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CHAPTER
HUMAN HEALTH AND
4 DISEASE
 Early Greeks like Hippocrates , Indian Ayurveda system believed that health was a state of body
and mind where there was balance of certain 'humors '. Persons with 'blackbile' belonged to hot
personality who would have fevers. This idea was arrived at by purely reflective thoughts
 Blood circulation was discovered by William Harvey using experimental methods, demonstrated
normal body temperature in persons with blackbile using thermometer and disproved the ‘good
humor’ hypothesis of health.
 Mind influences, through neural system and endocrine system, our immune system and that our
immune system maintains our health. Hence, mind and mental state can affect our health.
 Health - ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well being which make people more efficient
at work; which increases productivity, longevity of people and reduce infant and maternal mortality’.
It simply doesn’t means ‘absence of disease’ or ‘physical fitness’.
Health is affected by –
(1) Infections
(2) Genetic disorders – deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child
inherits from parents from birth
(3) Life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we
have or lack etc.
To maintain good health -
(1) Balanced diet.
(2) Personal hygiene and hygienic food and water.
(3) Regular exercise, like yoga that has been practised since time immemorial to achieve physical
and mental health.
(4) Vaccination(immunization) against infectious disease.
(5) Proper disposal of wastes.
(6) Control of vectors.
(7) Awareness about disease and their effects on different body functions.
Disease - When function of one or more organs or systems of body is adversely affected due to
infections, genetic disorders or life styles(drug or alcohol abuse), characterised by various signs
and symptoms
Types of diseases -
(1) Infectious - Easily transmitted from person to person. Example:- TB, Common cold, AIDS(fatal).
(2) Non - infectious -Not transmitted from person to person. Example:-Cancer(major cause of death).
 Pathogens-Micro-organisms like bacteria, fungi, virus etc that cause disease in man.
 Human Health and Disease [3]

 Most parasites are pathogens as they harm host by living in or on them.

 Pathogens enters body by various means, multiply and interfere with normal vital activities
resulting in morphological and functional damage by adapting to life within the environment
of host. Example:- the pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the
stomach at low pH and resisting the various enzymes.
Typhoid :-
(1) Caused by bacteria Salmonella typhi in humans.
(2) Pathogens generally enter small intestine through contaminated food and water and migrate to
other organs through blood.
(3) Symptoms -
(a) Weakness (b) Sustained high fever (39 - 40° C)
(c) Stomach pain (d) Constipation
(e) Headache (f) Loss of appetite
(g) Intestinal perforations and death may occur in severe case
(4) Confirmed by Widal test.
(5) Mary Mallon - Nicknamed 'Typhoid Mary ' was a cook by profession and a typhoid carrier who
spread typhoid for several years through food she prepared – a classic case in medicine.
Pneumonia -
(1) Caused by bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
(2) Infects alveoli of lungs, which gets filled with fluid leading to severe respiratory problems.
(3) Symptoms -
(a) Fever
(b) Chill
(c) Cough
(d) Headache
(e) In severe case, lips and fingernails turn gray to bluish in colour.
(4) Healthy person acquires infection by inhaling droplets /aerosols released by infected person or by
sharing infected persons belonging.
Common cold -
(1) Caused by Rhino virus and is one of the most infectious.
(2) Infect nose and respiratory passage but not lungs.
(3) Symptoms -
(a) Nasal congestion and discharge. (b) Sore throat.
(c) Hoarseness. (d) Cough
(e) Headache. (f) Tiredness.
(4) It lasts for 3 - 7 days.
(5) Healthy person acquires infection by inhaling droplets /aerosols released by infected person or by
sharing infected persons belonging.
Malaria -
(1) Caused by plasmodium - P.vivax, P.malaria, P.ovale, P.falciparum.
(2) Malignant malaria -Caused by P.falciparum and is most serious and can even be fatal.
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(3) Sporozoite - Infectious form of Plasmodium; enters human body at this stage through the bite of
female Anopheles mosquito.
(4) It divides initially within the liver cells and then attack RBCs resulting in their rupture.
(5) Rupture of RBCs releases toxic substance haemozoin that is responsible for chill and high fever
recurring every 3 - 4days.
(6) When female Anopheles bites an infected person, parasites enter mosquitoe's body for further
development, multiply in its body to form sporozoites and get stored in the salivary glands.
(7) Plasmodium requires 2 hosts -
(a) Female Anopheles - Also act as vectors - in this sexual cycle occurs.
(b) Human -Asexual cycle occurs.

Fig. Stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium

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Amoebiasis/amoebic dysentry -
(1) Caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
(2) The protozoan enters human large intestine through contaminated food and water by the houseflies
that carry parasites from faeces to food and water.
(3) Symptoms -
(a) Constipation
(b) Abdominal pain and cramps
(c) Stools with excess mucous and blood clots
Ascariasis -
(1) Caused by helminth Ascaris lumbricoides.
(2) It affects the intestine(intestinal parasite).
(3) Eggs of parasite excreted with faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants
and healthy person acquires infections through contaminated water, vegetable, fruits etc
(4) Symptoms -
(a) Internal bleeding
(b) Muscular pain
(c) Fever
(d) Anaemia
(e) Blockage of the intestine passage.
Elephantiasis /filariasis -
(1) Caused by helminth, filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.
(2) Pathogen is transmitted to healthy person by bite of female Culex mosquito.
(3) There is slowly developing chronic inflammation of organs in which they live for many years,
usually lymphatic vessels of lower limbs and genital organs leading to gross deformities.

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 Human Health and Disease [6]

Ringworms -
(1) Caused by fungi belonging to genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.
(2) One of the most infectious disease in man and acquired from soil or by using belonging of infected
person.

(3) Symptoms -
(a) Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin, nails, scalp etc.
(b) Intense itching of the lesions.
(4) Heat and moisture helps fungi to grow in skin folds like those in groin or between toes.
 Measures of hygiene where infectious agents are transmitted through food and
water(typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis) –
(a) Proper disposal of waste and excreta.
(b) Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools, tanks.
(c) Observing standard practise of hygiene in public catering.
 Measure of hygiene in case of air-borne disease(pneumonia, common cold) – avoid close
contact with infected person and their belongings.
 Measures for personal hygiene –
(1) Keeping the body clean.
(2) Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits etc.
 To eradicate vectors and prevent vector-borne diseases; like; malaria, filaria, chikungunya,
dengue; following methods are used :-
(1) Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas.
(2) Regular cleaning of household coolers.
(3) Use of mosquito nets.
(4) Spraying insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps.
(5) Providing wire mesh in windows and doors.
(6) Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larva.
 Aedes mosquito causes Dengue and Chickungunya.

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 Human Health and Disease [7]

 The use of vaccines and immunization programmes have enabled us to completely

eradicate a deadly disease like small pox and other infectious disease like polio, diphtheria,
pneumonia and tetanus have been controlled to large extent.
 Biotechnology has made available newer and safer vaccines.
 Discovery of antibiotics and various other drugs has also enabled to treat infectious
diseases.
IMMUNITY – Everyday we are exposed to large number of infectious agents but only a few of
these exposures result in disease due to the fact that the body is able to defend itself from most of
these foreign agents. This overall ability of host to fight disease-causing organisms is called
immunity.
 Types of immunity -
(A) Innate immunity.
(B) Acquired immunity.
(A) Innate immunity -
(1) It is non - specific type of defence present at the time of birth.
(2) It is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to entry of foreign agents in body. It
consists of 4 types of barriers :-
(a) Physical barriers – Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of
microorganisms. Mucus coating of epithelium lining the respiratory, GIT, urogenital tracts
also helps in trapping microbes entering our body.
(b) Physiological - Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears having lysozyme from eyes.
(c) Cellular - Leukocytes like Polymorpho-Nuclear Leukocytes (PMNL - neutrophils),
monocytes, natural killer lymphocyte in blood and macrophages in tissues that phagocytose
and destroy microbes.
(d) Cytokine - Interferons produced by virus-infected cells which is proteinaceous and protect
non-infected cells from further viral infection.
(B) Acquired Immunity –
(1) Acquired during life, pathogen specific and is characterised by memory.
(2) Primary response – Response produced by body when it encounters with pathogen for the first
time and is of low intensity.
(3) Secondary/Anamnestic response – High intensity response produced by body when same pathogen
enters in the body for the second time due to the fact that body have memory of 1st encounter.
 Immune response is carried out by :-
(1) B – lymphocytes –
(a) Produce antibodies that are glycoprotein to carry out immune responses. Example:- IgM,
IgG, IgE etc.
(b) Immunity provide by B- cells is called humoral immune response i.e antibody mediated.
(c) Antibodies have 4 peptide chains – 2 small light chain and 2 longer heavy chain represented
as H2L2.
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 Human Health and Disease [8]

