1.

BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES

CONTENT

1. Definition of Drives
2. Types of Drives
3. Belt Drives
4. Chain Drives
5. Differences between Chain Drive and the Gear Drive
6. Similarities between Belt, Chain and Gear Drives
7. Advantages/Merits of Belt Drives
8. Disadvantages/Demerits of Belt Drives
9. Advantages/Merits of Chain Drives
10. Disadvantages/Demerits of Chain Drives

Definition of Drives

Drives are devices used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to
another.

The drive mechanism is used in transmitting power from one location to

another.

Types of Drives

There are three types of drives:

1. Belt and pulley drive

2. Chain drives
3. Gear drives

Belt Drives

Belt drives are devices used to transfer power/motion from one shaft to
another shaft parallel to it and at some distance away. Belt drives are
often used in place of chain drive when slip is not so important to be taken
into consideration. Hence, belt cannot provide positive drive because slip
occurs from time to time.

Types of Belt Drive

There are two types of belt drive based on the shape of the belt:
 1. Straight (flat) belt
2. V-shaped belt

Belt can be lapped over the groove pulley in two styles. This includes:

1. Straight belt lap: Here the two pulleys join by the belt rotate in the
same direction.
2. Cross belt lap: Here the two pulleys join by the belt rotate in
opposite.

Belt Tensioning

Sometimes, a belt in use is slack and may be slipping over the pulley. Such
belts that are not taut do not transmit motion/power effectively thereby
wasting energy. This could be prevented by tensioning the belt drive.

To tension a belt, another pulley (wheel called the idler) mounted on a

separate shaft is used.

Application of Belt Drives

1. They are used to couple a diesel engine to an alternator to generate

electricity
2. They are used in cassava grinding machines
3. They are used for the radiator of cars.
4. They are used for tape recorders/ video cassette players
5. They are used in the engines of automobiles (Volkswagen Beetle –
tortoise car)
6. They are used in block making machines.
Chain Drives

They are used for transferring power/motion from one shaft to another just
as in the case for belt drive. Chain is always used in conjunction with a
sprocket for transmitting power. A sprocket is a toothed wheel or a wheel
with many contours round its circumference. The number of teeth on the
sprockets determines the speed of rotation of the driven sprocket.

One advantage of the chain and sprocket drive over the belt drive is that it
has a firmer grip on the area of lap than the belt drive. Chain drives do not
allow slip unlike belt drive. Also, power is transmitted positively in chain
drive and not by friction as in the case of belt drives.

In chain drive, the driver and the driven sprocket rotate in the same direction
just as in the case of straight belt lap. Both the chain drive and the belt
drives are used to transmit power and motion between two shafts at some
distance apart.

Applications of Chain Drives

1. The motorcycle chain drive

2. The bicycle chain and sprocket drive.
3. Mechanical saw for slicing wood.
Differences between Chain Drive and the Gear Drive

S/n Chain drive Gear drive

Power is transmitted between very

Power is transmitted between two
1. close shafts such that the teeth on
shafts at some distance apart
the wheels mesh together.

Power is transmitted positively i.e

Friction occurs between the meshed
2. power transmission do not engages
teeth of the gears.
friction

Chain drives are used to transmit Gear drives could be used to transmit
3. motion only between two parallel motion between parallel as well as
shafts. inclined shafts.

The driven and the driver sprocket The driven and the driver wheel rotate
4.
rotate in the same direction in opposite direction.

Similarities between Belt, Chain and Gear Drives

1. All the three drives are used for transmission of energy from one place
to another.
2. All find their application in one mechanical device or the other
depending on the circumstances.

Practical
The teacher should allow the students opportunity to inspect the following:

1. Bicycle chain and sprocket drive.

2. Interior of a radio cassette player with the belt in action or the belt of
the car radiator in action.
3. Ball bearing for reducing friction.

The students are to make note and discuss among themselves their various
observations.

Advantages/Merits of Belt Drives

(i) Used to transmit power at other/inclined angles.

(ii) They are easy to fix/design at any time.

(iii) Used where slip is important.

(iv) Friction is reduced.

(v) No lubrication is required.

(vi) Used to transmit motion through a long distance.

(vii) Not much heat is generated.

