Internal assessment for DNV:

---

*1. Introduction?*

*Ans:*

I am a civil engineer with a background in construction and project

management. I have experience in various aspects of civil engineering,
including structural design, construction quality control, and site
management. I have a strong understanding of safety protocols,
regulatory standards, and effective communication within a team
environment.

---

*2. Distinguish QA/QC?*

*Ans:*

- *QA (Quality Assurance):* Refers to the planned and systematic activities

implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a
product or service will be fulfilled. It's focused on preventing defects by
improving processes.

- *QC (Quality Control):* Refers to the operational techniques and

activities used to fulfill quality requirements. It focuses on identifying and
fixing defects in finished products.

---

*3. Bugholes in concrete?*

*Ans:*

Bugholes are small holes or cavities that appear on the surface of

concrete, caused by air bubbles trapped during the mixing, pouring, or
curing process. They can affect the aesthetic appearance and may also
reduce the durability of the structure if left unaddressed.
---

*4. Honeycomb?*

*Ans:*

Honeycomb refers to a defect in concrete where the surface of the

concrete has voids or cavities. This occurs due to improper compaction,
inadequate vibration, or insufficient cover over the reinforcement, leading
to a rough, uneven surface resembling a honeycomb structure. It reduces
the strength and durability of the concrete.

---

*5. Curing process, period?*

*Ans:*

Curing is the process of maintaining adequate moisture, temperature, and

time to allow the concrete to achieve its desired strength. Curing is
typically done for a minimum period of *7 days* for ordinary Portland
cement, and for *14 days* in the case of mass concrete. In cold weather,
curing may be extended.

---

*6. Shrinkage cracks?*

*Ans:*

Shrinkage cracks are cracks that occur in concrete due to the loss of
moisture as the concrete cures. This leads to shrinkage and can cause
cracks, typically seen in large, flat slabs. They are often superficial but can
affect the appearance of the concrete and, in some cases, its structural
integrity.

---
*7. Slump test?*

*Ans:*

The slump test is a measure of the workability or consistency of concrete.

It is conducted by filling a cone-shaped mold with concrete, lifting the
mold, and measuring the amount the concrete "slumps" or settles. This
helps determine the ease with which the concrete can be mixed, placed,
and finished.

---

*8. NCR?*

*Ans:*

NCR stands for *Non-Conformance Report*, which is used in quality

management systems to document any instances where a product or
process does not meet the specified standards or requirements. An NCR
details the nature of the non-conformance and the actions taken to
resolve or mitigate the issue.

---

*9. Concrete Joints?*

*Ans:*

Concrete joints are intentional separations or breaks in a concrete

structure designed to accommodate movement, such as thermal
expansion, contraction, and settling. The types of concrete joints include
*contraction joints*, *expansion joints*, and *construction joints*. These
joints help prevent cracking and ensure the structural integrity of the
concrete.

---

*Currently in which project you are working?*

*Ans:*
Currently, I am working on the *Academic Building Project* (or insert
specific project name). My role involves overseeing construction activities,
ensuring compliance with safety standards, and managing the quality of
work on-site, including supervising the concrete pouring and finishing
operations.

---

*Q3: Tell me in detail what you performed during piling work and what are
the dia of the pile?*

*Ans:* During the piling work, I was responsible for overseeing the
installation and inspection of piles. This included ensuring proper
positioning, alignment, and depth, as well as verifying the pile integrity
through testing. I supervised the casing and reinforcement installation and
the pouring of concrete for each pile. The pile diameters used in this
project are *12 inches* (or other diameter as per project requirements).

---

*Q4: What tests did you perform during piling work (temperature, slump)
and borehole test?*

*Ans:*

During the piling work, the following tests were performed:

- *Slump Test:* To check the workability of the concrete before pouring

into the pile.

- *Temperature Test:* To ensure that the concrete temperature is within

the recommended limits for curing and strength development.

- *Borehole Test:* Used to assess the soil conditions at the site, including
soil composition, strength, and water table level to determine the most
suitable piling method.

---

*Q5: What is Mass Concrete?*

*Ans:*

Mass concrete refers to large volumes of concrete used in structures such

as dams, foundations, and other massive structures where the heat of
hydration could cause thermal cracking. Special measures like controlled
curing, using low-heat cement, and layering are often required in mass
concrete construction.

---

*Q6: What is soil improvement system?*

*Ans:*

Soil improvement refers to the process of enhancing the physical

properties of soil to make it more suitable for construction. Methods of soil
improvement include *compaction*, *grouting*, *stabilization*, and *soil
replacement*. These techniques are used to increase the bearing
capacity, reduce settlement, or improve drainage.

---

*Q7: What is the temperature for Asphalt?*

*Ans:*

The recommended temperature for *asphalt* during mixing is typically

between *300°F to 350°F* (about *150°C to 180°C*). The temperature
during application should be between *250°F to 300°F* (about *120°C to
150°C*), ensuring proper compaction and curing of the asphalt.

---

*Q8: What are the details for NCR?*

*Ans:*

An *NCR (Non-Conformance Report)* is a formal document used to report

instances where construction work does not meet specified standards. It
includes details such as:
- *Description of the non-conformance*

*Root cause analysis*

- *Corrective actions taken*

- *Date and the responsible party*

*Q9: How will you control temperature during concrete?*

*Ans:*

To control the temperature during concrete placement, we can:

- Use *chilled water* or *ice* in the concrete mix to lower the

temperature.

- *Shade* the aggregate or store it in cool areas to prevent it from heating

up.

- Use *insulated forms* or *cooling blankets* to reduce the temperature

during curing.

- *Monitor* the temperature regularly and ensure the curing process is

optimal to prevent cracking or weakness in the concrete.

---

*What is your project activity?*

*Ans:*

My current project activity involves overseeing various construction

phases, including managing site activities, quality control, material
procurement, safety compliance, and coordination with subcontractors. I
am also responsible for monitoring the progress of the academic building's
construction and ensuring that all project goals are met within the set
timelines.

---

*What type of foundation you used for building?*

*Ans:*
For this building, we have used a *pile foundation* due to the soil
conditions at the site. This foundation type ensures adequate support for
the structure, especially since the ground has variable soil conditions.

---

*What will you inspect during footing work?*

*Ans:*

During footing work, I will inspect:

- The *excavation depth* and *width* of the footing

- *Reinforcement* as per the drawings, ensuring proper placement

- *Concrete mix* and slump

- *Shuttering* for proper formwork and alignment

- *Leveling* and ensuring the footing is placed on a solid base.