Antigen binding site Antigen binding site

N s
s
s
s

s s
s s s
s s
s
s
s s s
s s
Light s
s s s
chain s s

s s
s s
Heavy chain
s s
s s

C C
Fig. Structure of an antibody molecule
(2) T- lymphocytes –
(a) They themself don’t produce antibodies but direct B-cells to produce antibodies.
(b) They provide cell – mediated immunity (CMI) or cell mediated response.
(c) Also responsible for graft rejection during organ transplant.
(d) Grafts from any source or animal cannot be made since grafts will be rejected – proper
tissue matching, blood group matching is essential before grafting and even after this the
patient has to take immunosuppresants all throughout life as the body is able to differentiate
‘self’ and ‘non-self’ cells.
 Types of acquired immunity –
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
(1) Active immunity –
(a) When host is exposed to live or dead microbes(antigens) or other proteins, antibodies are
produced in the host body.
(b) It is slow and take time to give its full effective response. Example:- Vaccination.
(2) Passive immunity –
(a) When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect body against foreign agents or
antigens.
(b) It is fast. Example:- Antibodies received by foetus from mother during pregnancy ; colostrum
secreted by mother during initial days of lactation has IgA to protect infants.
VACCINATION / IMMUNISATION :
(1) Based on principle of ‘memory’ of immune system in which a preparation of antigen or inactivated/
weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced in the body in whose response antibodies are
produced to neutralize the effect of antigens during actual infection.
(2) Vaccine also generate memory ‘B’ and ‘T’-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on
subsequent exposure and inactivate the invaders with massive production of antibodies.
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(3) In case of infections with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required like
in tetanus and snake bites preformed antibody is directly injected or antitoxin (in case of snake
bite, preparation containing antibodies to toxin) is directly injected. Based on passive immunity.
(4) Vaccines produced by rDNA techonology allow production of antigenic polypeptide of pathogen in
yeast or bacteria and lead to large scale production and greater availability.Example:- Hepatitis B
vaccine produced from yeast.
ALLERGY :-
(1) When one goes to new place and suddenly started sneezing, wheezing for no explained reason
and when he/she went away their symptoms disappeared which is because of allergy to environment
particles like pollen, mites, animal dander etc. which are different in different places.
(2) Exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigens present in environment.
(3) Caused by allergens or due to modern-day lifestyle like pollution of metro cities or because of
protected environment provided early in life. Modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of
immunity and more sensitivity to allergens, more and more children in metro cities of India suffer
from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to environment which could be because of the protected
environment provided early in life.
(4) Antibodies produced during allergy- IgE.
(5) Chemicals produced by mast cells during allergy – Histamine, Serotonin.
(6) Symptoms –
(a) Sneezing
(b) Watery eyes
(c) Running nose
(d) Difficulty in breathing
(7) For determining cause of allergy , patient is exposed/injected with very small doses of possible
allergens and reaction is studied.
(8) Drugs to treat allergy – Anti-histamine, adrenalin, steroids.
AUTO IMMUNITY :-
(1) Memory-based immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign
organisms like pathogens from self cells.
(2) Two corollaries of the ability to differentiate foreign body from self – one, higher vertebrates can
distinguish foreign molecules as well as foreign organism and other one, sometimes, due to genetic
and other unknown reasons the body attacks self-cells which results in damage to body.
(3) Damage of body due to genetic and other unknown reasons when the body attacks self cells(body
fails to differentiate between self and non-self cells) is called auto immune disease. Example:-
rheumatoid arthritis, hashimoto disease etc.
IMMUNITY SYSTEM IN BODY :-
(1) Functions of immune system-
(a) Recognises foreign antigens, responds to these and remembers them.
(b) Plays an important role in allergy, auto-immune diseases and organ transplantation.
(c) It consist of – lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and soluble molecule like antibodies.

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Lymphoid organs :
(1) Organs where origin , maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur.
(2) Primary lymphoid organs – Bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiates.
(3) Secondary lymphoid organs – After maturation lymphocytes migrate here which provide site for
interaction of lymphocytes with antigen and which then proliferates to become effector cells. Spleen,
lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine, appendix are some of the secondary
lymphoid organs in human body.
(4) Bone marrow – Main lymphoid organ and site of formation of blood cells.
(5) Thymus –
(a) Lobed organ located near heart and beneath breastbone.
(b) Alongwith bone marrow , provides microenvironment for development and maturation of
T-lymphocytes.
(c) Thymus is quite large at time of birth but keeps reducing in size with age and by the time
of puberty is attained it reduces to a very small size.

(6) Spleen-
(a) Large bean – shaped organ.
(b) Contains lymphocytes and phagocytes.
(c) Act as filter of blood by trapping blood – borne microbes .
(d) Graveyard and large reservoir of RBCs.
(7) Lymph nodes –
(a) Solid structures found at different points along lymphatic system.
(b) It serves to trap the microorganisms or antigens which happen to get into the lymph and
tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of
lymphocytes present there and cause the immune response.
(8) Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT):-
(a) Located within the lining of respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts.
(b) Constitutes about 50 % of lymphoid tissue in human body.
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AIDS :- (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)

(1) Deficiency of immune system , acquired during the lifetime of an individual indicating that it is not
a congenital disease.
(2) Syndrome means a group of symptoms .
(3) AIDS was first reported in 1981 and in the last twenty five years or so, it has spread all over the
world killing more than 25 million persons.
(4) AIDS is caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV ), a member of a group of viruses
called Retrovirus.
(5) Retrovirus have an envelope enclosing the single stranded RNA genome.
(6) Transmission of HIV –Infection generally occurs by
(a) sexual contact with infected person .
(b) By transfusion of contaminated biood and blood products.
(c) By sharing infected needle like in case of intravenous drugs abusers.
(d) From infected mother to her child through placenta.
(7) People who are at high risk of getting infection includes drug addicts (taking drugs intravenously),
people requiring repeated blood transfusion,individual with multiple sexual partner and children
born to HIV infected mother.
(8) AIDS is not spread by mere physical contact, only spreads through body fluids. It is hence
imperative, for the physical and psychological well being, that the HIV/AIDS infected persons are
not isolated from family and society.
(9) There is always a time lag between infection and appearance of AIDS symptom that vary from
few months to years(5-10 yrs).
(10) After getting into the body, the virus enters macrophages where RNA genome of virus replicates
to form viral DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase.The viral DNA gets incorporated
into host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles.
(11) Macrophages continue to produce virus and acts like HIV factory.
(12) Simultaneously HIV enters into Helper T-lymphocytes, replicate and produce progeny viruses.The
progeny viruses released in the blood attacks other Helper T-lymphocytes which is repeated
leading to progressive decrease in the number of Helper T-cells in body of infected person.
(13) During Helper T-cell destruction the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhea and weight loss.
(14) Due to decrease in number of Helper T-cells the person starts suffering from infections which
could otherwise be overcome like those of viruses, fungi, Mycobacterium, Toxoplasma as the
patient becomes immune deficient.

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(15) Widely used diagnostic test for AIDS – ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay).
(16) Treatment with anti-retroviral drugs only prolongs life but can’t prevent death – these are partially
effective.

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Prevention of AIDS –
(1) AIDS has no cure only prevention is the best option.
(2) HIV infection more often spreads due to conscious behaviour and is not something that happens
inadvertently like pneumonia, typhoid. Infection in blood transfusion patients, new born from mother
may take place due to poor monitoring.
(3) Only excuse for HIV infection is ignorance.
(4) In India, Nat ional AIDS Control Organis ation(NACO) and other non -governmental
organisations(NGOs) are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS.
(5) WHO has started a number of programmes to educate people about AIDS.
(6) Making blood from blood banks safe from HIV, ensuring the use of only disposable needles and
syringes in public and private hospitals and clinics, advocating safe sex and promoting regular
check-ups for HIV susceptible populations should be taken up.
(7) Infection with HIV is something that should not be hidden because the infection may spread to
many more people.
(8) HIV infected people need help and sympathy instead of being shunned by society.
(9) Unless society recognises it has problem to to be dealt with in a collective manner – the chances
of wider spread of the disease increase manifold. It is a malady that can only be tackled , by the
society and medical fraternity acting together, to prevent the spread of the disease.
CANCER –
(1) One of the most dreaded and major cause of death of people all over the world with more than 1
million Indians suffering from it and a large number of dying from it annually.
(2) In our body, cell growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated but in cancer cells,
there is breakdown of these regulatory mechanism.
(3) Normal cells shows the property of contact inhibition i.e. contact with other cells inhibits their
uncontrolled growth. Cancer cells loses this property.
(4) Cancerous cells continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called tumors.
(5) Tumors are of 2 types – benign and malignant. :-
(a) Benign tumors – normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to
other parts of body, cause little damage to body.
(b) Malignant tumors – mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells that grow
very rapidly, invade and damage surrounding normal tissue and starve normal cells by
competing for vital nutrients. Cells sloughed off from such tumors reach distant sites through
blood, and wherever they are lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there which is
called Metastasis(most feared property of malignant tumor).
(6) Causes of cancer :
(a) Carcinogens – chemical, physical and biological agents that cause cancer i.e. transformation
of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells.
(b) Ionizing radiation like X-rays and gamma-rays and non-ionizing radiation like UV rays
cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation.
(c) Chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been identified as major cause of
lung cancer.

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(d) Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogenes.
(e) Several genes called cellular oncogenes(c-onc) or proto oncogenes have been identified
in normal cells which when activated under certain conditions could lead to oncogenic
transformation.
(7) Cancer detection and diagnosis –
(a) Early detection of cancers is essential as it allows the disease to be treated successfully in
many cases.
(b) Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue and blood and
bone marrow test for increased cell counts in case of leukemia.
(c) In biopsy, a piece of suspected tissue is cut into thin sections, stained and examined
under microscope(histopathological study).
(d) CT(Computed Tomography), MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and radiography using
X-rays detects cancer of visceral organs.
(e) CT uses X-rays to generate 3-D image of internals.
(f) MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological
and physiological changes in the living tissue.
(g) Antibodies against cancer specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers.
(h) Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited
susceptibility to certain cancers. Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual
to certain cancers, may be useful in prevention of cancers and such individuals are advised
to avoid exposure to particular carcinogen to which they are susceptible. Example:- tobacco
smoke in case of lung cancer.
(8) Treatment of cancer –
(a) Surgery.
(b) Immunotherapy and chemotherapeutic drugs.
(c) Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells, some of which are specific
for particular tumors.
(d) Radiation therapy – tumor cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of normal tissues
surrounding the tumor mass.Tumor cells have the property to avoid detection and
destruction by immune system so patients are given biological response modifiers like  -
interferons to activate their immune system.
(e) Side effects of drugs – hair loss, anaemia etc.
(9) Some of the most intense areas of research in biology and medicine – mechanism that underlie
oncogenic transformation of cells, its treatment and control.
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE :-
(1) Surveys and statistics show that use of drugs and alcohol has been on the rise, specially among
youths which is really a cause of concern as it could result in many harmful effects.
(2) Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these
dangerous behavior patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.
(3) Majority of these drugs are obtained from flowering plants and some are obtained from fungi.
(4) Opiods –
(a) They bind to specific receptors in CNS and GIT.
(b) Heroin –

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HO

O
H N
CH3
HO
Fig. Chemical structure of Morphine
Fig. Optum poppy
i. Most common opiods.
ii. Commonly called smack.
iii. It is chemically diacetylmorphine.
iv. White, odourless, bitter crystalline compound.
v. Obtained by acetylation of morphine which is extracted from latex of poppy
(Papaver somniferum).
vi. Generally taken by snorting and injection.
vii. Depressant and slows down body functions.
(5) Cannabinoids -
(a) Interact with cannabinoid receptors in brain.
(b) Naturally they are obtained from inflorescence of Cannabis sativa.