(viii) It is not expensive.

(ix) Easy to serve and repair.

Disadvantages/Demerits of Belt Drives

(i) In large machines with large belt, slipping of belt can cause injury when in
motion.

(ii) Belt wastesuseful energy due to friction.

(iii) Excess heat produced due to friction in the belt can cause the belt to
break.

(iv) It cannot transfer a heavy load.

(v) It cannot do heavy work.

(vi) Due to excess heat produced by friction, belt has to be changed after a
period of time.

(vii) Do not last long.

Advantages/Merits of Chain Drives

(i) Friction between the chain and the sprocket gear is minimal or little.

(ii) Chain does not break easily unlike belt drive since it is made of metal.

(iii) Chain drive is more reliable than belt drive since it doesn’t allow slip.

(iv) Chain drives are narrower than belts making it easier to shift them from
one gear to another in order to vary the gear ratio.

(v) Chain drives are stronger than belts drive.

Disadvantages/Demerits of Chain Drives

(i) It requires lubrication to reduce friction.

(ii) It is not suitable for transmission of power at inclined angle.

(iii) it is unsuitable for transmission of energy over a long distance.

(iv) It has greater mass which increases the inertia/ driving force of the drive
train.

(v) It is prone to vibration because of the constant changes in radius of

action during revolution.

(vi) It requires longer time to shut down.

EVALUATION

1. (a) State three merits of belt drive over chain drive. (b) State three
disadvantage of belt drive over chain drive.

2. List three advantages of chain drives over belt drives.

3. Itemize four demerits of chain drives.

4. Give two examples in each case of the following: (i) Belt drive mechanism
(ii) Chain drive mechanism.

2. GEAR DRIVE

CONTENT

1. Definition of Gear Drive

 2. Seizure
3. Types of Gears
4. Uses of Gear
5. Power Transmission
6. Changing Direction
7. Selecting Speed
8. Functions of Lubricants in Gears
9. Importance of Applying Lubricants to Gears

Definition of Gear Drive

This is a device used to transmit motion between parallel or inclined shafts

that are close to each other (such that the tooth on the wheel mounted on
the shafts mesh together). When two gears are in mesh, they are
called GEAR TRAIN. Friction always occurs between the meshed teeth of the
gear train. Constant lubrication is therefore necessary to prevent wearing.
The teeth on each gears in mesh must be uniformly spaced around the gear
(that is symmetrical) for them to mesh properly and to prevent damage of
the tooth. Improperly meshed gears can also lead to seizure of the gear
train.

Seizure is the total movement stoppage of the gear train.

Unlike the belt and the chain drive, the driver and the driven gear move in
different directions. To make the driver and the driven gear move in the
same direction, another gear (called the IDLER) is inserted between the two
(driver and the driven gear).

Types of Gears

(i) Spur gear: This has teeth parallel to the shaft of the gear.

(ii) Helical gear: This has teeth inclined to the shaft of the gear.

(iii) Worm gears: These are gears formed when a spur gear mesh with a
screw.

(iv) Rack and pinion: These are gears that run on a flat toothed rack.

(v) Planetary gears: These consist of a number of spur gear meshed with
one another and another gear with internal gear.

(vi) Bevel gears: These are gears used when power is to be transmitted
between inclined shafts
EVALUATION

1. What is gear drive?

2. Explain briefly the meaning of gear train.
3. Describe briefly the functions of three types of gears.

Uses of Gear Drive

1. To transmit motion between two inclined or parallel shafts.

2. To change direction of motion.
3. For speed selection
4. Gears are used for transmitting power/drive between shafts at angles.

Gear Ratio

This can be defined as the ratio of the number of teeth on the driver gear to
that on the driven gear.

G=T1T2
T1 is number of teeth on driver gear

T2 is number of teeth on driven gear

Speed Ratio

This can be defined as the ratio of the speed of the driven gear to the speed
of the driver gear.
S=S2S1
S1 speed of the driver gear

S2 is speed of the driven gear

The gear ratio and the speed ratio of a gear train are equal. The speed of
rotation of the driven gear depends on the number of teeth on the driven
and the driver gear. Where a large increase in speed is desired (like in the
case of motor car), a compound gear train is used.