---

*What is the temperature and slump for your work?*

*Ans:*

For this project, the recommended concrete *slump* is between *100 mm

and 150 mm*, depending on the workability needed for different sections.
The *concrete temperature* is kept between *10°C and 30°C* to ensure
proper curing and prevent cracking.

---

*What is the thickness of concrete pouring layer?*

*Ans:*

The typical thickness for a concrete pouring layer depends on the specific
application, but for standard slabs, it is usually around *4 inches (100
mm)*. For mass concrete, the thickness may be more depending on the
design specifications.
---

*Which Code you are following for temp?*

*Ans:*

For temperature control in concrete, we follow *ACI 305R-10 (Guide to Hot

Weather Concreting)* and *ACI 306R-10 (Cold Weather Concreting)*.
These codes provide guidelines on temperature management to ensure
proper hydration and strength gain in different weather conditions.

---

*What is the size of cover block?*

*Ans:*

The size of a cover block typically ranges from *25 mm to 50 mm*,

depending on the requirements of the structure. The cover block ensures
that the reinforcement is placed at the correct depth and that it is
protected from environmental factors.

*14. What is your shoring system and what do you check for formwork
during inspection?*

*Ans:*

The *shoring system* is used to support structures, particularly during

construction or when the structure's stability is compromised. It prevents
collapse during construction activities like formwork, slab casting, and
excavation. Common shoring systems include *props, soldier beams, and
sheet piles*.

During a *formwork inspection*, I check for:

- Proper alignment and level of the formwork

- Stability and support for the formwork, ensuring there is no movement

- Correct reinforcement placement as per the drawings

- The proper curing system for concrete after pouring

- Adequate formwork release agents applied to prevent bonding with the
concrete

---

*16. What will be your position? Hold point or anything else during
inspection?*

*Ans:*

During inspection, my role could be to identify *hold points*, which are

specific stages in the work process where work cannot proceed without
prior approval. Hold points ensure that the inspection and approval are
done correctly before moving forward. Apart from hold points, I also
ensure *witness points* are checked, where quality or safety checks are
necessary but don't require stopping work.

---

*What will you do at the site if you are a client engineer?*

*Ans:*

As a *client engineer*, I would:

- *Ensure quality control* by regularly inspecting the work and testing

materials.

- *Verify compliance* with specifications and contractual obligations.

- Address *safety concerns* and ensure safety protocols are followed.

- Ensure *progress tracking* to make sure that the project is moving as

per schedule.

- Manage *communication between the contractor* and client, ensuring

both parties are aligned.

---

*12. How will you ensure the quality of work?*

*Ans:*

To ensure the *quality of work*, I would:

- Conduct regular *inspections* and *tests* on materials and work quality.

- Refer to *specifications, standards, and drawings* to confirm that the

work meets the required criteria.

- Use *NCRs (Non-Conformance Reports)* to identify and rectify issues

early.

Provide *training and guidance* to workers and supervisors on quality

practices.

---

*13. What is the test you performed for road later?*

*Ans:*

For *road later* (also known as road base or sub-base), I would perform
the following tests:

- *Cbr (California Bearing Ratio) Test* to determine the soil strength.

- *Proctor Compaction Test* to check the optimal moisture content and

compaction levels.

- *Grain Size Analysis* to check the particle distribution of aggregates.

- *Atterberg Limits* to determine the plasticity and consistency of the soil.

---

*14. Temperature of Prime Coat?*

*Ans:*

The temperature of the *prime coat* should be between *50°C to 70°C*

(or 120°F to 160°F) to ensure proper adhesion to the base surface.

---
*15. Which standard are you following?*

*Ans:*

I follow *international standards* such as *ACI (American Concrete

Institute)*, *ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)*, *IS
(Indian Standards)*, or *BS (British Standards)*, depending on the project
and location. These codes ensure that all activities comply with
established engineering norms.

---

*17. Application rate of Prime Coat and Tack Coat?*

*Ans:*

- *Prime Coat:* Typically applied at *0.4 to 0.7 liters per square meter*
(varies based on the surface and type of road).

*Tack Coat:* Applied at *0.2 to 0.3 liters per square meter* depending on
surface condition and weather.

---

*18. Why is curing required?*

*Ans:*

*Curing* is essential for ensuring that the concrete:

- *Gains strength* properly.

- *Prevents cracks* by maintaining adequate moisture content.

- *Improves durability* by allowing hydration to continue, which helps in

the formation of strong bonds between cement particles.

---

*19. What is the usage of admixture in concrete?*

*Ans:*
Admixtures are added to *concrete* to:

- *Improve workability* (plasticizers).

- *Accelerate or retard setting time* (set accelerators or retarders).

- *Enhance durability* (waterproofing agents).

- *Reduce shrinkage* (shrinkage-reducing admixtures).

- *Improve resistance to extreme weather conditions*.

---

*20. What will be your first attempt if you join our company tomorrow?*

*Ans:*

If I join your company tomorrow, my first attempt will be to:

- *Get familiar with the project scope* and review the design and plans.

- Meet the team and establish communication lines.

- Ensure a clear understanding of the *project’s quality requirements* and

*safety protocols*.

- Assess the current work progress and address any immediate issues.

---

*21. Do you have any idea about Aramco standards?*

*Ans:*

Yes, I am familiar with *Aramco standards*, which are a set of specific

construction and engineering guidelines issued by *Saudi Aramco*. These
standards are widely recognized for high-quality oil and gas projects. They
cover areas such as *safety*, *material specifications*, *construction
practices*, and *testing requirements*.

---

*3. What is mass concreting?*

*Ans:*

*Mass concreting* refers to the placement of large quantities of concrete,

usually for structures like dams, foundations, or other massive structures,
where the heat generated during hydration can cause thermal cracking.
Special measures like *temperature control* and *slow curing* are often
required.

---

*4. Which type of piling did you do, during piling work what were your
activities and checking points, and what are the dia of the pile?*

*Ans:*

The type of piling used in the project was *bored piles* (or another type
based on the project). During piling, my activities involved overseeing:

- The correct *drilling and boring* process.

- Ensuring *reinforcement placement* according to the design.

- Checking *pile integrity* using testing methods such as *cross-hole sonic

logging*.

The pile diameter was *12 inches* (or according to project specifications).

*5. What is soil improvement method?*

*Ans:*

Soil improvement methods include techniques such as:

- *Compaction*: Increasing the density of soil by applying mechanical

force.

- *Grouting*: Injecting grout into soil to increase its strength.

- *Soil stabilization*: Using chemicals to bind soil particles and improve its
load-bearing capacity.

- *Soil replacement*: Replacing poor-quality soil with better material.