OH

O
H

Fig. Skeletal structure of cannabinoid molecule Fig. Leaves of cannabis sativa

Fig. Flowering of branch of Datura

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(c) Marijuana, charas, hashish, bhang, ganja etc are obtained from flower tops, leaves and
resin of Cannabis plant in various combination.
(d) Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion.
(e) Effects cardiovascular system of body.
(6) Coca alkaloids/Cocaine –
(a) Obtained from coca plant, Erythoxylum coca, a native of South America.
(b) It interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter – dopamine.
(c) Commonly called coke/crack.
(d) Usually snorted.
(e) Has potent stimulating action on CNS, producing sense of euphoria and increases energy.
(f) Excessive dose can cause hallucination.
(g) Other hallucinogens – Datura, Atropa belladonna.
(h) These days also abused by sportspersons.
(7) Drugs used to treat mental disease like depression and insomnia – Amphetamines,
benzodiazepines, barbiturates. These are also often abused.
(8) Morphine – very effective pain killer and sedative.
ADOLESCENCE AND DRUG/ALCOHOL ABUSE –
(1) Adolescence means both ‘a period’ and ‘a process’ during which a child matures in terms of his/
her attitudes and beliefs for effective participation in society.It is a bridge linking childhood and
adulthood.
(2) It is accompanied by several biological and behavioral changes.
(3) It is very vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development of an individual.
(4) The period between 12-18 yrs of age is called adolescence period.
(5) First use of drugs or alcohol may be out of curiosity or experimentation but later the child starts
using this to escape facing problems. Curiosity, need for adventure and excitement and
experimentation motivates youngsters towards drug and alcohol use which is complicated further
by effects that might be percieved as benefits of drug or alcohol abuse.
(6) Of late, stress from pressures to excel in academics or examinations has played a significant role
in persuading youngsters to try alcohol and drugs.
(7) The perception among youth that it is ‘cool’ or progressive to smoke, use drugs or alcohol is also
one of the major cause for youths to start these habits.
(8) TV, movies, newspapers, internet also help to promote this perception.
(9) Other factors – unstable or unsupportive family structures and peer pressure.
ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE :-
(1) Because of percieved benefits, drugs are frequently used repeatedly and one fails to realise the
inherent addictive nature of alcohol and drugs.
(2) Addiction is psychological attachment to certain effects like euphoria and temporary feeling of
well-being which drive people to take them even when it is not required or even when their use
becomes self-destructive.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 17 ]

(3) Use of drugs even once can be a fore-runner to addiction.

(4) With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of receptors present in our body increases and the
receptors in body become insensitive and respond to higher dose leading to greater intake and
addiction.
(5) Addictive potential of drugs and alcohol pull the user into a vicious circle leading to their regular
use/abuse from which he/she may not be able to get out and in the absence of any guidance or
counselling, the person gets addicted and dependent on their use.
(6) Dependence is the tendency of body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal
syndrome if regular dose of drugs is abruptly discontinued which is characterized by anxiety,
shakiness, nausea, sweating which can be life threatening but gets relieved when use is resumed.
(7) Withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life threatening and the person may need medical
supervision.
(8) Dependency leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to get sufficient funds to satiate
his/her needs which results in many social adjustments problems.
EFFECTS OF DRUG/ALCOHOL ABUSE :-
(1) Immediate adverse effect – reckless behavior, vandalism and violence.
(2) Excessive dose may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure, cerebral
haemorrhage.
(3) A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results in overdosing and even
deaths.
(4) Most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth – drop in academic
performance, unexplained absence from school/college, lack of interest in personal hygiene,
withdrawal, isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behavior, deteriorating
relationships with family and friends, loss of interest in hobbies, change in sleeping and eating
habits, fluctuations in weight, appetite etc.
(5) Far reaching implications of drug/alcohol abuse – if an abuser is unable to get money to buy
drugs/alcohol he/she may turn to stealing.
(6) Adverse effects are not just restricted to person who is using drugs or alcohol – at times addicts
becomes the cause of mental and financial distress to his/her entire family and friends.
(7) Those who take drugs intravenously(direct injection into the vein using needle and syringe) are
more likely to acquire infection like AIDS, hepatitis which are transmitted by sharing of infected
needles and syringes, sexual contact or infected needle.
(8) AIDS and Hepatitis B are chronic infections and ultimately fatal.
(9) Alcohol use during adolescence has long term effects that could lead to heavy drinking in adulthood
– chronic use of drugs and alcohol damage nervous system and liver cirrhosis.
(10) Alcohol during pregnancy adversely affects foetus.
(11) Sportspersons misuse narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics and certain hormones to
increase muscle strength and bulk, promote aggressiveness and ultimately increase performance.
(12) Side effects of anabolic steroids in females – masculinisation, increased aggressiveness, mood
swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycle, excessive hair growth on face and body,
enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 18 ]

(13) Side effects of anabolic steroids in males – acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings,
depression, reduction in size of testicles, decreased sperm production, potential for kidney and
liver dysfunction, breast enlargement, premature baldness, enlargement of prosthetic glands.
These effects may be permanent with prolonged use.
(14) In adolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne and premature closure of the growth
centres of long bones may result in stunted growth.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ALCOHOL/DRUG ABUSE :
 ‘Prevention is better than cure’ holds true. Most of the habits are taken up at young age, more
during adolescence. So, it is best to identify situations that push adolescent towards abuse and
hence take appropriate remedy. Parents(parenting that combines with high levels of nurturance
and consistent discipline) and teachers play important role.
(1) Avoid undue peer pressure – a child should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her
threshold limits in studies or sports or other activities because every child has his/her own choice
and personality which should be respected and nurtured.
(2) Provide good education and counseling – in order to face problems and stresses and to accept
dissapointment and failures as a part of life which would be worthwhile to channelise the child’s
energy and healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga and other extracurricular activities.
(3) Get help from parents, teachers and peers – it should be done immediately so that they can
guide properly. It also help young to vent their feelings of anxiety and guilt.
(4) Seeking professional and medical help – by highly qualified psychologists, psychiatrists,
deaddiction and rehabilitation centres. With such help, affected individual with sufficient efforts
and will power can get rid of the problem completely and lead a perfectly normal and healthy life.
(5) Parents and teachers should look up for danger signs in children and initiate appropriate remedy
measures to help come out of this abuse.

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Epidemiology – study of cause and spread of disease.
2. Etiology – cause of disease.
3. Incubation period – time interval between entry of pathogen and appearance of symptoms.
4. Antibodies in decreasing order of concentration-IgG>IgA>IgM>IgD>IgE.
5. IgM – heaviest, in pentamer form, present in plasma.
6. IgE – plays role in allery and parasitic infection.
7. IgD – present on surface of RBC.
8. IgA – present in colostrum and all body secretions(secretory antibody).
9. IgG – lightest antibody, crosses placental barrier and provides natural passive immunity to foetus.
10. Human Leucocyte Antigen(HLA)/Major Histo Compatibility(MHC) – gene responsible for transplant
rejection.
11. Haplotype – array of HLA alleles on chromosome number 6.
12. Identical twins have same type of haplotype.
13. Preference order of transplants – identical twins>sibling>parent>unrelated donor.
14. Haemophilia also called as bleeder’e disease.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 19 ]

15. Haemophilia A – due to factor VIII deficiency.

16. Haemophilia B – due to factor IX(Christmas factor) deficiency.
17. Colour blindness – unable to distinguish between red and green colour –like deuteronopia(green
colour blindness).
18. Allergic disorder – asthma, urticaria, hay fever(due to pollen grains).
19. Anaphylactic shock – most severe form of allergy where in blood pressure falls very low due to
excessive vasodilation, treated by adrenaline injection.
20. Autoimmune disorders – multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis(antibodies
formed against acetylcholine receptors), hashimoto disease(antibodies formed against thyroid
gland), Grave’s disease(antibodies formed against TSH receptors of thyroid gland).
21. Carcinoma – malignant epithelial tumors like breast cancer, lung cancer.
22. Sarcoma – malignant connective tissue tumor like bone tumors.
23. Leukemia – malignant transformation of blood cells and their precursors present in bone marrow.
24. Chemotherapy for cancer – vincristine, vinblastin(obtained from Cantharanthus/Vinca).
25. Radiation therapy in cancer – X-rays, Co-60 therapy.
26. Hypochondria – undue concern about health.
27. Neurasthenia – inability to concentrate on or enjoy things.
28. Phobias – intense dread of things or creature.
29. Depression – mood disorder.
30. Schizophrenia – characterised by delusions, hallucination and psychosis.
31. Psychosis – extreme mental disorientation due to distorted sense of reality, person is insane and
insight is lost.
32. Neurosis – insight is present and person is not insane, milder than psychosis.
33. Beer – from barley, alcohol content is 3-6%.
34. Wine – from grape, sugarcane; alcohol content is 10-20%.
35. Vodka – from fermented potato.
36. Sake – from rice.
37. Alcoholism causes fatty liver disease and liver cirrhosis.
38. Toxic compound which accumulates in liver after over-consumption of alcohol is acetaldehyde.
39. Cerebellum is affected first after alcohol intake.
40. Tobacco is obtained from dried leaves of plant Nicotiana(Solanacea).
41. Nicotine is responsible for addiction, stimulates heart, nerve impulses causing acetylcholine release.
42. Nicotine is also an insecticide.
43. Tobacco smoke has CO and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which cause lung cancer and
bronchitis.
44. Smoking is responsible for CAD.
45. Anti tobacco day – 31st May.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 20 ]