Compound Gear

The speed of the driven gear S2 is given as

S2=S1×T1T2
Where each symbols has it usual meaning.

Changing the Direction of Drive

Chain drives cannot be used for changing the direction of rotation of drives.
Belt drive cannot be used to change direction of rotation of drive except
when belt is crossed. Gears can be used for changing the direction of motion.
The beveled gear is often used for changing direction of motion between
two perpendicular/inclined shafts.
Gear Ratio and Gear Speed

Calculations on Gear and Speed Ratio

Question 1:

The number of teeth on the driver and the driven gear is 12 and 16
respectively. If the speed of the driver gear is 100rev/min, calculate (i) the
gear ratio (ii) speed of the driven gear.

Solution:

Number of teeth on the driver gear T1 = 12

Number of teeth on the driven gear T2 = 16

(i) Gear ratio G = ?

G=T1T2G=1216=34
Gear ratio G=34

(ii) Speed of the driver gear S1 = 100rpm

Speed of the driven gear S2 = ?

S2=S1×T1T2S2=100×1216=75rpm
Speed of the driven gear S2=75rpm

Question 2:

A gear train is such that the number of teeth on the driver gear is 20 while
that on the driven is 8. If the speed of the driver gear is 150rev/min.
calculate the speed of the driven gear.

Solution:

Number of teeth of the driver gear T1 = 20

Number of teeth on the driven gear T2 = 8

Speed of the driver gear S1 = 150rpm

Speed of the driven gear S2 = ?

S2=S1×T1T2S2=150×208=375rpm
Speed of the driven gear S2=375rpm

Question 3:

In a compound gear train, the effective gear ratio is 165. If the speed of the
driver gear is 100rev/min, calculate the speed of the driven gear.

Solution:

Speed of the driver gear S1 = 100rpm

Gear ratio G=T1T2=165

Speed of driven gear S2 = ?

S2=S1×T1T2S2=100×165=320rpm
Speed of the driven gear S2= 320rpm

Question 4:

A gear train has a gear ratio of 52 and a driven gear rotating at a speed of
180revolution per minute. What would have been the speed of the driver
gear?

Solution:

Speed of the driven gear

S2 = 180rpm

Gear ratio G=52

Speed of the driver gear S1 = ?

S2=S1×T1T2180=S1×52180=S1×52180×2=S1×5S1=180×25=72rp
m
Speed f the driver gear S1=72rpm

PRACTICAL

The teacher should guide the students on how to use a hard cardboard to
construct gear with uniform tooth with the aid of the construction tools.
Using hard cardboard gear of different radii and their centres with nail at
different portion on a wood, the students should demonstrate the operation
of compound gear.

Functions of Lubricants in Gears

The main purpose of lubrication is to reduce friction and wear. Where friction
is not wanted, it is desirable to reduce its effect to a maximum. This is done
by separating solid surface out of effective contact with each other. In order
to achieve this, a lubricant is introduced between the two surfaces.

Oil or grease which offers little resistance to motion is usually employed in a

thin layer. This film of oil or grease separates the two surfaces. The film of oil
reduces effective contact of the surface and reduces resistance to motion.

Importance of Applying Lubricants to Gears

(i) lubricant prevents the gear surfaces from corrosion.

(ii) Lubricant prevents wear and tear of moving parts.

(iii) It reduces frictional effect.

(iv) Lubricant serves as a cooling agent to reduce the heat generated.

(v) It serves as cushion for the machine by filling the space between metal
parts.

EVALUATION

1. What is lubrication?
2. Mention two lubricants for gears.
3. State three importance of lubricants to gears.

3. AIR FLOW, PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC DEVICES

CONTENT

1. Air flow
2. Aerodynamics
3. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Machines
4. Description and Components of Some Examples of Hydraulic and
Pneumatic Devices
5. Principle behind the Working of Pneumatic Devices
 6. Uses of Hydraulic Devices
7. Uses of Pneumatic Devices
8. Advantages of Pneumatic Devices
9. Advantages of Hydraulic Devices

Definition of Air Flow

This refers to air molecules in motion. Flow is an exclusive property of

all fluids (liquids and gases). However unlike liquids, air does not necessarily
need a channel or container for it to flow. Breeze/wind is formed when
molecules of air are set in motion. Molecules of air can be set in motion by
any of the following processes:

(i) Blowing air

(ii) Using the bellows (often used by blacksmiths)

(iii) Using pumps

(iv) Using fan

When liquids flow through channels, agents such as gravity or a mechanical

device is necessary to sustain the flow. Liquid (water) flow could either
be laminar (streamlined) or turbulent.