---
*6. What are the details for NCR? When do you raise one?*

*Ans:*

An *NCR (Non-Conformance Report)* is raised when there is a deviation

from the specified quality standards or requirements. It includes:

- *Details of the non-conformance* (description of the issue).

- *Corrective actions* to address the problem.

- *Root cause analysis*.

- *Responsible parties* for correction.

It is raised whenever a quality issue is detected during construction

activities.

---

*7. How will you control concrete temperature during production and
pouring?*

*Ans:*

To control the *concrete temperature*:

- Use *chilled water* or *ice* during mixing.

- Keep aggregates *in shaded areas* to prevent them from getting too hot.

- Use *temperature-controlled trucks* for transportation.

- For large pours, use *cooling pipes* within the concrete to lower its
temperature.

---

*8. Cold joint of concrete?*

*Ans:*

A *cold joint* occurs when there is a delay between placing successive

layers of concrete, causing the first layer to set before the next one is
poured. To avoid cold joints:

- *Pour concrete continuously* without interruption.

- If a delay occurs, clean the surface and apply a bonding agent before
pouring the next layer.

---

*03. How many types of soil tests have you done?*

*Ans:*

I have performed the following *soil tests*:

- *Soil classification* (grain size analysis).

- *Atterberg limits* to determine soil plasticity.

- *Compaction tests* (Proctor test).

- *CBR (California Bearing Ratio)* test to assess soil strength.

- *Soil resistivity* test to check for corrosive potential.

---

*04. What is NCR? NCR content & closing procedure?*

*Ans:*

*NCR (Non-Conformance Report)* is a formal report used to document any

non-compliance in construction or materials. The content typically
includes:

- *Description* of the non-conformance.

- *Root cause* analysis.

- *Corrective action* taken.

- *Responsible person*.

The *closing procedure* involves confirming the corrective actions have

been implemented and re-verifying the quality before closing the NCR.

---
*05. What is slump test? Explain the procedure?*

*Ans:*

A *slump test* measures the workability of concrete. The procedure

includes:

- Filling a *cone-shaped mold* with concrete.

- *Lifting the mold* vertically without disturbing the concrete.

- Measuring the *height difference* (slump) between the original height

and the new height of the concrete.

This test ensures that the concrete mix has the right consistency for ease
of placement.

---

*06. Concrete Segregation? Why does it happen?*

*Ans:*

*Concrete segregation* occurs when the heavier particles (aggregates)

separate from the lighter particles (cement paste and water), causing the
mix to become uneven. It can happen due to:

- *Excessive water content* in the mix.

- *Improper handling* or over-m

*07. Curing - Why and How?*

*Ans:*

*Curing* is the process of maintaining adequate moisture, temperature,

and time for concrete to allow it to properly hydrate and gain strength.
Curing is essential for the following reasons:

- *Ensures strength development*: Without proper curing, concrete will

not achieve its desired strength and durability.

- *Prevents cracking*: Proper curing reduces shrinkage cracks by

maintaining moisture in the concrete.

- *Improves durability*: Well-cured concrete has better resistance to wear,

water penetration, and environmental stresses.
*How to cure concrete:*

- *Water curing*: Keep the concrete surface wet by spraying or covering

with wet burlap or mats.

- *Sealing*: Use curing compounds to prevent moisture loss from the

surface.

- *Covering*: Use plastic sheeting or curing blankets to maintain moisture

and temperature.

- *Steam curing*: In cold weather, steam can be used to accelerate curing.

---

*08. What is seepage on concrete? How can we avoid it?*

*Ans:*

*Seepage* refers to the unwanted flow of water through the pores or

cracks in the concrete. It can be detrimental as it can weaken the
structure, cause rusting in reinforcement, and damage the surface.

*How to avoid seepage:*

*Proper mix design*: Ensure the correct proportions of cement, water, and
aggregates to reduce permeability.

- *Use of water-resistant admixtures*: Add waterproofing agents to the

concrete mix to reduce water penetration.

- *Proper curing*: Ensure that the concrete is cured properly to avoid

cracking that may lead to seepage.

- *Joint sealing*: Apply proper sealants to joints and cracks to prevent

water from entering the structure.

- *Quality construction*: Use high-quality materials and ensure that the

formwork is tight and the surface is finished properly.

---
*09. What is Honeycomb? How can we avoid it?*

*Ans:*

*Honeycomb* refers to the voids or gaps in the concrete surface or

interior, caused when the concrete fails to fully fill the formwork, leaving
air pockets or cavities. This results in a rough and uneven surface,
compromising the strength and durability of the structure.

*How to avoid honeycomb:*

- *Proper compaction*: Ensure thorough compaction of the concrete

during placement using vibrators or other suitable methods to eliminate
air voids.

- *Correct concrete mix*: Use a mix with appropriate workability and

adequate cohesion, ensuring the concrete flows smoothly into all parts of
the formwork.

*Proper formwork*: Ensure that the formwork is properly designed and

erected to avoid any leakage or gaps.

- *Correct placement techniques*: Pour the concrete in layers and avoid

overfilling or dropping it from too great a height, which can cause
segregation.

- *Vibration*: Ensure sufficient vibration of the concrete after placing it to

remove air pockets and ensure uniform distribution of material:

---

*10. Shrinkage crack - Why? How can we avoid it?*

*Ans:*

*Shrinkage cracks* occur in concrete due to the drying out of the mixture
as it hardens, causing the concrete to shrink. This is especially common in
hot and dry weather conditions. Shrinkage cracks reduce the strength of
the concrete and can allow water penetration.

*Why Shrinkage Cracks occur:*

- *High water-cement ratio*: Excess water in the mix leads to more

shrinkage as it evaporates during curing.

- *Fast drying*: Hot and dry weather conditions lead to quick evaporation
of water from the surface of the concrete, causing shrinkage.
- *Improper curing*: Inadequate curing can lead to premature drying,
which results in shrinkage.

*How to avoid shrinkage cracks:*

- *Use proper water-cement ratio*: Avoid excess water in the mix to

reduce shrinkage.

- *Proper curing*: Maintain proper moisture levels and ensure that the
concrete is cured for the recommended period.

- *Use of shrinkage-reducing admixtures*: Certain admixtures help reduce

the effects of shrinkage.

- *Control temperature*: Avoid casting during the hot period of the day or
use cooling techniques to maintain temperature.

---

*11. How can we control temperature during concreting?*

*Ans:*

Controlling the temperature during concrete pouring is essential for

preventing issues such as thermal cracking and ensuring the desired
strength development.