46. Tranquilizers and sedatives – benzodiazepines like valium, barbiturate.

47. Codeine – used in cough syrups.
48. Brown sugar – diacetyl morphine hydrochloride.
49. Caffeine – in coffee, tea, cold drinks, stimulants/mood elevators.
50. Amphetamines – CNS stimulant, cause adrenaline release.
51. Reserpine, an alkaloid, obtained from roots of Rauwolfia serpentina (family apocynaceae) is
used to treat snake bite, mental disorder, hypertension.
52. Alcohol + aspirin = damage to gastric mucosa.
53. Alcohol + antihistamines = leads to drowsiness.
54. Alcohol + barbiturates = depressant effect.
55. Hallucinogens/psychodelic drugs –
I. Products of hemp plant(Cannabis sativa) like bhang, charas, ganja, hashish, marijuana.
II. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD) derived from fungus Claviceps purpurea (causes ergotism
in rye).
56. Causative organism for some diseases –
I. Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
II. Leprosy – Mycobacterium leprae.
III. Tetanus – Clostridium tetani.
IV. Whooping cough – Bordetella pertussis.
V. Cholera – Vibrio cholerae.
VI. Pneumonia – Streptococcus pneumoniae.
VII. Typhoid – Salmonella typhi.
VIII. Diphtheria – Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
IX. Meningitis – Neisseria meningitidis.
X. Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis.
XI. Botulism/food poisoning – Clostridium botulinum.
XII. Gonorrhoea – Neisseria gonorrhoea.
XIII. Syphilis – Treponema pallidum.
XIV. Trachoma – Chlamydia trachomatis.
XV. Chicken pox – Varicella zoster.
XVI. Poliomyelitis – polio(picorna) virus.
XVII. Influenza – Orthomyxovirus.
XVIII. Measles – Paramyxovirus.
XIX. Mumps – Paramyxovirus.
XX. Rabies – Rhabdovirus.
XXI. Dengue – Arbovirus.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 21 ]

XXII. Chikungunya – Togavirus.

XXIII. Herpes genitalis – Herpes simplex virus.
XXIV. Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B virus.
XXV. Giardiasis – Giardia lamblia.
XXVI. Sleeping sickness – Trypanosoma gambiense. - Transmitted by Tse-Tse fly
XXVII. Kala azar – Leishmania donovani.- Transmitted by Sand fly
XXVIII. Taeniasis – Taenia solium(pork tapeworm), Taenia saginatta(beef tapeworm).
XXIX. Trichomoniasis – Trichomonas vaginalis.
57. Chemical carcinogens –
I. Diethyl stilbesterol – vaginal cancer.
II. Cadmium oxide – prostate cancer.
III. Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus fungus – liver cancer .
IV. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-liver cancer.
V. Soot, coal tar, kangri used by Kashmiri people – skin cancer.
VI. 3,4-benzopyrene(cigarette smoke) – lung cancer.
VII. Ni, Cr, asbestos, mustard gas – lung cancer.

Note

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 Human Health and Disease [ 22 ]

Exercise - 1
[NCERT BASED QUESTIONS]
Simple Questions
01. Which one of the following statements is true?
(1) Intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe case of malaria.
(2) Nickname of Mary Mallon is Typhoid mary.
(3) Haemophilus influenzae is responsible for the disease common cold.
(4) Life cycle of malarial parasite is completed in female anopheles mosquito.
02. Which one of the following is responsible for ‘ringworm’?
(1) Microsporum (2) Trichophyton (3) Epidermophyton (4) All of these
03. Dengue and Chickungunya are transmitted through
(1) Wuchereria malayi (2) Aedes
(3) Culex (4) Plasmodium falciparum
04. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Secretion of interferons is cytokine barriers
(2) PMNL neutrophils and monocytes are cellular barriers
(3) Tears from eyes is physiological barriers
(4) None of these
05. The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens is called
(1) Auto immunity (2) Graft rejection (3) Allergy (4) All of these
06. Which one of the following statements is true?
(1) Effector cells are produced at secondary lymphoid organs
(2) Lymphocytes are produced at bone marrow
(3) T-lymphocytes are produced and mature at bone marrow and thymus respectively
(4) All of the above
07. Lymphoid organ acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood borne micro organisms is
(1) Lymph nodes (2) Tonsils (3) Spleen (4) Thymus?
08. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Spleen is a large reservoir of erythrocytes
(2) Lymph nodes trap antigens and microorganisms from lymph and tissue fluid
(3) Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitutes about 60 percent of the lymphoid
tissue
(4) Antibody IgE is produced in case of allergy
09. When HIV infects normal animal cell
(1) Viral RNA is introduced into cell
(2) Viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
(3) New viral RNA is produced by the infected cells
(4) All of the above
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10. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding HIV infection?
(1) Progeny viruses attack other helper T-lymphocytes
(2) Diagnostic test for AIDS is ‘ELISA’
(3) Treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drugs can prevent death, which is inevitable
(4) In our country NACO and NGOs are the AIDS control organisation
11. Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies, involves
(1) Cutting of suspected tissue into thin sections
(2) Thin section is stained and examined under microscope
(3) Antibodies of cancer-specific antigens are detected
(4) Both (1) and (2)
12. Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our C.N.S. and G.I.T.
True statement is
(1) Smack is chemically diacetylmorphine
(2) Heroin is obtained by acetylation of morphine
(3) Morphine is obtained from papaver somniferum
(4) All of the above
13. The lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour.
(1) In severe case of typhoid
(2) In severe case of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae
(3) In severe case of pneumonia
(4) Both (2) and (3)
14. Symptoms like internal bleeding muscular pain, fever, anaemia and blockage of intestinal passage
are due to the pathogen
(1) Entamoeba (2) Wuchereria malayi (3) Round worms (4) Ringworms
15. Which one of the following is not the chemical barriers?
(1) Tears in the eyes have lysozyme to kill bacteria entering the eyes
(2) Secretion of sebaceous glands that weaken or kill bacteria on skin
(3) Mucous lining of alimentary canal, mouth, respiratory tract, nasal passages and urinogenital
tract
(4) HCl in the gastric juice and bile secreted by hepatic cells
16. Which one of the following is characteristics of local defence system?
(1) They are effective against a wide range of infectious organisms
(2) They start functioning as soon as the germs come in contact
(3) They are not dependent on previous exposure to infection and start defending the body
instantaneously
(4) All of the above
17. Which one of the following is incorrectly matched?
(1) Naturally acquired - Immunity developed due to previous infection
(2) Naturally acquired - Antibodies passing through placenta
(3) Innate Immunity - Immunity acquired during life time of an individual
(4) Artificially acquired - Antibodies produced in other animals introduced in a person
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 Human Health and Disease [ 24 ]

18. Antibodies are also called immunoglobins.Which one of the following is not the way to function of
antibodies?
(1) By the lysis of foreign bodies or pathogens (2) By enhancing the process of phagocytosis
(3) By the agglutination of pathogens (4) None of these
19. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Antigenic polypeptides of pathogen is produced in yeast
(2) Antigenic polypeptides of pathogen is produced in bacteria
(3) Children in metro cities suffer from allergies because of the unprotected environment provided
early in life
(4) Children in metrocities suffer from allergies because of the protected environment provided
early in life
20. Immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes in
(1) Spleen and lymph nodes (2) Tonsils and Peyer’s patches
(3) Spleen and thymus (4) Bone marrow and thymus
21. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Spleen contains lymphocytes and phagocytes, trapping blood-born micro-organisms
(2) Lymph nodes contains lymphocytes, trapping microorganisms from lymph and tissue fluids
(3) Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitutes about 30 percent of the lymphoid
tissue
(4) Infected cell can survive while retroviruses are being replicated and released
22. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Metastasis is the most feared property of benign tumors
(2) Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are used for detection of certain cancers
(3) Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
(4) -interferon activates immune system and helps in destroying the tumor
23. Smack is obtained by
(1) Acetylation of cannabinoid (2) Acetylation of morphine
(3) Acylation of diethyl amide (4) Acylation of amphetamines
24. Natural cannabinoids are abtained from the
(1) Leaves of Cannabis sativa (2) Inflorescences of Cannabis sativa
(3) Resin of Cannabis sativa (4) All of the above
25. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
(1) Folk-medicine - Morphine
(2) Effective in depression and insomnia -amphetamines and benzodiazepines
(3) Barbiturates and LSD - Painkiller
(4) Diacetylmorphine - Stimulant
26. Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
(1) AIDS and hepatitis B - Drugs taken intravenously
(2) Damage of nervous system and liver-Chronic use of drugs and alcohol
(3) Side effect of anabolic steroids in females Breast enlargement
(4) Premature closure of the growth centre-Side effect of anabolic steroids in males and females

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27. -interferon
(1) Is a biological response modifiers (2) Activates body immune system
(3) Helps in destroying the tumor (4) All of the above
28. What is obtained from Erythroxylum?
(1) Barbiturates (2) Amphetamines (3) Cocaine (4) Hallucinogens
29. Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother’s milk to
the infant is categorised as
(1) Cellular immunity (2) Innate non-specific immunity
(3) Active immunity (4) Passive immunity
30. Which one of the following statements in not true?
(1) Sustained high fever (41° to 43°C) in typhoid fever
(2) Typhoid fever is confirmed by widal test
(3) In severe case of pneumonia the lips and finger nail may turn gray to bluish in colour
(4) Sporozoites is the infectious form of the plasmodium
31. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Antibody is represented as H2L2. Different types of antibodies are IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM
(2) Antibody is represented as H2L4. Different types of antibodies are IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM
(3) IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM consists of humoral immune response
(4) T-lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
32. Match the word in Column I with those in Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Active immunity (i) Colostrum
(b) Passive immunity (ii) Inactive Weakened pathogen
(c) Allergy (iii) Preformed antibodies
(d) Auto-immune disease (iv) IgE
(e) Recombinant DNA technology (v) Rheumatoid arthritis
(vi) Antigenic polypeptides of pathogen
(vii) Hepatitis B
(viii) Histamine
(1) a - iii, b - ii, c - v, d - vi, e - vii (2) a - ii, b - iii, c - iv, d - v, e - vi
(3) a - ii, b - i, c - viii, d - v, e - vii (4) Both (2) and (3)
33. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the mucosal associated lymphoid
tissue (MALT)?
(1) Located within the lining of respiratory and urogenital tract
(2) Located within the lining of digestive tract
(3) It constitutes about 50 percent of the lymphoid tissue in human body
(4) Located within the ear canal

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34. Match the word in Column I with those in Column II that is true.
Column I Column II
(a) HIV/AIDS (i) National AIDS Corporation
(b) ELISA (ii) Non-Governmental Organisation
(c) NACO (iii) Retrovirus
(d) NGO5 (iv) Enzyme Linked Sorbent Assay
(e) Infected Helper (v) National AIDS Control
T-lymphocytes Organisation
produce
(vi) Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay
(vii) Progeny viruses
(viii) -interferon
(1) a - vii, b - iv, c - i, d- ii, e - viii (2) a - iii, b - iv, c - i, d- ii, e - viii
(3) a - iii, b - vi, c - v, d- ii, e - vii (4) a - vii, b - vi, c - v, d- ii, e - vii
35. The most feared property of malignant tumors is
(1) Cellular oncogenes (2) Proto oncogenes
(3) Metastasis (4) -interferon
36. Which one of the following is skeletal structure of cannabinoid molecule?
OH
OH