In laminar flow, all the portions of the water move gently in a path parallel
to the confining channel.

Turbulent flow is a force flow; water particles do not move in a straight

line. An example of this is the water flow in drainage during a heavy

downpour.

Moving air molecules possess energy. This energy can be applied in the
following processes;
(i) Action of the wind mill

(ii) Movement of flag attached to flagpole

(iii) Destructive action of the hurricane

When air moves over the surface of an object at high speed, the pressure on
the surface is greatly reduced (i.e the faster air molecules move over a
surface the lesser the pressure acting on the surface). This principle is called
the Bernoulli’s principle. This principle is used for explaining the lift force
experienced by helicopters and aeroplanes when they are in air. To
demonstrate this principle, you may try blowing air between two papers;
you’ll observe that the papers move toward each other instead of going
apart. This is because increase in the speed of air between the papers result
in decrease in the pressure between the papers.
Aerodynamics

A science that studies the force on object moving through air is

called Aerodynamics.

Aeroplanes’ wings are designed to have a streamline shape which allows the
air above it to move faster than the air under it. The pressure under the
aeroplane is therefore greater than that above the aeroplane thereby
resulting in net pressure acting under the aeroplane as well as a lift force on
the plane. The streamline shape of the aircraft also minimises the frictional
drag force opposing the motion of the plane.

The drag force acts on the aeroplane in a direction perpendicular to the lift
force. Summarily, four forces act on a body moving through air:

1. The weight (W) of the body which act downward

2. The lift force (L) which act upward
3. The drag force (D) which opposes the motion of the bodies
4. The thrust(T) of body itself moving it forward
Other applications of the Bernoulli’s principle include;

(i) Balloon
(ii) Kite

EVALUATION

1. state the Bernoulli’s principle.

2. List the types of water flow.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Machines

Hydraulic and pneumatic machines uses similar principle to operate; this

principle is in the ability of water and air to expand immensely when
subjected to pressure.

Hydraulic machines uses water to operate, while pneumatic machine uses air
flow to operate. There are some among them that operate with use of both
water and air.
Examples of Hydraulic Machines

Examples of hydraulic machines are:

(i) hydraulic ram

(ii) Garden sprinkler

(iii) Water wheel

(iv) hydraulic jack/action

(v) Turbines

(vi) Hydraulic lift

(viii) Force pumps

Pneumatic Devices

These are devices that use compressed air to do useful work. Some of these
devices also use liquids to transmit energy. Examples of pneumatic devices
are listed below:

Examples of Pneumatic Devices

Examples of pneumatic devices are:

(i) Bicycle Pump

(ii) Car foot pumps

(iii) Pneumatic drills (Jack hammer)

(iv) Air compressor

(v) Air hammer

(vi) Compression pump

(vii) Paint sprayer

(viii) Vacuum pumps

(ix) Simple force pump

(x) Centrifuge pump

Description and Components of Some Examples of Hydraulic and
Pneumatic Devices

(1) Water wheel

This is a simple mechanical device which converts water power into rotary
motion. It is sometimes also called gravity wheel. Falling water is used to
turn the axle of the water wheel.

(2) Turbines

This is a rotary machine which converts the energy of moving water, steam
or hot gas into mechanical energy.
(3) Air Compressor

Air Compressor, also air pump is a machine that decreases the volume and
increases the pressure of a quantity of air by mechanical means. Air thus
compressed possesses great potential energy, because when the external
pressure is removed, the air expands rapidly. The controlled expansive force
of compressed air is used in many ways and provides the motive force for air
motors and tools, including pneumatic hammer, air drills, sandblasting

machines, and paint sprayers.

(4) paint sprayer

(5) Hydraulic lift

This applies the Pascal’s principle of transmissibility of pressure to generate

a huge force by applying a small effort.