*Ways to control temperature during concreting:*

- *Use of cool water*: Use chilled water or ice in the mix to lower the
temperature of the concrete.

- *Use of retarders*: Add retarders to the mix to slow down the setting
process and reduce the heat generated during hydration.

- *Shade formwork*: Cover the formwork with tarpaulin or plastic to

reduce exposure to direct sunlight.

- *Pouring during cooler parts of the day*: Conduct concrete pouring

during early morning or evening hours to avoid the hottest parts of the
day.

- *Cooling pipes*: Use cooling pipes in large pours, which circulate cold
water through pipes embedded in the concrete to control the
temperature.
---

*12. Two types of construction joints - Explain which already you did?*

*Ans:*

*Construction joints* are used to separate sections of concrete that are

poured at different times, especially in large structures or when
continuous pouring is not feasible.

*Two main types of construction joints:*

1. *Butt Joints*: These are the most common and simple joints, where two
vertical surfaces meet. The edge is roughened to ensure proper bonding
between the two pours.

2. *Keyed Joints*: These joints have a physical key or groove cut into
them, which helps to interlock two sections of concrete and prevent
relative movement.

*Which one did you use?*

In my project, we used *keyed joints* because they provide better

interlocking and strength transfer between the adjacent sections of
concrete. They are especially useful for horizontal joints, such as in slab-
to-slab connections.

---

*13. Cement & Epoxy - Which one is better for little

rectification/modification work & Why?*

*Ans:*

- *Cement* is generally used for structural repairs and modifications

where the strength of the repair is critical. It is widely used in large
concrete repair works, patching, and grouting.

- *Epoxy* is a high-strength adhesive used for smaller rectifications. It is

ideal for surface bonding, crack filling, and making modifications where
high bonding strength is required.
*Which is better for rectification?*

For minor repairs or modifications (such as filling cracks or bonding

surfaces), *epoxy* is often preferred because it provides superior
adhesion and cures quickly. It is especially useful for bonding old concrete
with new and for sealing cracks without compromising strength.

---

*14. How do you start an inspection?*

*Ans:*

The inspection process starts with *preparing the inspection checklist* and
ensuring that all the required documents (such as drawings,
specifications, and approved plans) are available for reference. The
following steps are involved:

- *Pre-inspection briefing*: Discuss the scope of inspection with the team.

- *Site walkthrough*: Inspect the area and confirm that all preparations
and required materials are ready.

- *Initial documentation check*: Ensure all necessary approvals and

permits are in place before inspection starts.

- *Inspection execution*: Carry out the inspection according to the

checklist and relevant standards.

---

*15. Which inspections are inspected by you in your project?*

*Ans:*

In my project, I have been involved in inspecting the following:

- *Material inspections*: Ensure that materials used (like concrete, steel,

etc.) meet the required specifications.

*Foundation inspections*: Ensure that the foundation is properly laid

according to design and specifications.
- *Rebar and formwork inspections*: Check the placement and quality of
rebars and the condition of formwork before concrete pouring.

- *Concreting inspections*: Verify slump, temperature, and any other tests

related to the concrete mix.

- *Structural inspections*: Verify that the structural elements (columns,

beams, slabs) are constructed as per approved drawings.

---

*16. Inspection points and tests of piling work.*

*Ans:*

During piling work, the following inspections and tests are conducted:

- *Visual inspection*: Check the alignment, depth, and diameter of the

piles.

- *Pile driving records*: Ensure proper pile driving equipment and methods
are used.

- *Test pile*: Perform static or dynamic load tests on test piles to ensure
load-bearing capacity.

- *Casing inspection*: Check for proper installation of casing for bored

piles.

- *Concrete inspection*: Check concrete pouring for uniformity and slump.

- *Pile integrity testing*: Perform tests like Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL)
to ensure integrity.

---

*17. Inspection points of structure prior to concreting, during concreting,

and after concreting.*

*Prior to Concreting:*

Check formwork dimensions and alignment.

- Ensure rebar placement and fixing as per design.

- Verify that the foundation surface is cleaned and free of debris.

- Confirm approval for materials, including concrete mix and additives.

*During Concreting:*

- Verify the slump and temperature of the concrete.

- Ensure the concrete is poured continuously and without segregation.

- Monitor the curing process and ensure the concrete does not dry out
prematurely.

*After Concreting:*

- Check the curing process and verify that it is done for the required
duration.

- Inspect the surface for defects or irregularities like cracks,

honeycombing, or segregation.

- Perform concrete strength tests (cube tests) for quality assurance.

---

*6. Road layers and its test?*

*Ans:*

The layers of a typical road construction include:

1. *Subgrade*: The natural soil or rock on which the road is built.

2. *Sub-base*: A layer of material (like crushed stone or gravel) placed

over the subgrade for added strength.

3. *Base Course*: A layer of stronger material, usually crushed rock or

gravel, placed above the sub-base.

4. *Surface Course*: The top layer, usually consisting of asphalt or

concrete, which provides a smooth and durable surface.

*Tests for Road Layers:*

- *CBR Test (California Bearing Ratio)*: Measures the strength of the

subgrade and base layers.
- *Compaction Test*: Ensures that each layer is compacted to the required
density.

- *Thickness Test*: To check if the layers are constructed to the specified

thickness.

- *Moisture Content Test*: To check the moisture content in materials.

- *Gradation Test*: Determines the distribution of particle sizes in

aggregates used in the road layers.

---

*7. Soil improvement and its test?*

*Ans:*

Soil improvement involves techniques used to enhance the physical

properties of soil, such as increasing its strength and reducing
compressibility or permeability. Methods include:

*Compaction*: Increases the density and strength of soil.

- *Stabilization*: Involves mixing soil with additives like lime, cement, or

chemicals to improve properties.

- *Preloading*: Involves adding weight on the soil to increase its

compaction and reduce settlement.

- *Grouting*: Injection of cement-based or chemical grouts to improve soil

strength.

*Tests for Soil Improvement:*

- *Standard Proctor Test*: Measures the optimal moisture content and

compaction of soil.

- *Unconfined Compression Test*: Determines the shear strength of

stabilized soils.

- *Atterberg Limits Test*: Determines the plasticity of soils.

- *Permeability Test*: Measures the soil's ability to transmit water.

---
*8. Slump, Concrete temperature, FDD, MDD, and its standard code?*

*Ans:*

- *Slump Test*: Measures the consistency or workability of fresh concrete.

A higher slump indicates more fluid concrete. Standard: *ASTM C143 / BS
1881*.

- *Concrete Temperature*: The temperature of freshly mixed concrete.

Ideal temperature for pouring concrete is between 10°C and 32°C. High
temperatures can cause faster hydration, leading to cracking.