(1) (2)
HO

OH
OH

(3) (4)
HO HO

37. Which one of the following statements is not true?

(1) Marijuana and Hashish effects on cardiovascular system
(2) Diacetylmorphine is a stimulant
(3) Cocaine interferes with the transport of dopamine
(4) Excessive dose of Cocaine causes hallucinations
38. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancer of urinary bladder
(2) Smoking is associated with coronary heart disease and gastric ulcer
(3) Smoking reduces the concentration of haembond oxygen
(4) Nicotine slows down the secretion of nor adrenaline

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 Human Health and Disease [ 27 ]

39. Which one of the following statements is not true?

(1) The side effects of the use of anabolic steroids in females is masculinisation
(2) The side effects of the use of anabolic steroids in male is breast enlargement
(3) The prolonged use of drugs may cause premature closure of the growth centres of the long
bones
(4) None of these
40. What is true about T-lymphocytes in mammals?
(1) There are three main types-cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells
(2) These originate in lymphoid tissue
(3) They scavenge damaged cells and cellular debris
(4) These are produced in thyroid
41. Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), constitute about how many percent of the
lymphoid tissue in human body?
(1) 25% (2) 30% (3) 35% (4) 50%
42. Cigarette smoking causes
(1) Wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi (2) Respiratory surface is decreased
(3) Proliferation of fibrous tissues (4) All of the above
43. Which one of the following worms causes a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs
in which they live for many years?
(1) Ascaris (2) Taenia (3) Wuchereria (4) Trichophyton
44. M.S. Swaminathan is known for the development of the concept of
(1) Crop cafeteria (2) Crop scheduling
(3) Genetically improving the yield and quality (4) All of the above
45. Who disproved the “good humor” hypothesis of health using experimental method and the
demonstration of normal body temperature in persons with blackbile using thermometer
(1) M.S. Swaminathan (2) Hippocrates
(3) William Harvey (4) James Watson
46. Which one is in right order?
(1) Mind  Endocrine System  Immune System  Neural System  Health
(2) Mind  Neural system and Endocrine System  Immune System  Health
(3) Mind  Immune System  Neural System  Endocrine System  Health
(4) None of the above
47. All the symptoms of typhoid are right except
(1) Lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish
(2) Sustained high fever
(3) Constipation
(4) Loss of appetite
48. Mary Mallon was related to
(1) Pneumonia (2) Common cold (3) Typhoid (4) Malaria
49. Which one of the following is / are responsible for a disease which infects the alveoli?
(1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (2) Haemophilus influenzae
(3) Salmonella typhi (4) Both 1 and 2

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50. Which one of the following is different from the others?

(1) Dysentry (2) Common cold (3) Plague (4) Diphtheria
51. The infection of the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs is the symptom of
(1) Pneumonia (2) Influenza (3) Common cold (4) Typhoid
52. The infectious form of plasmodium is
(1) Haemozoin (2) Sporozoites (3) Gametocytes (4) Both1and 2
53. A disease caused by which one has following symptoms
(a) Abdominal pain and cramps
(b) Constipation
(c) Stools with excess mucous and blood clots.
(1) Entamoeba histolytica (2) Ascaris
(3) Wuchereria (4) Trichophyton
54. Which one pair of diseases is air-borne?
(1) Pneumonia and Amoebiasis (2) Pneumonia and Common cold
(3) Common cold and Typhoid (4) Malaria and Typhoid
55. Everyday we are exposed to large number of infectious agents. However, only a few of these
exposures result in disease. Why ?
(1) Because discovery of antibiotics and various other drugs
(2) Large number of infectious disease have been controlled to a large extent
(3) The body is able to defend itself from most of these foreign agents
(4) All of the above
56. Virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells from further
viral infection is
(1) Physical barriers (2) Physiological barriers
(3) Cellular barriers (4) Cytokine barriers
57. Several genes have been identified in normal cells which when activated under certain conditions,
could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells are called
(1) Cellular oncogenes (2) Proto oncogenes
(3) Oncogenic viruses (4) Both 1 and 2
58. Smoking increases content of which one in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound
oxygen
(1) CO2 (2) HCO3 (3) CO (4) NO2
59. Which one of the following is used by sports person to enhance their performance?
(1) Narcotic analgesics (2) Anabolic steroids
(3) Diuretics (4) All of the above
60. Select right option about diacetylmorphine.
(a) It is white
(b) It is odourless
(c) It is a bitter crystalline compound
(1) All are correct (2) All are wrong
(3) All are correct except ‘a’ (4) All are correct except ‘b’

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61. Appearance of dry, scaly lesion on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp are the
main symptoms of the disease.
(1) Elephantiasis (2) Ascariasis (3) Ringworms (4) Amoebiasis
62. Mature infective sporozoites escape from intestine and migrate to the mosquitoes.
(1) Blood (2) Salivary glands (3) Intestine (4) None of the above
63. Which one of the following statements is not right?
(1) Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from bacteria
(2) Vaccine produced using recombinant, DNA technology allow large scale production and
hence greater availability for immunisation
(3) The antibodies produced in the body against antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents
during actual infection
(4) None of the above
64. People who are not at right risk of getting AIDS infection
(1) Who have multiple sexual partners
(2) During addicts who take drugs intravenously
(3) Individuals who require repeated blood transfusions
(4) None of these
65. Which one of the following is biological response modifiers?
(1) -inteferon (2) Smacks (3) Erythroxylum coca (4) Atropa belladona
66. Nicotine stimulates the related glands to release which one of the following hormones
(1) Adrenaline (2) Nor-adrenaline (3) Epinephrine (4) Both (1) & (2)
67. The drugs, which are commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids and coca alkaloids. Majority of
these are obtained from
(1) Flowering plants (2) Non flowering plants
(3) Algae (4) Mosses
68. Which one of the following statements about plasmodium is different from the others?
(1) Parasites reproduce asexually in cells
(2) Parasites reach the liver through blood
(3) Sexual stages develop in cells
(4) Fertilisation and development take place in mosquito’s stomach
69. Select the right option reading the following statements.
(a) These are the drugs ,which bind to specific receptors present in our central nervous system
(b) This is obtained by acetylation of morphine
(c) Generally taken by snorting and injection
(1) Cannabinoids (2) Coccaine (3) Opioids (4) Amphetamines
70. Which one of the following is a synthetic stimulant?
(1) LSD (2) Cocaine (3) Amphetamine (4) Datura
71. Those who take drugs intravenously are much more likely to acquire serious infections like
(1) AIDS (2) Hepatitis - B (3) Cirrhosis (4) Both 1 and 2
72. Which one of the following organisms is native to South America?
(1) Atropa belladona (2) Papaver somniferum
(3) Cannabis sativa (4) Erythroxylum coca

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 Human Health and Disease [ 30 ]

73. In the oldest age a scientist used non-poisonous live leech for preventing clotting of blood in the
post - operative cases. Who is also called the ‘father of surgery ’ ?
(1) Atreya (2) Charaka (3) Manu (4) Susruta
74. Treating disability, injury and diseases by external physical means, such as electricity, heat light,
massage, exercise etc is called
(1) Pharmacology (2) Pharmacy (3) Physiotherapy (4) Pathology

75. Which one of the following statements is not true?

(1) ‘Good humor’ hypothesis of health was disproved by William Harvey
(2) Genetic disorder is the deficiency with which a child is born
(3) Genetic disorder is the deficiency /defect which the child inherits from parents from birth
(4) Meaning of health is absence of disease or ‘physical fitness’
76. Which one of the following is not the physical barriers of innate immunity?
(1) Mucus coating of the epithelium lining of respiratory tract
(2) Mucus coating of gastrointestinal tract
(3) Skin on our body
(4) Saliva in the mouth
77. Primary and anamnestic immune responses are carried out with the help of
(1) B-lymphocytes (2) T-lymphocytes
(3) Both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (4) Polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes
78. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) In active immunity antibodies are produced in the host
(2) Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response
(3) ‘Colostrum’ which abundant in antibodies (IgA) gives active immunity
(4) Injection of microbes during immunisation induce active immunity
79. Which one of the following statements is true?
(1) Hepatitis B vaccine (produced antigenic polypeptides of pathogen) in bacteria.
(2) Hepatitis B vaccine (produced antigenic polypeptides of pathogen) in yeast
(3) Active immunisation is performed in case of snakebites.
(4) Both (1) and (2)
80. Which one of the following statements is true?
(1) HIV is a member of a group of virus called rhinovirus
(2) Rhinovirus have an envelope enclosing the RNA genome
(3) HIV DNA incorporates into host genome
(4) HIV RNA incorporates into host genome
81. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Cancer cells lost the property of contact inhibition
(2) Benign tumor do not spread to other parts of the body
(3) Benign tumors are a mass of neoplastic cells
(4) Malignant tumors involve and damage the normal surrounding tissues

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 Human Health and Disease [ 31 ]

82. Which one of the following is carcinogens?

(1) Viral oncogenes (2) Cellular oncogenes
(3) Radiations like UV (4) All of these
83. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Tumor cells are not detected and destructed by the immune system
(2) -interferon is biological response modifiers
(3) -interferon is secreted in body during viral infection
(4) -interferon activates immune system and helps in destroying the tumor
84. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Heroin is a stimulant and stimulates body functions
(2) Cannabinoids effects on cardiovascular system of the body
(3) Heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions
(4) Cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain
85. Cocaine is obtained from erythroxylum coca. It
(1) Interferes with the transport of acetylcholine
(2) Interferes with the transport of dopamine
(3) Has a potent stimulating action on C.N.S.
(4) Both (2) and (3)
86. Vector-borne disease such as malaria, filariasis, dengue and chikungunya can be controlled by
(1) The use of vaccines and immunisation progammes
(2) Elimination of the vectors and their breeding places
(3) Elimination of Aedes, Gambusia and Plasmodium
(4) Use of biotechnology and GMOs
87. Consider the following statements about second line of defence. (i) Neutrophils squeeze out of the
walls of capillaries by diapedesis (ii) Basophils squeeze out of the wall of capillaries and engulf the
pathogens (iii) Macrophages move to the site of infection and engulf the pathogens (iv) Interferons
are produced by the dying cells due to viral infection which protect the other cells from viral infection.
Of these statements
(1) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct (2) (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct
(3) (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct (4) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
88. Which one of the following have been identified in normal cells?
(1) Carcinogenes
(2) Cellular oncogenes
(3) Cellular oncogenes and proto oncogenes
(4) Proto oncogenes
89. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(1) Cannabinoids effects on cardiovascular system of the body
(2) Cocaine interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine
(3) Cannabinoids interfers with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine
(4) Cocaine producing a sence of euphoria and increased energy

