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Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes

The document covers key concepts in electric charges and fields, including Coulomb's Law, the principle of superposition, and electric fields due to point charges and dipoles. It also explains Gauss's Law and its applications for different charge distributions. The importance of daily revision and practice for mastering these concepts is emphasized.

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11 views1 page

Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes

The document covers key concepts in electric charges and fields, including Coulomb's Law, the principle of superposition, and electric fields due to point charges and dipoles. It also explains Gauss's Law and its applications for different charge distributions. The importance of daily revision and practice for mastering these concepts is emphasized.

Uploaded by

yonafernandes446
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 12 Physics - Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

1. Coulomb's Law:
The electrostatic force between two point charges q■ and q■ separated by a distance r is:
F = k * (q■q■ / r²), where k = 1 / (4π■■)
Direction: Along the line joining the two charges.
2. Principle of Superposition:
The net force on a charge due to a system of charges is the vector sum of individual
forces.
3. Electric Field:
Electric field at a point is the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that
point.
E=F/q
4. Electric Field due to a Point Charge:
E = k * (q / r²), directed radially outward (for +q) or inward (for -q).
5. Electric Field on Axial Line of a Dipole:
Consider a dipole of charges +q and -q separated by distance 2a. Dipole moment p = q ×
2a.
On the axial line at distance r from center:
E = (1 / 4π■■) * (2p / (r² - a²)²)
For r >> a: E ≈ (1 / 4π■■) * (2p / r³)
6. Electric Field on Equatorial Line of a Dipole:
E = (1 / 4π■■) * (p / (r² + a²)^(3/2)), perpendicular to dipole axis.
For r >> a: E ≈ (1 / 4π■■) * (p / r³)
7. Gauss's Law:
The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to (1/■■) times the total charge
enclosed.
■ E ⋅ dA = q_enc / ■■
8. Applications of Gauss's Law:
1) Field due to infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire: E = λ / (2πε■r)
2) Field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet: E = σ / (2■■)
3) Field due to uniformly charged spherical shell:
• Outside shell (r > R): E = (1 / 4π■■) * (Q / r²)
• Inside shell (r < R): E = 0

Tip: Revise formulas daily and practice derivations with neat diagrams for full marks.

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