- *FDD (Fresh Density of Concrete)*: Determines the fresh density (or

weight) of the concrete, which helps in determining the mix proportion.

*MDD (Maximum Dry Density)*: The maximum density achieved by a soil

after compaction. It is an important test for road materials.

*Standard Codes for Testing:*

- *BS 1881*: Standard for concrete testing in the UK.

- *ASTM C143*: Standard for slump testing.

- *ASTM C1064*: Standard for temperature testing in fresh concrete.

---

- *Content of NCR*:

1. *Description of the issue*: What is wrong or deviating.

2. *Date of occurrence*: When the non-conformance occurred.

3. *Details of inspection or test*: Where the issue was identified.

4. *Corrective action*: Steps taken to resolve the issue.

5. *Approval and resolution*: Sign-off by responsible authorities

confirming that the non-conformance has been resolved.

---

*11. Prime coat, Tack coat, Asphalt and its temperature, applying rate,
asphalt compaction test and allowable time for vehicle movement on
newly constructed asphalt?*
*Ans:*

*Prime Coat*: A liquid bitumen material applied to the surface before the
base course is laid. It provides adhesion between the base and the asphalt
layer.

- *Temperature*: 60-80°C.

- *Application Rate*: 0.6-1.2 liters per square meter.

- *Tack Coat*: Applied between the layers of asphalt to ensure a bond.

- *Temperature*: 70-90°C.

- *Application Rate*: 0.2-0.3 liters per square meter.

- *Asphalt Compaction Test*: Ensures that the asphalt is compacted to the

required density.

- *Compaction Method*: Use of rollers (static or vibratory).

- *Allowable Time for Vehicle Movement*:

- Generally, vehicles should not move on newly paved asphalt until it has
cooled to around *50°C*. However, this can vary depending on weather
and type of mix.

---

*3. Explain the grade of concrete you use in your project?*

*Ans:*

In my project, we use *M25* grade concrete as a standard for most

structural elements. This means the concrete mix ratio is 1:1:2 (Cement:
Sand: Aggregate) with a characteristic strength of 25 MPa at 28 days.
Higher grades like *M30* or *M35* are used for specialized elements like
columns or beams where higher strength is required.

---
*4. Which standard/code follow for mix design?*

*Ans:*

For mix design, we follow the *IS 10262* standard (Indian Standard) for
concrete mix design. This code provides guidelines on designing concrete
mixes based on materials used and the strength requirements.
Additionally, *BS 5328* (British Standard) is also referenced for more
specific requirements.

---

*6. How you approve mix design in your project/country [Any organization
or authority]?*

*Ans:*

The concrete mix design is approved by the *Project Quality Control

(PQC)* team or an external accredited laboratory. In our country, the
*Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)* or *Local Authority* may also approve
the mix design depending on the project. All mix designs are verified by
performing trial mixes and strength tests to ensure compliance with the
specified requirements.

---

*7. Which type of piling you did, during piling work your activities and
checking point, and what are the diameter of the pile? Polymer or
Bentonite why required during piling?*

*Ans:*

We conducted *bored piles* with a diameter of *500 mm to 1000 mm* for

deep foundations. The activities during piling included:

- Site preparation and excavation.

- Installation of temporary casing if required.

- Reinforcement cage placement.

- Concrete pouring and curing.

*Polymer or Bentonite* is used during piling work to stabilize the borehole,
prevent collapse of the walls, and control water infiltration. They also
improve the flow of concrete and prevent segregation.

---

*8. Why Tremie pipe concrete required during bored piling, tremie
concrete specification?*

*Ans:*

*Tremie pipe* is used to pour concrete underwater or in deep boreholes,

especially in bored piles, to avoid contamination of concrete with water or
slurry. The tremie system ensures that concrete is placed at the bottom of
the pile without mixing with surrounding soil or water, ensuring the
structural integrity of the pile.

*Specifications*:

- *Concrete temperature*: Ensure the concrete mix temperature is within

the specified range (usually 20-30°C).

- *Tremie pipe diameter*: Typically 150-200 mm.

- *Concreting rate*: The concrete should be poured at a continuous rate to

avoid cold joints.

---

*10. What is soil improvement method and its test?*

*Ans:*

*Soil improvement* methods are used to enhance the strength, stability,

and performance of soil for construction. Common methods include:

- *Stabilization* with lime, cement, or bitumen.

- *Compaction* to increase soil density.

- *Preloading* to reduce settlement.

- *Grouting* to increase soil strength.

*Tests* for soil improvement include:

- *CBR (California Bearing Ratio)* test.

- *Compaction test* (Standard Proctor or Modified Proctor).

- *Permeability test*.

---

*12. How types of Soil test you done and details?*

*Ans:*

We have conducted the following soil tests:

- *Atterberg Limits Test*: Determines the plasticity of soil.

- *CBR Test*: Measures the strength of the soil for subgrade evaluation.

- *Compaction Test*: Determines the maximum density and optimum

moisture content.

- *Shear Test*: Measures the shear strength of the soil.

- *Permeability Test*: Measures the rate at which water passes through the
soil.

---

*13. Soil test standard/code?*

*Ans:*

The standard codes followed for soil testing include:

- *IS 2720* for general soil testing procedures (Indian Standard).

- *BS 1377* for soil testing (British Standard).

*14. What are the details for NCR? When you raise?*

*Ans:*
*NCR (Non-Conformance Report)* is raised when any work, material, or
process does not meet the required specifications or standards. The key
details in an NCR include:

- *Description of non-conformance*: A clear explanation of what went

wrong or deviated from the standard.

- *Cause of non-conformance*: Reason for the issue.

- *Corrective action*: Steps to rectify the non-conformance.

- *Impact*: A description of how the non-conformance affects the project

or quality.

An NCR is raised immediately when a deviation from the approved

standards or specifications is identified during inspections, tests, or the
construction process.

---

*15. What is minor NCR, root cause, and root cause analysis reporting
timeline in your project?*

*Ans:*

A *Minor NCR* refers to an issue that does not affect the overall
functionality or safety of the project but still requires rectification. It
usually refers to minor deviations that can be easily corrected.

- *Root Cause*: The primary cause that led to the non-conformance. This
is often identified by detailed investigation or analysis.

*Root Cause Analysis*: A systematic approach to identifying the root

cause of a non-conformance, often using methods like the *5 Whys* or
*Fishbone diagram*.

*Reporting Timeline*: The root cause analysis report should be submitted

within 3-5 working days from the discovery of the NCR, depending on the
project's urgency.