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 Human Health and Disease [ 32 ]

90. Which one of the following statements is correct about cocaine and nicotine?
(1) Both stimulate adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
(2) Cocaine and nicotine raise blood pressure and increase heart rate
(3) Cocaine has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system
(4) Nicotine has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system
91. Due to decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes the person starts suffering from infections
such as those due to parasites like
(1) Plasmodium (2) Toxoplasma (3) Entamoeba (4) Ascaris
92. Which one of the following drugs is used as medicine to help patients cope with mental illnesses
(1) Barbiturates and amphetamines (2) Benzodiazepines
(3) Lysergic acid diethyl amides (LSD) (4) All of the above
93. A tumour consists of
(1) A colony of cells derived from a single cell
(2) A colony of cells derived from many different cells
(3) An enlarged gland
(4) A single cell enlarged to its enormous growth.
94. Match the words in Column I with those in Column II
Column I Column II
(A) Pneumonia (i) Rhino Viruses
(B) Common Cold (ii) Retro Viruses
(C) Amoebiasis (iii) Haemophilus influenzae
(D) Ring worm (iv) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(E) Typhoid (v) Enamoeba histolytica
(vi) E. coli
(vii) Trichophyton
(viii) Wuchereria malayi
(ix) Salmonella typhi
(x) Ascariasis
(1) A - iv, B - ii, C - v, D - x, E - ix (2) A - iii, B - i, C - v, D - vii, E - ix
(3) A - iv, B - i, C - vi, D - vii, E - ix (4) A - iv, B - ii, C - v, D - viii, E - ix
95. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding stages in the life cycle of plasmodium?
(1) The parasite reproduces asexually in liver cells, bursting the cell and releasing into the blood
(2) The parasite reproduce asexually in red blood cells, bursting the red blood cells and Causing
cycles of fever
(3) Fertilisation and development take place in the mosquito’s salivary glands
(4) Female mosquito takes up gametocytes with blood meal

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96. Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth. Innate immunity
consist of four types of barriers. The true match is
(i) Physical barriers (a) Acid in the stomach
(ii) Physiological (b) PMNL-neutrophils barriers
(iii) Cellular barriers (c) Mucus coating of gastrointestinal and
urogenital tracts
(iv) Cytokine barriers (d) Interferons
(e) -interferons
(f) Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
(g) Saliva in the mouth
(1) i - c, ii - a, iii - b, iv - e (2) i - f, ii - g, iii - d, iv - b
(3) i - c, ii - a, iii - b, iv - d (4) i - f, ii - g, iii - d, iv - e
97. The correct order of retrovirus infection to normal cell among the following statement is
(i) Viral DNA is introduced into host cell.
(ii) Viral RNA is introduced into host cell.
(iii) Viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
(iv) Viral RNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
(v) Viral DNA incorporates into host genome
(vi) Viral RNA incorporates into host genome
(vii) New viral RNA is produced by the infected cell
(viii) New viral DNA is Produced by the infected cell
(1) (i), (iv), (vi), (viii) (2) (ii), (iii), (v), (vii) (3) (ii), (iii), (v), (viii) (4) (i), (iv), (vi), (vii)
98. Select the true statement from the following
(i) Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are used as medicine in case of depression and insomnia
(ii) Amphetamines and LSD are effective painkiller
(iii) Morphine is abused by some sportspersons.
(iv) Atropa belladona and Datura has hallucinogenic properties
(v) Smoking increases carbon monoxide content in blood
(vi) Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland
(1) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) (2) (i), (iv), (v) and (vi)
(3) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi) (4) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
99. Match the words in Column I with those in Column II.
Column I Column II
(i) Addiction is a psychological (a) Drop in academic performance
attachment to certain effects is
such as
(ii) Withdrawal syndrome is (b) Depression and fatigue
characterised by
(iii) Common warning signs of drug (c) Aggressive and loss of interest in hobbies
and alcohol abuse
(d) Anxiety and shakiness
(e) Nausea and sweating
(f) Euphoria
(g) A temporary feelingof well-being
(1) (i) - c, g (ii) - b, d (iii) - e, b, a (2) (i) - f, g (ii) - d, e (iii) - a, b, c
(3) (i) - f, c (ii) - b, e (iii) - a, e, f (4) (i) - c, e (ii) - b, a (iii) - b, f, g
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100. Which one of the following is not correct regarding antibodies?

(1) IgA and IgM are dimeric and pentameric respectively
(2) IgG and IgD contain  and  heavy chains respectively
(3) IgG and IgD contain µ and  light chains respectively
(4) None of these
101. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
(1) B-cells directly engulf the pathogenic bacteria
(2) B-cells produce antibodies soon after they are produced
(3) B-cells produce a large clone of plasma soon after it is formed
(4) B-cells produce the plasma cells in the body only after they are triggered by a specific antigen
102. Surgical removal of thymus of a newborn shall result in failure to produce
(1) Monocytes (2) B-lymphocytes
(3) T-lymphocytes (4) Basophils
103. The HIV virus severely decreases the number of which type of cells.
(1) Cytotoxic T-cells (2) Helper T-cells
(3) Suppressor T-cells (4) Killer T-cells
104. Which one of the following statements is false ?
(1) Body cells have surface antigens called HLA antigens
(2) The more closely matched HLA antigens are, the less is the chance for tissue rejection
(3) Rejection can be some what reduced by immuno-suppressant drugs
(4) HLA antigens are identical in different members of a species
105. Vaccination protects a person from disease because it
(1) Helps in better digestion (2) Increase RBC count
(3) Corrects body heating system (4) Prodouces antibodies
106. Clinical fever in malaria is due to.
(1) Erythrocytic gametogony (2) Erythrocytic schizogony
(3) Pre-erythrocytic schizogony (4) Exoerythrocytic schizogony
107. What is the meaning of syndrome in “Aquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome”?
(1) Disease (2) Causes of the disease
(3) Group of health symptoms (4) Weakness of immune system
108. Monoclonal antibodies are important medical tools today due to one of their following properties
(1) Amazing specificity of matching antigens (2) High sensitivity for detection
(3) Diverse specificity for several antigens (4) All of the above
109. Infection by pathogen can be detected by
(1) The presence of antigens
(2) Detecting the antibodies synthesised against the pathogen
(3) Both (1) & (2)
(4) None of the above
110. Which one of the following diseases also known as ‘galghotu’?
(1) Plague (2) Whooping cough
(3) Leprosy (4) Diphtheria

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111. Micro-organisms commonly causing diarrhoeal diseases are

(1) E.coli, Shigella species, Campylobacter and Bacillus pertusis
(2) Clostridium tetani, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella, Shigella and E.coli
(3) E.coli, Giardia, Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella
(4) Neisseria, Trepanema, Escherichia, Giardia, Shigella, Campylobacter and Salmonella.
112. Chemotherapy is
(1) Buying chemicals in a shop (2) Use of chemicals for killing a pest
(3) Treatment of a disease using chemicals (4) Study of chemistry of cells.
113. You are moving to Africa and you have heard that the green fever virus disease is common there.
Before you leave, you visit your doctor for advice. Which one of the following is your
doctor most likely to recomend? You should
(1) Take a large supply of antibiotics with you
(2) Wash your food in an antiseptic before you eat it.
(3) Get vaccinated against the disease
(4) Not worry as viruses only cause disease in plants
114. Quartan malaria of man is caused by
(1) Plasmodium vivax (2) Plasmodium falciparum
(3) Plasmodium ovale (4) Plasmodium malariae
115. Which one of the following diseases is characterised by nasal c ongestion and
discharge, sore throat, headache, tiredness?
(1) Typhoid (2) Common cold (3) Pneumonia (4) Malaria
116. Which one of the following is very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs?
(1) Radiography (2) Computed Tomography
(3) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (4) All of the above
117. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C) ,weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of
appetite are some of the common symptoms of the disease.
(1) Typhoid (2) Pneumonia (3) Common cold (4) Malaria
118. Antibody mediated response is also called humoral immune response, because
(1) These antibody save the heart, eye, kidney etc. from pathogens
(2) These antibodies are found in the blood
(3) Leucocytes, like polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes involves in it.
(4) None of the above
119. Which one of the following is not the reason of the transmission of AIDS?
(1) Sexual contact with infected person
(2) Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
(3) Physical contact
(4) From infected mother to her child through placenta
120. Contact inhibition by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. This
is shown by the
(1) Benign tumors (2) Malignant tumors (3) Oncogenic viruses (4) Normal cells.