A small force can be used to lift a heavy car using the hydraulic lift. Many
other hydraulic systems (e.g hydraulic press, hydraulic water pump,
hydraulic jack…) also apply this principle.

(6) Garden sprinkler

This applies the Newton’s third law of motion which states that for every
action there is an equal but opposing reaction. When water is ejected from
the nozzle of the sprinkler, the forward thrust of the water result in a
backward push on the nozzle thereby making the sprinkler turn about it axis
watering several portion of the garden and not just on a single spot.
EVALUATION

1. What are Hydraulic and pneumatic devices.

2. Mention five types of pneumatic device.
3. Mention five components of the paint sprayer.
4. List three components of the hydraulic lift.
5. Explain the principles behind the working of pneumatic devices.
6. Describe the working principles of hydraulic machine.

3. METALWORK PROJECTS

PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS OBJECTS USING SIMPLE METALWORK

MACHINES AND TOOLS

Sheet metal work and forging are two aspects of metal work leading to the
production of various articles. The work is to be carried out in various stages.
The first stage is shape development.

Shape development involves drawing out a pattern from which the article is
produced. To mark out the required lengths, widths, angles and curves on
metals certain tools are needed e.g. steel rule, caliper protractor centre
punch etc.

The outline of the article is transferred by measurement on the flat metal

sheet using the marking out tool; e.g. scriber, try square odd leg caliper etc.

TOOLS AND CUTTING

Different kinds of cutting tools can be used to cut out different shapes. These
include:

(i) Chisel

(ii) Set snips

(iii) Bench shear

(iv) Hacksaw

Each tool is selected on the basis of two factors: the thickness of the metal to
be cut and the shape to be cut.

FILES AND FILING

Filing operation on metal is the process of removing excess metal on a

metal. There are different types of files used in metal work. When using files,
it is necessary to know how to safely handle them.

1. Never use a file without handle

2. Never use a file on a welded joint
3. Never use a file on steel, but slightly on the bench vice before filing
4. Always clean the files.

TYPES OF FILES

1. Flat file
2. Hand file
3. Warding file
4. Square file
5. Triangular file
6. Round file etc.
 Files

Types of Files

EVALUATION

1. List five types of file.

2. What is filling?
 3. List three safety precaution to be observed when using file.

DRILL AND DRILLING

Hole in metal are usually made in different ways either by drilling, punching
and boring. The most common method is the use of drill/drilling bit and
drilling machine. Drills are usually fitted through chucks key to the chucks of
the machines. Drilling machines to which these drill are attached could be
either of:

1. Manual Hand-drilling Machine

2. Portable Electrical Hand-drilling Machine

3. Sensitive Drilling Machine

 Drills

Drill used in metal work includes:

1. Counter sink
2. Flat
3. Straight fluted
4. Twist
5. Combination

BENDING AND FOLDING

Bending operation in metal work applies to flat sheet of metal and thick
sizes. Bending is the making the sheet of metal or thick sizes metal to have
curves and angles required to make certain metal products. Folding and
wiring apply mainly to flat sheets. It is the act of preparing and making
edges of products to have round smooth finish, thus protecting the product
from tear and likewise the user of the product. Some of the tools used in
bending and folding include:

1. Bench vice
2. Hatchet stakes
3. Round bars
4. Anvil
5. Raising mallet
6. Grover
7. Boxwood bossing
8. Folding bars
9. Funnel stake creasing iron
10. Round bottom stake
11. Bick iron etc.
Metal Work Projects

1. Decorative Metal Work Project (Scrollwork): There are different kind of

projects you can create from metal scrollwork. To create scrolls you need to
build a simple jig on your welding or woodworking table, and then make the
bends by hand. Scrollwork projects include common projects like gates or
fences.

2. Barbecue Grill
3. Wheelbarrow: The easiest way to make a wheelbarrow is to build one
without any bends in the sheet metal like the one in the image below. It was
built with few tools.

List of Tools

1. Dead centre
2. Snips
3. Facing tool
4. Drills
5. Hacksaw
6. Boring tool
7. Finishing tool
8. Chamfering tool
9. Electric welding machines, etc.