---
*16. Describe road works?*

*Ans:*

*Road works* generally involve several stages such as:

- *Site preparation*: Clearing, grading, and excavation.

- *Subgrade preparation*: Compaction and stabilization of the soil.

- *Sub-base and base course*: Laying and compacting of crushed stone or

gravel for strength and durability.

- *Surface course*: Laying of asphalt or concrete for a smooth, durable

surface.

- *Drainage system*: Installation of drainage pipes to prevent water

accumulation on the road.

Tests performed during road works include compaction, thickness

measurement, and quality tests for each layer.

---

*14. Road layers and its test with project specification and code?*

*Ans:*

Road layers typically consist of the following:

1. *Subgrade*: The natural ground where the road is constructed.

2. *Sub-base*: A layer of material, usually gravel or crushed stone, placed

above the subgrade to improve load distribution.

3. *Base Course*: A thicker layer of compacted material that provides

structural support to the road.

4. *Surface Course*: The final top layer, usually made of asphalt or

concrete.

*Tests*:

- *CBR Test (California Bearing Ratio)* for subgrade.

- *Compaction Test* (Standard Proctor or Modified Proctor) for the
subgrade, sub-base, and base courses.

- *Thickness Test* for all layers.

- *Gradation Test* for aggregates.

*Codes/Standards*:

- *BS 1377*: Soil tests for road materials.

- *IS 2720*: Standard methods for testing soil.

---

*15. FDD, MDD, CBR, LL, PL, PI, ACV, TFV and its standard code?*

*Ans:*

- *FDD (Fresh Density of Concrete)*: Measures the density of freshly mixed

concrete.

- *MDD (Maximum Dry Density)*: The maximum density a soil can achieve
through compaction, measured during the Proctor Test.

- *CBR (California Bearing Ratio)*: A test used to evaluate the strength of

the subgrade soil (Standard: IS 2720).

- *LL (Liquid Limit)*: The moisture content at which the soil changes from
a plastic to a liquid state (Standard: IS 2720).

- *PL (Plastic Limit)*: The moisture content below which the soil becomes
brittle (Standard: IS 2720).

- *PI (Plasticity Index)*: The difference between LL and PL, indicating the
plasticity of the soil (Standard: IS 2720).

*ACV (Aggregate Crushing Value)*: Measures the strength of aggregates

used in road construction (Standard: IS 2386).

- *TFV (Ten Percent Fines Value)*: Measures the resistance of aggregates

to crushing (Standard: IS 2386).

---
*16. Prime coat, Tack coat, Asphalt and its temperature, applying rate,
asphalt compaction test?*

*Ans:*

- *Prime Coat*: A bitumen-based coat applied to the base course to

improve adhesion.

- *Temperature*: 60-80°C.

- *Application Rate*: 0.6-1.2 liters per square meter.

- *Tack Coat*: A thin layer applied between the base and surface course to
promote adhesion.

- *Temperature*: 70-90°C.

- *Application Rate*: 0.2-0.3 liters per square meter.

- *Asphalt*: A mixture of bitumen and aggregate, used for road surface.

- *Temperature*: 140-160°C.

- *Asphalt Compaction Test*: Measures the compaction of asphalt to

ensure proper density using rollers. The test is typically done through the
*Marsh Cone* or *Vebe Consistometer*.

---

*17. Which type of test did you perform for bitumen approval?*

*Ans:*

For bitumen approval, the following tests are typically performed:

- *Penetration Test*: Measures the hardness of bitumen.

- *Viscosity Test*: Measures the flow resistance of bitumen.

*Softening Point Test*: Determines the temperature at which bitumen

softens.

- *Ductility Test*: Measures the ability of bitumen to stretch without

breaking.
- *Flash Point Test*: Determines the temperature at which bitumen ignites.

---

*18. Pile Cap rebar and formwork inspection, work procedure, which type
of document is required at RIW/RIF?*

*Ans:*

- *Pile Cap Rebar Inspection*: Ensures that the reinforcement bars are
placed as per the approved drawings and specifications.

- *Formwork Inspection*: Ensures that the formwork is constructed as per

the design and is secure before concrete pouring.

*Documents required at RIW/RIF (Reinforcement Inspection

Request/Request for Inspection)*:

- *Approved drawings*.

- *Bar bending schedule*.

- *Concrete mix design*.

- *Reinforcement test certificates*.

- *Inspection checklist*.

---

*19. Waterproofing material application and material details?*

*Ans:*

*Waterproofing Materials*:

- *Bituminous Membrane*: Applied to foundations or basements.

- *Liquid Membrane*: Applied to roofs, balconies, and walls.

- *Cementitious Waterproofing*: Cement-based compounds applied for

small-scale applications like bathrooms or kitchens.

*Application*: Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for surface

preparation, application method, and curing time.
---

*20. Why we use waterproofing material, which location any standard you
follow?*

*Ans:*

Waterproofing materials are used to prevent water ingress into structures

like buildings, basements, roofs, and foundations. It ensures the longevity
of the structure by preventing deterioration due to moisture.

*Standards*:

- *IS 2645*: Code of practice for waterproofing of concrete structures.

- *BS 8102*: Code of practice for waterproofing of basements.

---

*21. Preparation for tails work, and tolerance?*

*Ans:*

Preparation for tails work includes ensuring that the surface is level, clean,
and free from debris before any finishing or final layer is applied.
Tolerances depend on the type of work being done (e.g., for road works,
tolerance might be ±10mm).

---

*22. Do you use machine-made brick or hollow brick?*

*Ans:*

We typically use *machine-made bricks* (fired bricks) for most

construction, as they offer uniformity in size and better compressive
strength. For specific applications requiring better insulation, we may use
*hollow bricks*.
---

*23. Backfilling material, procedure, and test code?*

*Ans:*

Backfilling material should be clean, free of organic matter, and should

ideally match the surrounding soil. Common materials used are crushed
stone, gravel, and sand.

*Procedure*:

- Layer-by-layer compaction of backfill material.

- Ensure moisture content is appropriate for compaction.

*Test Code*:

- *IS 2720* for soil compaction testing.

---

*24. How you selected backfilling material?*

*Ans:*

Backfilling material is selected based on:

- *Availability*: Local availability of materials.

- *Compaction*: Material should have good compaction properties.

- *Strength*: Material should be able to support the load from the

structure.

---

*25. Cohesive and non-cohesive materials explain?*

*Ans:*
- *Cohesive Materials*: Materials that have significant internal cohesion,
such as clay, which stick together when wet.

- *Non-Cohesive Materials*: Materials like sand or gravel that do not have

internal cohesion and are loose when dry.