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 Human Health and Disease [ 36 ]

Answer Exercise - 1
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (4)
7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (4) 12. (4)
13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (3) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (4)
19. (3) 20. (4) 21. (3) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (4)
25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (3) 29. (4) 30. (1)
31. (2) 32. (4) 33. (4) 34. (3) 35. (3) 36. (3)
37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (4) 40. (1) 41. (4) 42. (2)
43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (3) 46. (2) 47. (1) 48. (3)
49. (4) 50. (2) 51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (1) 54. (2)
55. (3) 56. (4) 57. (4) 58. (3) 59. (4) 60. (1)
61. (3) 62. (2) 63. (1) 64. (4) 65. (1) 66. (4)
67. (1) 68. (4) 69. (3) 70. (3) 71. (4) 72. (4)
73. (4) 74. (3) 75. (4) 76. (4) 77. (3) 78. (3)
79. (2) 80. (3) 81. (3) 82. (3) 83. (3) 84. (1)
85. (4) 86. (2) 87. (4) 88. (3) 89. (3) 90. (3)
91. (2) 92. (4) 93. (1) 94. (2) 95. (3) 96. (3)
97. (2) 98. (2) 99. (2) 100. (3) 101. (4) 102. (3)
103. (2) 104. (4) 105. (4) 106. (2) 107. (3) 108. (1)
109. (3) 110. (4) 111. (3) 112. (3) 113. (3) 114. (4)
115. (2) 116. (4) 117. (1) 118. (2) 119. (3) 120. (4)

Note

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 Human Health and Disease [ 37 ]

2. Competitive Corner
NEET/AIPMT

01. Match the disease in column I with the appropriate items (pathogen/prevention/treatment) in
column II
Column I Column II
(A) Amoebiasis (i) Treponema pallidum
(B) Diphtheria (ii) Use only sterilized food and water
(C) Cholera (iii) DPT Vaccine
(D) Syphilis (iv) Use oral rehydration therapy
(1) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (2) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(3) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(iii) (4) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii)
02. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(1) benign tumours show the property of metastasis
(2) heroin accelerates body functions
(3) malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
(4) patients who have undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain.
03. Which of the following is a pair of viral diseases?
(1) common cold, AIDS (2) dysentery, common cold
(3) typhoid, tuberculosis (4) ringworm, AIDS
04. Ringworm in humans is caused by
(1) bacteria (2) fungi (3) nematodes (4) viruses
05. Widal test is used for the diagnosis of
(1) malaria (2) pneumonia (3) tuberculosis (4) typhoid
06. Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?
(1) the HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
(2) drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection
(3) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition
(4) the causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers
07. Infectious proteins are present in
(1) gemini viruses (2) prions
(3) viroids (4) satellite viruses
08. Select the correct statement from the ones given below.
(1) barbiturates when give to criminals make them tell the truth
(2) morphine is often given to persons who have undergone surgery as a pain killer
(3) chewing tobacco lowers blood pressure and heart rate
(4) cocaine is given to patients after surgery as it stimulates recovery
09. Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancers?
(1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (2) radiography (X-ray)
(3) computed tomography (CT) (4) histopathological studies

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10. A person suffering from a disease caused by Plasmodium, experiences recurring chill and fever at
the time when
(1) the sporozoites released from RBCs are being rapidly killed and broken down inside spleen
(2) the trophozoites reach maximum growth and give out certain toxins
(3) the parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to
enter fresh RBCs
(4) the microgametocytes and megagametocytes are being destroyed by the WBCs
11. Where will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?
(1) saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
(2) red blood corpuscles of human suffering from malaria
(3) spleen of infected humans
(4) salivary glands of freshy moulted female Anopheles mosquito
12. Which one of the following options gives the correct matching of a disease with its causative
organism and mode of infection?
Disease Causative Mode of
organism infection
(1) typhoid salmonella typhi with in- spired air
(2) pneumonia streptococcus droplet infection
pneumoniae
(3) elephantiasis Wuchereria bancrofti with infected water and food
(4) malaria Plasmodium vivax bite of male Anopheles mosquito
13. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is
(1) caused by a virus (2) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
(3) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium (4) not an infectious disease
14. Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in
(1) gut of female Anopheles (2) salivary glands of Anopheles
(3) human RBCs (4) human liver.
15. Widal test is carried out to test
(1) malaria (2) diabetes mellitus (3) HIV/AIDS (4) typhoid fever
16. Common cold differs from pneumonia in that
(1) pneumonia is a communicable disease whereas the common cold is a nutritional deficiency
disease
(2) pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common
cold has no effective vaccine
(3) pneumonia is caused by a virus while the common cold is caused by the bacterium
Haemophilus influenzae
(4) pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory
passage but not the lungs
17. Which one of the following is not a property of cancerous cells whereas the remaining three are?
(1) They compete with normal cells for vital nutrients.
(2) They do not remain confined in the area of formation.
(3) They divide in an uncontrolled manner.
(4) They show contact inhibition
18. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic intake of
(1) opium (2) alcohol (3) tobacco (chewing) (4) cocain
19. Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by
(1) Tse-tse fly (2) mosquito bite
(3) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris (4) eating imperfectly cooked pork
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20. Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering branch is
shown here ? (AIPMT 2014)

(1) Hallucinogen (2) Depressant (3) Stimulant (4) Pain - killer

21. At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show sympjtoms of AIDS ?
(AIPMT 2014)
(1) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person
(2) When the infected retro virus enters host cells
(3) When HIV damages large number of helper T - Lymbhocytes
(4) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
22. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look
for confirmatory evidence ? (AIPMT 2015)
(1) Haemocytes (2) Serum globulins
(3) Fibrinogen in plasma (4) Serum albumins
23. Which of the following immunoglobulins does constitute the largest percentage in human milk ?
(AIPMT 2015)
(1) IgA (2) IgG (3) IgD (4) IgM
24. Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan ? (AIPMT 2015)
(1) Babesiosis (2) Blastomycosis (3) Syphilis (4) Influenza
25. Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to (AIPMT 2015)
(1) passive immune response (2) innate immune response
(3) humoral immune response (4) cell-mediated immune response
26. Match each disease with its correct type of vaccine. (AIPMT 2015, Cancelled)
Column I Column II
A. Tuberculosis (i) Harmless virus
B. Whooping cough (ii) Inactivated toxin
C. Diphtheria (iii) Killed bacteria
D. Polio (iv) Harmless bacteria
(1) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (i) (2) A - (i), B - (ii), C - (iv), D - (iii)
(3) A - (ii), B - (i), C - (iii), D - (iv) (4) A - (iii), B - (ii), C - (iv), D - (i)
27. The active form of Entamoeba histolytica feeds upon (AIPMT 2015, Cancelled)
(1) food in intestine
(2) blood only
(3) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon
(4) mucosa and submucosa of colon only

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28. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying (AIPMT 2015, Cancelled)
(1) helper T-lymphocytes (2) thrombocytes
(3) B-lymphocytes (4) leucocytes
29. Antivenom injection contains preformed antibodies while polio drops that are administered into the
body contain (NEET 2016)
(1) gamma globulin (2) attenuated pathogens
(3) activated pathogens (4) harvested antibodies
30. Which of the following statements is not true for cancer cells in relation to mutations ?
(NEET 2016)
(1) Mutations inactivate the cell control
(2) Mutations inhibit production of telomerase
(3) Mutations in proto-oncogenes accelerate the cell cycle
(4) Mutations destroy telomerase inhibitor
31. In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is
lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self-cells, then it leads to (NEET 2016)
(1) autoimmune disease (2) active immunity
(3) allergic response (4) graft rejection
32. Which of the following sets of diseases is caused by bacteria ? (NEET 2016)
(1) Cholera and tetanus (2) Typhoid and smallpox
(3) Tetanus and mumps (4) Herpes and influenza
33. Which of the following is correct regarding AIDS causative agent HIV ? (NEET 2016)
(1) HIV is enveloped virus containing molecule of reverse transcriptase
(2) HIV is enveloped virus that contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA
(3) HIV is unenveloped raetrovirus
(4) HIV does not escape but attacks the acquired immune response
34. MALT constitutes about _________ percent of the lymphoid tissue in human body. (NEET 2017)
(1) 10% (2) 50% (3) 20% (4) 70%
35. Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which
type of immune-response is responsible for such rejections ? (NEET 2017)
(1) Physiological immune response (2) Autoimmune response
(3) Cell-mediated immune response (4) Hormonal immune response
36. Which part of poppy plant is used to obtain the drug “smack”? (NEET 2018)
(1) Flowers (2) Latex (3) Roots (4) Leaves
37. Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? (NEET 2018)
(1) Psoriasis (2) Rheumatoid arthritis
(3) Alzheimer’s disease (4) Vitiligo

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 Human Health and Disease [ 41 ]

38. In which disease does mosquito transmitted pathogen cause chronic inflammation of lymphatic
vessels? (NEET 2018)
(1) Elephantiasis (2) Ascariasis (3) Ringworm disease (4) Amoebiasis
39. Match the following diseases with the causative organism and select the correct option.
Column - I Column - II (NEET 2020)
(a) Typhoid (i) Wuchereria
(b) Pneumonia (ii) Plasmodium
(c) Filariasis (iii) Salmonella
(d) Malaria (iv) Haemophilus
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(2) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(3) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(4) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
40. The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is : (NEET 2020)
(1) Sporozoites (2) Female gametocytes
(3) Male gametocytes (4) Trophozoites
41. Identify the wrong statement with reference to immunity. (NEET 2020)
(1) When ready-made antibodies are directly given, it is called “Passive immunity”.
(2) Active immunity is quick and gives full response.
(3) Foetus recives some antibodies from mother, is is an example for passive immunity.
(4) When exposed to antigen (living or dead) antibodies are produced in the host’s body. It is
called “Active immunity”/

Note

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 Human Health and Disease [ 42 ]

AIIMS
01. Schuffner's dots are seen in red blood corpuscles of man due to which of the following disease?
(1) malaria (2) kala-azar (3) diabetes (4) filaria
02. The disorders such as alkaptonuria and phenylketonuria are referred to as
(1) infectious disease (2) acquired disease
(3) congenital disease (4) all of these
03. The disease, in which thick cough stops the passage of throat and form a layer of mucous
membrane, is called
(1) tuberculosis (2) tetanus (3) diphtheria (4) pertussis
04. Exaggerated dread is a death disease which is known as
(1) haematophobia (2) algophobia (3) pathophobia (4) myophobia
05. The type of immunoglobulin present in the colostrum secreted from mammary gland is
(1) IgD (2) IgC (3) IgM (4) IgA
06. Antiserum contains
(1) leucocytes (2) antigens (3) antibodies (4) all of these
07. Which type of cancer is found in lymph nodes and spleen?
(1) carcinoma (2) sarcoma (3) leukaemia (4) lymphoma
08. Passive immunity is defined as immunity
(1) inherited from the parents
(2) achieved through vaccination
(3) acquired through first exposure to the disease
(4) achieved through the sera of other animals enriched in antibodies.
09. Sporogony of malarial parasite occurs in
(1) stomach wall of mosquito (2) salivary glands of mosquito
(3) RNCs of man (4) liver of man
10. The familiar disease Amoebiasis is caused by
(1) Taenia solium (2) Wuchereria bancrofti
(3) Entamoeba histolytica (4) Ascaris lumbricoides
11. Inflammatory response, in allergy, is caused by the release of
(1) histamines (2) antigen (3) antibodies (4) prothrombin
12. Which of the following organism is found in lymph nodes?
(1) Plasmodium (2) Wuchereria (3) Taenia (4) Diplococcus
13. Malignant tertian malaria is caused by
(1) Plasmodium vivax (2) P. ovale
(3) P. Falciparum (4) P. malariae
14. A man has a wound. Normally a bleeding wound develops a clot and flow of blood stops. If this
does not happen to the man, then the probably suffers from
(1) AIDS (2) tetanus (3) hemophilia (4) malaria

