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Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics covers the fundamentals of electric charges and fields, focusing on electrostatics, properties of electric charge, and the distinction between conductors and insulators. It introduces key concepts such as Coulomb's Law, electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with their applications. The chapter emphasizes the principles governing electric charges, including conservation, quantization, and the behavior of electric fields around charges.

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56 views3 pages

Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics covers the fundamentals of electric charges and fields, focusing on electrostatics, properties of electric charge, and the distinction between conductors and insulators. It introduces key concepts such as Coulomb's Law, electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with their applications. The chapter emphasizes the principles governing electric charges, including conservation, quantization, and the behavior of electric fields around charges.

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suhanitanwar7
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Class 12 Physics - Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

1. Introduction:

- Deals with the study of electric charges at rest.

- Known as Electrostatics.

2. Basic Properties of Electric Charge:

- There are two types: Positive and Negative.

- Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

- Charge is conserved.

- Charge is quantized: q = n x e, where e = 1.6 x 10^-19 C.

- Charge is additive and obeys scalar addition.

3. Conductors and Insulators:

- Conductors: Allow free movement of electrons (e.g., metals).

- Insulators: Do not allow free movement of electrons (e.g., plastic).

4. Charging Methods:

- Charging by friction.

- Charging by conduction.

- Charging by induction.

5. Coulomb's Law:

- Electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges

and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

- F = k * |q1 * q2| / r^2, where k = 9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2.


6. Principle of Superposition:

- Net force on a charge is the vector sum of all individual forces exerted on it by other charges.

7. Electric Field (E):

- Region around a charge where its influence can be felt.

- E = F / q (N/C)

- Direction of E is the direction of force on a positive test charge.

8. Electric Field Lines:

- Imaginary lines to represent electric fields.

- Start from positive and end at negative charges.

- Never intersect.

- Closer lines indicate stronger fields.

9. Electric Dipole:

- Two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.

- Dipole moment (p) = q x 2a (vector from -q to +q)

10. Electric Field Due to a Dipole:

- On axial line: E = (1/4e) x (2p / r^3)

- On equatorial line: E = (1/4e) x (p / r^3)

11. Electric Flux:

- Number of electric field lines passing through a surface.

- Phi = E * A = EA costheta (Unit: Nm^2/C)


12. Gauss's Law:

- Total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to 1/e times the total charge enclosed by the

surface.

- Phi = q_enclosed / e

Applications of Gauss's Law:

- Electric field due to:

- Infinite line of charge: E = / (2er)

- Infinite plane sheet: E = / (2e)

- Spherical shell: Outside - behaves like point charge; Inside - E = 0

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