---

*26. Which type of Architectural finishing work you did?*

*Ans:*

I have worked on various architectural finishing works such as:

- *Plastering* (internal and external).

- *Tiling* (wall and floor tiles).

- *Painting* (both interior and exterior).

- *Drywall installation*.

- *Carpentry works* (doors, windows, and furniture).

---

*27. How you approved vendor/supplier in your project?*

*Ans:*

Vendors and suppliers are approved based on:

- *Past performance* and reliability.

- *Quality certifications* (e.g., ISO).

- *Compliance with project specifications*.

- *Competitive pricing*.

- *Delivery timelines*.

---

*28. Do you know about fire-rated and non-fire-rated doors, and how you
approve?*
*Ans:*

Yes, fire-rated doors are designed to withstand high temperatures and

prevent the spread of fire. *Non-fire-rated doors* do not have such
resistance.

*Approval Process*:

- *Fire-rated doors* should be certified by relevant authorities, such as

*UL* or *BS 476*.

- *Testing* of doors must be done in accredited fire labs.

---

*29. How you verified this door is fire rated?*

*Ans:*

To verify if a door is fire-rated:

- *Fire Rating Label*: Check the door for a label or marking from an
accredited testing agency (e.g., UL, BS 476).

- *Documentation*: Verify manufacturer certifications, test reports, and

compliance with national or international fire safety codes.

- *Inspection*: Check the door construction (materials used, thickness,

and overall build), hinges, seals, and locking mechanism to ensure they
meet fire rating standards.

---

*30. Describe fire-rated door accessories?*

*Ans:*

Fire-rated door accessories include:

- *Fire-rated hinges*: Specially designed hinges that can withstand high

temperatures.

- *Fire-rated locks and latches*: These are designed to function effectively

during a fire and prevent the door from opening under high heat.

- *Fire-rated seals*: Intumescent seals or gaskets that expand under heat

to block the passage of smoke and fire.
- *Vision panels*: Fire-resistant glass that allows visibility through the door
while maintaining its fire rating.

---

*31. Why required Push bar in fire-rated door?*

*Ans:*

A *push bar* (also called a panic bar) is required on fire-rated doors to:

*Facilitate quick evacuation*: In emergencies, a push bar allows for easy

and rapid opening of the door, ensuring that occupants can exit the
building quickly without fumbling with locks or handles.

- *Safety compliance*: Many fire and safety regulations require the

installation of push bars to meet emergency exit requirements.

---

*32. Describe fire-rated door locking system?*

*Ans:*

A *fire-rated door locking system* is designed to withstand high

temperatures and maintain its integrity during a fire. Common features
include:

- *Non-locking mechanism*: In most cases, the fire-rated doors will have a

locking system that allows them to be easily opened in case of
emergency.

- *Specialized latches and bolts*: These are designed to withstand fire and
high heat without breaking down or malfunctioning.

- *Keyed or access-controlled locks*: These locks are used to restrict

access to certain areas while maintaining fire safety.

- *Self-closing devices*: Many fire doors have self-closing mechanisms that

ensure the door automatically closes and seals after being opened.

---
*33. Do you have any knowledge about batching plant, Describe the
calibration frequency, acceptance Error, and maintainers?*

*Ans:*

Yes, a *batching plant* is used to mix concrete in specific proportions for

construction purposes.

- *Calibration Frequency*: Calibration is typically done every 3 months or

when there is a significant change in the materials used (e.g., new
supplier). It may also be required after equipment maintenance or any
inconsistency in concrete quality.

- *Acceptance Error*: The allowable error for batching and mixing is

generally within ±2% for individual materials and ±5% for the total mix.

- *Maintainers*: The plant should have a qualified maintenance team

responsible for:

- Routine checks and repairs of equipment.

- Ensuring that the plant operates within the correct tolerances.

- Performing tests on the materials and mix before using them.

---

*34. What is high slump, and if you found high slump what is your action?*

*Ans:*

A *high slump* indicates that the concrete is too wet and may have
reduced workability or could be too weak after curing. High slump can
affect the strength and durability of the concrete.

*Action*:

- *Test again*: If you find a high slump, first perform additional tests to
confirm the result.

- *Adjust the mix*: If necessary, adjust the water content or add

admixtures (such as retarders) to correct the slump to the required level.
*Report the issue*: Inform the supervisor, quality control team, or
batching plant operator about the issue.

- *Preventive Measures*: Ensure that the concrete mix complies with the
design specifications.

---

*35. How many types of slumps you know and which standard you follow?
*

*Ans:*

There are *three types of slump*:

1. *True Slump*: The concrete remains intact but subsides uniformly. It

indicates that the concrete is cohesive.

2. *Shear Slump*: One side of the concrete sample shears off, indicating
insufficient workability or consistency.

3. *Collapse Slump*: The concrete completely collapses, indicating very

high water content and very low cohesion.

*Standard*:

- The *ASTM C143* and *IS 1199* standards are commonly followed for
slump tests.

---

*36. What type of admixture you used?*

*Ans:*

The commonly used *admixtures* include:

- *Plasticizers*: To increase workability without adding more water.

- *Retarders*: To delay the setting time of concrete.

- *Accelerators*: To speed up the curing time, especially in cold weather.

- *Air-entraining agents*: To improve the freeze-thaw durability of

concrete.
- *Waterproofing agents*: To reduce water permeability.

- *Superplasticizers*: To improve flow and workability at lower water-

cement ratios.

---

*37. Why you used retarder admixture in concrete?*

*Ans:*

A *retarder admixture* is used to slow down the setting time of concrete.

It is particularly useful when:

- *High temperature*: In hot weather, concrete sets too quickly, and

retarders help extend the working time.

- *Long transportation times*: For projects where concrete needs to be

transported over long distances.

- *Large pours*: To ensure uniform setting and prevent cold joints.

---

*2. How do you control quality in your project?*

*Ans:*

Quality control in a project is maintained through:

- *Proper planning* and adherence to specifications.

- *Regular inspections* at different stages of construction.

- *Use of certified materials* from reliable suppliers.

- *Testing* (slump test, compressive strength, etc.) at regular intervals.

- *Documentation* and approval of each process.

---

*3. Explain the piling work procedures?*

*Ans:*
Piling work involves the following steps:

1. *Site preparation*: Clearing the site and marking the pile locations.

2. *Boring*: Drilling or boring to the required depth for the pile.

3. *Reinforcement placement*: Installing the reinforcement cage inside

the bored hole.

4. *Concrete pouring*: Pouring concrete into the hole, either using a

tremie pipe or directly into the bore.