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 Human Health and Disease [ 43 ]

15. Viral disease have no cure because

(1) viruses have no cell wall
(2) viruses can multiply repeatedly within the host cell
(3) presence of capsid
(4) virus possesses no cytoplasm
16. Which of the following is a non-pathogenic bacteria of colon?
(1) Escherichia coli (2) Balantidium coli
(3) Entamoeba coli (4) Enterobius vermicularis
17. Cocaine is a stimulant, which may cause addition. It is an alkaloid obtained from
(1) Eucalyptus (2) Erythroxylum (3) Rauwolfia (4) Papaver
18. Cyclosporine is used as
(1) allergic eczema (2) immunodepressant
(3) prophylactic for viruses (4) prophylactic for marasmus
19. Adults of Wuchereria bancrofti attacks
(1) excretory system (2) nervous system
(3) blood circulation (4) lymph vessels
20. The sites of the first, second and third moulting of the Ascaris larva are
(1) soil, lung and intestine (2) liver, stomach and intestine
(3) soil, alveoli and lung (4) soil, intestine and lungs
21. Which of the following displays immune tolerance?
(1) B-cells (2)  - cells
(3) T-cells (4) both (1) and (3)
22. Lysis of foreign cell is mediated through
(1) IgM only (2) IgM and IgG
(3) IgA only (4) IgD and IgG
23. Just as Xenopsylla is to Yersenia pestis, so is
(1) Glossina palpalis to Wuchereria bancrofti (2) Culex to Plasmodium falciparum
(3) Homo sapiens to Taenia solum (4) Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani.
24. Electron beam therapy is a kind of radiation therapy to treat
(1) enlarged prostrate gland (2) gall bladder stones by breaking them
(3) certain types of cancer (4) kidney stones
25. Which one of the following is a matching pair of a drug and its category?
(1) amphetamines - stimulant (2) lysergic acid dimethyl amide - narcotic
(3) heroin - psychotropic (4) benzodiazepam - pain killer
26. Women who consumed the drug thalidomide for relief from vomiting during early months of
pregnancy gave birth to children with
(1) no spleen (2) hare-lip
(3) extra fingers and toes (4) underdeveloped limbs

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 Human Health and Disease [ 44 ]

27. The treatment of snake-bite by antivenine is an example of

(1) artificially acquired active immunity (2) artificially acquired passive immunity
(3) naturally acquired passive immunity (4) specific natural immunity
28. A young drug addict used to show symptoms of depressed brain activity, feeling of calmness,
relaxation and drowsiness. Possibly he was taking
(1) amphetamine (2) marijuana (3) pethidine (4) valium
29. An insect bite may result in inflammation of that spot. This is triggered by the alarm chemicals
such as
(1) histamine and dopamine (2) histamine and kinins
(3) interferons and opsonin (4) interferons and histones
30. Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between
(1) two light chains
(2) two heavy chains
(3) one heavy and one light chain
(4) either between two light chains or between one heavy and one light chain depending upon
the nature of antigen.
31. When children play bare footed in pools of dirty water and flood water, they may suffer from
disease like
(1) leptospirosis and bilharzia
(2) malaria, amoebic dysentery and leptospirosis
(3) bilharzia, infective hepatitis and diarrhoea
(4) guinea worm infection, elephantiasis and amoebic dysentery.
32. The binding of antibodies to the antigens to produce large insoluble complex is known as
(1) antibody-antigen complex (2) agglutination
(3) immunization (4) suppressor cell reaction
33. Which of the following sets includes the bacterial disease?
(1) cholera, typhoid, mumps (2) tetanus, tuberculosis, measles
(3) malaria, mumps, poliomyelitis (4) diphtheria, leprosy, plague
34. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug
specified?
(1) morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions.
(2) barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria.
(3) hashish causes alteration of thoughts, perceptions and hallucinations
(4) opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations.
35. Which one of the following depresses brain activity and produces feelings of calmness, relaxation
and drowsiness?
(1) morphine (2) valium (3) amphetamines (4) hashish
36. Intermediate host is absent in the infection of
(1) Plasmodium (2) Trypanosoma (3) Entamoeba (4) filarial worm
37. A person who shows unpredictable moods, outbursts of emotions, quarrelsome behaviour and
conflicts with others is suffering from
(1) borderline personality disorder (BPD) (2) mood disorder
(3) addictive disorder (4) schizophrenia

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 Human Health and Disease [ 45 ]

38. Cytokines that provide non specific immunity against virus are
(1) interleukin (2) tumour necrosis
(3) colony stimulating (4) interferon
39. CD-4 receptor is associated with
(1) AIDS (2) cancer (3) malaria (4) pneumonia
40. What does 'T' stand for in DPT vaccine?
(1) tuberculosis (2) typhoid (3) trachoma (4) tetanus
41. Which one is correct?
(1) Salmonella typhi and Haemophilus influenzae cause pneumonia
(2) Widal test is done for malaria
(3) Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis
(4) Wuchereria causes enterobiasis
42. Which of the following diseases is also called Christmas disease?
(1) sickle-cell anaemia (2) haemoglobinuria
(3) myocardial infraction (4) haemophilia - B
43. Which of the following is correct regarding HIV, hepatitis B, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis?
(1) trichomoniasis is a STD whereas other are not
(2) gonorrhoea is a viral disease whereas others are bacterial
(3) HIV is a pathogen whereas others are diseases
(4) Hepatitis B is eradicated completely whereas others are not.
44. Which of the following statements is correct?
1. Common cold – Droplet Infection.
2. Typhoid – Contaminated food & water.
3. AIDS - Shaking hands.
4. Ringworm – using infected towels.
(1) 1 and 2 (2) 3 and 4 (3) 1 and 3 (4) 1, 2 and 4
45. Sexual stage (gametocytes) of Plasmodium occurs in
(1) Salivary glands of mosquito (2) Human RBC
(3) Intestine of mosquito (4) Human liver
46. Choose the correctly matched pair from the following. (AIIMS-2014)
(1) Gonorrhoea, hepatitis B - sexually transmitted diseases
(2) AIDS, gonorrhoea - viral infection
(3) Diphtheria, ringworm - fungal infection
(4) Diphtheria, tuberculosis - protozoan infection
47. Which of the following is not a character of cancerous cells in our body? (AIIMS-2014)
(1) Contact inhibition (2) Neoplasia
(3) Metastasis (4) Inability for differentiation

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 Human Health and Disease [ 46 ]

48. Which one of the following immune system components does not correctly match with its respective
role? (AIIMS-2014)
(1) Interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells and protect non-infected cells from further viral
infection.
(2) B-lymphocytes- produces antibodies in response to pathogens into blood to fight with them
(3) Macrophages-mucus secreting cells that trap microbes entering in the body
(4) IgA-present in colostrum in early days of lactation and protect infant from diseases
49. Which of the following pathogens is not transmitted by a vector? (AIIMS-2015)
(1) Salmonella typhi (2) Alpha virus
(3) Plasmodium (4) Wuchereria bancrofti
50. Which one of the following is not derived from plants? (AIIMS-2015)
(1) Opioids (2) DDT (3) Cocaine (4) Cannabinoids
51. When plants/animals are infected with virus it may produce an antiviral substance that it capable
of inhibiting the multiplication of that virus identify the correct name of substance of the following:
(AIIMS-2017)
(1) Virion (2) Antivirion (3) Antigen (4) Interferon
52. Small pox has been eradicated from world - (AIIMS-2018)
(1) Due to active vaccination against small pox on large scale
(2) Due to auto immunity developed by us
(3) Due to discovery of vaccine long ago
(4) injectable salk vaccine for small pox was easily available
53. Characteristics of cancer is (AIIMS-2018)
(1) All tumors are cancers
(2) Cancers show metastasis
(3) Cancerous cells show property of contact inhibition
(4) All viruses are oncogenic
54. Fibroid (leiomyoma) uterus is a - (AIIMS-2018)
(1) Benign tumor of uterus (2) Cancer of hypothalamus
(3) Tumor of cervix epithelium (4) Cancer of vaginal epithelium
55. Match the following and select the correct option -
A. LSD i. CNS depressant
B. Morphine ii. Hallucinogen
C. Cocaine iii. Effects cardiovascular system
D. Nicotine iv. Interferes with dopamine
Options : (AIIMS-2018)
(1) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii (2) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
(3) A-i, B-iv, C-ii, D-iii (4) A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii

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 Human Health and Disease [ 47 ]

56. Infective stages of malarial parasite is found in - (AIIMS-2018)

(1) Salivary glands of mosquito (2) Intestine of mosquito
(3) Haemolymph of mosquito (4) Stomach wall of mosquito
57. Vinblastin is obtained from - (AIIMS 2018)
(1) Catharanthus roseus (2) Curcuma amada
(3) Atropa belladona (4) Syzygium cumini
58. How is Ascariasis transmitted ? (AIIMS 2018)
(1) By air (2) By mosquitoes
(3) By contaminated food and water (4) By infected needles



Answer Exercise - 2
NEET/AIPMT
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (4)
7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (2)
13. (1) 14. (1) 15. (4) 16. (4) 17. (4) 18. (2)
19. (3) 20. (1) 21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (1)
25. (4) 26. (1) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (2) 30. (2)
31. (1) 32. (1) 33. (2, 4) 34. (2) 35. (3) 36. (2)
37. (3) 38. (1) 39. (1) 40. (1) 41. (2)
AIIMS
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (3)
7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11. (1) 12. (2)
13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (2)
19. (4) 20. (3) 21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (3)
25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (2) 30. (3)
31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (3) 35. (2) 36. (3)
37. (1) 38. (4) 39. (1) 40. (4) 41. (3) 42. (4)
43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (3)
49. (1) 50. (2) 51. (4) 52. (1) 53. (2) 54. (1)
55. (1) 56. (1) 57. (1) 58. (3)

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