmum accuracy.

3. When the reading is lower than 20A, set the rage switch to the next lower range position.
2.2 Voltage Measurement (AC or DC)
1. Connect the red test lead to the “VΩ” jack and the black test lead to the “COM” jack.
2. Set the range switch to the desired voltage type (AC or DC)
3. Connect the test lead to the device or circuit being measured.
4. For DC, a(-) sign is displayed for negative polarity; positive polarity is implied.
2.3 Resistance Measurements
1. Connect the red test lead to the “VΩ” jack the black test lead to the COM jack.
2. Set range switch to the Ω range.
3. If the resistance being measured is connected to a circuit, turn off power to the circuit being tested
and discharge all the capacitors.
4. Connect the test lead across the resistance being measured. When measuring high resistance, be
sure not to contact adjacent point even if insulated because some insulator have a relatively low
insulation resistance causing the measured resistance to be lower than the actual resistance.
5. Read resistance value on digital display. If high resistance value is shunt by a large value of
capacitance allow display to stabilize.
2.4 Diode test
1. Connect the red test lead to the “VΩ” jack the black test lead to the “COM” jack
2. Set the range switch to the

Result:- Hence, we have studied the use of clamp tester.

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