5. *Curing*: Allowing the pile to cure and strengthen.

---

*5. What test you have performed in piling work?*

*Ans:*

Common tests performed during piling work include:

- *Pile Load Test*: To test the load-bearing capacity of the pile.

- *Integrity Test*: Using a low-strain impact to check the pile's structural

integrity.

- *Soil Investigation Test*: To determine soil conditions and depth of

bedrock.

- *Concrete Test*: To check the quality of concrete used in piles

(compressive strength, slump test, etc.)

*6. How will you perform inspection in the foundation work?*

*Ans:*

To perform an inspection on foundation work, the following steps are

taken:

1. *Site Clearing*: Ensure the site is properly cleared, leveled, and

prepared for excavation.

2. *Excavation Check*: Check the excavation depth and width according

to the approved drawings.
3. *Reinforcement Inspection*: Ensure the reinforcement bars (rebar) are
of the specified size, quantity, and quality, and that they are correctly
positioned as per the drawing.

4. *Formwork Inspection*: Ensure the formwork is stable, aligned, and

does not have any gaps that would lead to leakage.

5. *Concrete Mix*: Verify the concrete mix design, including the grade,
slump, and temperature, and ensure the materials are in accordance with
project specifications.

6. *Pouring Check*: Monitor the pouring process to ensure no segregation

and that the pouring is done in a continuous manner.

7. *Curing Plan*: Ensure a proper curing method is planned and

implemented once the concrete is poured.

---

*8. Explain the concrete temperature, slump, and grade of concrete you
use in your project?*

*Ans:*

*Concrete Temperature*: Ideally, the temperature of concrete should be

between 10°C to 30°C (50°F to 85°F). Higher temperatures may lead to
faster setting, and lower temperatures can affect the hydration process.
For mass concrete, special care is taken to maintain the temperature, and
often cooling agents or chilled water are used.

- *Slump*: The slump for normal concrete is typically around 50mm to

100mm. This ensures adequate workability without excess water content.
For specific workability, this may vary based on project requirements.

- *Grade of Concrete*: The grade of concrete used in our project depends

on the design requirements. For typical structural works, we commonly
use:

- *M20* grade for light structures (1:1.5:3 mix ratio).

- *M25* or *M30* for more critical or high-strength applications (concrete

mix designed with a mix design method).
---

*9. Curing why, when, how?*

*Ans:*

- *Why*: Curing is required to ensure proper hydration of cement in the

concrete, which is essential for achieving the desired strength and
durability. It helps to avoid cracking, shrinkage, and premature drying of
concrete.

*When*: Curing should begin immediately after finishing the surface

(about 4-6 hours after concrete placement) and should continue for a
minimum of 7 days for normal concrete or longer for high-strength
concrete.

- *How*: Curing can be done using several methods, including:

- *Water Curing*: Keeping the surface moist by spraying or soaking with

water.

- *Wet Coverings*: Using wet burlap, hessian cloth, or other materials to

keep the concrete moist.

- *Curing Compounds*: Using liquid curing compounds that form a

membrane on the concrete surface to prevent moisture loss.

---

*10. Road layers from bottom to top and its test?*

*Ans:*

The road construction typically consists of the following layers from

bottom to top:

1. *Subgrade*: This is the natural soil or compacted material that forms

the foundation of the road.

- *Test*: Soil compaction, CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test.

2. *Subbase*: A layer above the subgrade, often made of crushed stone or

gravel.
 - *Test*: Compaction test, CBR, MDD (Maximum Dry Density).

3. *Base Course*: A layer made of high-quality materials like crushed

stone or concrete.

- *Test*: CBR, ACV (Aggregate Crushing Value), TFV (Flakiness Index).

4. *Binder Course*: The first layer of bituminous material.

*Test*: Bitumen content test, Asphalt compaction test, Marshall Stability

test.

5. *Surface Course*: The final asphalt or bitumen layer that forms the road
surface.

- *Test*: Compaction, Skid resistance test, and Asphalt quality tests.

---

*11. Selection of road materials and their sizes?*

*Ans:*

- *Subgrade Material*: Generally composed of natural soil or granular

material. The grain size and soil type should be determined by soil
classification tests, ensuring they are stable and have sufficient bearing
capacity.

- *Base Course*: Crushed stone, gravel, or reclaimed asphalt is often used.

The size of aggregates typically ranges from 20mm to 40mm, depending
on the design and load-bearing capacity.

- *Surface Course*: Asphalt or bituminous concrete is used. Aggregate

sizes for asphalt mix are typically 10mm, 12mm, and 20mm, depending
on the mix design requirements.

---
*12. FDD, MDD procedure, and its standard code?*

*Ans:*

- *FDD (Field Density Test)*: This is performed using a sand replacement

or nuclear method to check the density of the soil or aggregate in the
field. It ensures that the compaction level meets the design specifications.

*MDD (Maximum Dry Density)*: It is determined using the Proctor test

(Standard or Modified Proctor Test). MDD represents the maximum dry
density that soil can attain under controlled compaction.

- *Standard Codes*: The standard codes used for these tests are:

- *FDD*: IS 2720 (Part 28) for Field Density Test.

- *MDD*: IS 2720 (Part 8) for the Proctor Compaction Test.

---

*13. NCR details?*

*Ans:*

An *NCR (Non-Conformance Report)* is a document that identifies

deviations from the approved standards or specifications. It includes the
following details:

- *NCR Number*: A unique identifier for the non-conformance.

- *Description of Non-Conformance*: Clear details about the discrepancy.

- *Root Cause Analysis*: A detailed investigation of why the non-

conformance occurred.

- *Corrective Action*: Actions taken to resolve the issue and prevent it

from recurring.

- *Verification and Closure*: Confirmation that the corrective action was

effective.

---
*14. Prime coat, Tack coat, Asphalt, and its temperature, applying rate,
curing period, asphalt compaction test?*

*Ans:*

- *Prime Coat*: The first layer applied to the prepared surface to promote
bonding between the base and the asphalt.

- *Temperature*: 60°C to 90°C.

*Application Rate*: 0.5 to 1.0 l/m² depending on the surface condition.

- *Tack Coat*: A light layer of bitumen applied to improve the adhesion

between layers of asphalt.

- *Temperature*: 50°C to 70°C.

- *Application Rate*: 0.2 to 0.3 l/m².

- *Asphalt Temperature*: The asphalt mix is generally heated to a

temperature of 150°C to 180°C for proper compaction and bonding.

- *Compaction Test*: The density and compaction of the asphalt are tested
using a Marshall Stability Test or other compaction methods to ensure
proper load-bearing capacity.