Assignment: Group work

Construct:

1. Candle stand
2. Cabinet
3. Tool rack
4. Spanner
5. Key-holder, etc.

4. SOLDERING AND BRAZING

DEFINITION OF SOLDERING

Soldering is a method of joining metals by melting and flowing as a soft or

hard solder (both being referred to as filler material/metal). Soldering can
also be defined as the process of joining two or more metals together by the
use of heat. There are two types of soldering, namely:

1. HARD SOLDERING: It is a form of soldering which requires a high

temperature. Hard soldering may involve brazing and silver soldering. It is
used for hard/tough materials and where great strength is needed. This
method is used in joining pipes in refrigeration, jewellery making and for
joining metals such as copper, silver and gold.

2. SOFT SOLDERING: It is a form of soldering which requires a low

temperature. It uses soft solder, an alloy of lead, tin, antimony and bismuth.
It is used for light material that does not need excess heat and also where
great strength is not necessary. This may include plumbing work, electrical
wiring and electronic.

FLUX – Flux is needed in both hard and soft soldering. The reasons for this
include:

(a) To keep metal clean when heating

(b) To break down surface tension of the solder and allow easy flow of flux.

Tools required for soldering

(i) The solder (hard and soft)

(ii) The soldering iron or bit. These are of two types:

(a) Straight bit

(b) Hatchet bit

(iii) Source of heat/gas heater

(iv) The flux material

BRAZING

It is a process of joining two or more metals together using a solder called

spelter. An alloy of copper, zinc strip and wire where strengthened and high
level of heat is required. The following are required for the brazing process:

(a) Heat source (oxy-acetylene)

(b) Filler metal

(c) Flux (mainly Borax)

Types of Brazing

There are three types of brazing, namely:

(i) Copper brazing

(ii) Silver brazing

(iii) Aluminum brazing

EVALUATION

1. Draw a bit and label it

 2. Mention three methods of joining metal
3. List three types of brazing
4. What is brazing?
5. State the purpose of flux in soldering
6. List and explain the two types of soldering

5. MACHINE MOTIONS

The Meaning of Motion

Motion can be defined as the change in position of objects. This is a common

phenomenon in nature. The moon moves, we humans move from one place
to another. It is also a common practice for various components of a
mechanical system to move relatively to one another. Examples include: the
needle of a sewing machine at work, the tyre of a moving car, etc.

Types of Motion

Mechanical systems are commonly engaged in different types of motion of

which the first two will be discussed:

1. Linear motion
2. Rotary motion
3. Oscillatory motion
4. Reciprocating motion
5. Intermittent motion
6. Irregular motion

Linear Motion

Linear motion can be defined as a change in position in a straight

line, like the motion of the needle of the sewing machine or motion of a
crane being hauled up using a pulley. There are different types/parts of a
mechanical system that exhibit this type of motion. They include;

1. Lever: It helps us to do work easily. Examples are the crowbar, the door
knob, etc. It often has a pivot (or a point of support) about which the lever
turns. This point is called fulcrum. An example is a crowbar.

2. Linkages: Linkages are an assembly of metallic bars in which each bar is

connected to at least two other bars in an elbow/sliding joint. They are often
used for converting linear motion to rotary motion and vice versa or for
converting a linear motion to another linear motion but in the opposite
direction. Application of linkage include, bicycle brake, crank, motor bike and
slide.
 Linkages

6. ROTARY MOTION

Definition of Rotary Motion

Rotary motion can be defined as change in position around a fixed

axis, like the motion of the blade of a ceiling fan or the tyre of a moving car.
There are two types of rotary motion, namely:

(i) One way rotary motion: This allows continuous rotation and can only
be brought to rest by the application of a brake. When rotary motion is
constrained to only one direction (i.e. either clockwise or anti clockwise
only), it is described as a ‘one-way’ rotary motion.

It may be intermittent as in the seconds’ arm of a mechanical clock or

continuous as it is with the rotary motion of a crankshaft or armature of a
generator. Electric fans, grinding machines, milling and many other industrial
machines, operates on one-way rotary motion.

A change in the direction of a one-way rotary motion of the moving part

usually leads to a big problem or even disaster. For example, changing the
direction of motion of a radiator fan leads to over-heating of the engine;
reversing the rotation of the circular saw blade will not only produce a cut
but will also damage the blade.

Some of the motions that can be controlled may include the ratchet wheel.
 Ratchet Wheel

(ii) Reversible rotary motion: Rotary motion whose direction can be

changed from clockwise to anticlockwise is said to be reversible. Mechanical
parts with such type of motion includes: gear boxes and shafts of a moving
car, trains or crane, drums of cranes, radio cassette player, DVD and CD.

(iii) Oscillations: This is a periodic and constant change in the direction of

rotary motion. The object moves back and forth in clockwise and anti-
clockwise directions. Mechanical watches and clocks use this motion of the
balance wheel to turn periodically the gear that controls the minute and hour
hands.

EVALUATION

1. State one difference between the one-way rotary motion and the non-
return rotary motion.
2. Mention three mechanical systems in linear motion.
3. List some applications of the linkage system.

Control of Rotary Motion

This involves the use of devices for initiating and arresting the flow of
motion. These devices include;

1. Brakes
2. Clutch
3. Ratchet

Brakes
These are devices used to slow down or bring to a complete stop a
moving body. Brakes are used for removing kinetic energy form moving
bodies. There are different types of brakes:

(i) Disc brake; used for light vehicles

(ii) Drum brakes; used for heavy vehicles

(iii) External block brakes; used for cranes and winches

(iv) Internal shoe brake; used for motorcycles and other small automobiles

Clutches

These are devices used for connecting and disconnecting two moving parts.
Types of clutches include;

1. Friction clutch
2. Dog clutch
Conversion of Rotary to Linear Motion

The following devices are used in the conversion of rotary motion to linear
motion and vice versa;

1. Rack and pinion

2. Crank and slider (Connecting rod and piston (motorcycles)
3. Screw and nuts
Ratchet

This is a device that transmits motion intermittently or allows motion only in

one direction.

EVALUATION

1. Make a list of three mechanism that applies the following:

(i) Rack and pinion

(ii) Crank and connecting rod (piston)

7. SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Meaning of Electrical Circuit

An electric circuit is a system that consists of the load, source of

electricity, the key or switch and the connecting wires.

Types of Electrical Circuit

There are two types of electrical circuits (i) Series circuit (ii) Parallel circuit.
(i) Series Circuit: In this arrangement, the load (resistors) is connected end to
end. The same current flows through all appliances. If one stops functioning,
the others stop.

Series Circuit

(ii) Parallel Circuit: In this arrangement, the load(resistors) are connected

side by side in parallel order. The same voltage is used. A fault which may
occur in one electrical path will not affect the others.

Parallel circuit

Evaluation

1. What is Electrical circuit?

2. Differentiate between series circuit and parallel circuit.

Wiring Tools and Materials

Electrical wiring is an arrangement whereby electrical loads are connected

to the mains supply. A good wiring protects the user from electric shock and
prevents fire outbreak.

Wiring tools are tools used for wiring and installation of circuits in homes,
offices and other building structures and equipment.
 Wiring Tool Uses

Pliers Used for cutting cables and twisting together wire ends

Used for tightening screws to wooden blocks and fixing

Screw driver
electrical accessories in position

They are used to fasten electrical cables to the wall or

Clips
ceiling.

Hammer It is used to drive nails through clips into the wall.

It is used to straighten out hunches in wires during

Mallet
surface wiring.

Drilling It is an electrically power machine used for making holes

machine in walls or wooden blocks.

Screws and They are used to hold the cable and electrical accessories
nails in position.

Tester It is used to check where live current flows in the circuit.

It is the insulated wire that provides electrical connection

Cable
between the electrical load and the supply point.

Wiring Tools and Materials

Electrical accessories are devices other than lighting fittings associated

with the wiring and current utilizing appliances of an installation. Accessories
are rated for the maximum voltage or current they are designed to withstand
without undue over-heating or failure. These include switches, lamp holders,
ceiling roses, joint boxes, fuse boxes, socket plugs, connectors, adaptors etc.

Switches: These are used to control the flow of current through a particular
point.

Lamp holders: They are used to hold light bulbs when fixed to the ceiling or
wall.

Wall socket and plugs: They are located on the walls for the drawing of
current by appliances