LESSON 1.
Prepared by: Ms. Rica A. de Vera
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Identify the different types of organelles.
• Describe the structure and function of
major and subcellular organelles.
All cells have three
main parts: the cell
membrane or plasma
membrane, cytoplasm,
NUCLEUS
and nucleus.
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membrane separates phospholipid bilayer allow the
cell to be selectively permeable
the internal contents of
the cell from its
environment. It is a
phospholipid bilayer with NUCLEUS
proteins embedded in it.
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
As a selectively
permeable membrane,
some substances can
readily pass through it
NUCLEUS
while others cannot.
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
● Each of the phospholipids consists
of the following:
○ head region
■ phosphate group
■ hydrophilic
○ tail region
■ two fatty acid chains
■ hydrophobic
The three major functions performed by
the cell membrane are as follows:
(1) separates the contents of the cell from its
environment,
(2) regulates the passage of materials in and out of the
cell, and
(3) permits communication with other cells.
The whole region within
the cell membrane is the
cytoplasm. Organelles are
found and perform their
functions in the jelly-like NUCLEUS
substance called cytosol.
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
Various metabolic reactions like
protein synthesis and breakdown of
sugar into ATP take place in the
cytoplasm.
Other organic materials are found in
the cytoplasm such as glucose and
other simple sugars, polysaccharides,
amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids,
etc.
Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions
are also dissolved in the cytoplasm.
Centrioles, cytoskeleton, and plastids
are the specialized organelles in the
cytoplasm.
Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing food.
Nucleus is the third main
part of the cell. It is
generally oval in shape,
covered with a nuclear
NUCLEUS
membrane or envelope.
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
It is the “control center”
of the cell that regulates
and coordinates all
activities of the cell. NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
Chromosomes are found
in the nucleus. Within the
chromosomes are DNA
that make up the gene
that bears the hereditary
traits.
Telomere - region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome.
Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled.
The cell theory states that the cell is the
basic unit of life. To be able to perform its
functions, the cell contains cytoplasmic
structures called organelles.
Cell Membrane
CELL MEMBRANE
• The layer of both plant and
animals that helps keep
fluids and other organelles
inside the cell.
• The cell membrane acts as a
“security guard” as it has
small holes that let some
molecules in but keeps out
Cell Membrane
any harmful molecules.
CELL WALL
• The outer layer of plant
cells that helps keep
everything inside the cell
protected.
• The cell wall is made of
very strong materials that
Cell Wall can keep anything harmful
outside of the cell.
Cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM
• The fluid that fills a cell.
• Cytoplasm is found in
both plant and animal
cells and is made up of
many dissolved molecules
that can be used for other
Cytoplasm
processes throughout the
cell.
Nucleus
NUCLEUS
• The “control center” of
both plant and animal cells
that controls growth and
reproduction.
Nucleus
• The nucleus is located near
the center of the cell and
contains all of the cell’s
chromosomes.
Nucleolus
NUCLEOLUS
• The part of both plant and
animal cells that is found
inside the nucleus.
Nucleolus • The nucleolus is made of
RNA and protein. It looks
like a nucleus inside of a
nucleus. It is essential for
making ribosomes.
Nucleolus
NUCLEOLUS
• Main site of ribosome
production. It assembles
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Nucleolus
with proteins to form the
subunits of ribosomes.
• Plays a role in protein
synthesis (indirectly, by
producing ribosomes).
Chloroplast
CHLOROPLAST
• Converts light energy of
the sun into sugars that
can be used by cells.
• Chloroplast is the
organelle where
photosynthesis takes
place and is only found in
Photosynthesis is a process by which a
green plant turns water and carbon dioxide
plant cells.
into food when the plant is exposed to light.
Mitochondrion
MITOCHONDRION
• Performs cellular respiration,
or the process in which
nutrients are broken down
and turned into energy the
cell can use.
• Mitochondrion is found in
both plant and animal cells
and is known as the
Mitochondrion “powerhouse” of the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (E.R.)
• An organelle attached to
the nucleus that’s
important in the creation
and storage of lipids.
• Smooth E.R. is found in
both plant and animals
cells and looks like a
group of tubes.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (E.R.)
• Works with ribosomes
attached to it to help with
the synthesis and packing
of proteins.
• Rough E.R. is found in
both plant and animal cells
and looks like sheets of
bumpy membranes
attached to the nucleus.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
GOLGI APPARATUS
• Known as the “packaging
center.”
• Golgi apparatus is found
in both plant and animal
cells.
Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
GOLGI APPARATUS
• Turns combinations of
molecules into new, more
complex molecules and
then sends them out of
the cell or stores them.
• Modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and
lipids for delivery to their
Golgi destinations.
Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
GOLGI APPARATUS
Think of the Golgi Apparatus
as a post office or Amazon
warehouse:
• It receives products from
ER
• Sorts and labels them
• Then ships them to the
correct address inside or
outside of the cell
Golgi
Apparatus
Vacuole
VACUOLE
• A storage bubble that
stores food and
nutrients the cell needs
to survive.
Vacuole
• Vacuoles are found in
both plant and animal
cells but are larger in
plant cells.
RIBOSOMES
• Small organelles that
build long chains of
amino acids for the cell.
• Ribosomes are found in
both plant and animal
cells and are known as
the “protein builders” of
the cell.
RIBOSOMES
• Amino acids are
building blocks of
proteins, and they are
used all over the body
and in all living cells for
many vital functions.
PEROXISOME
• An organelle that digests
nutrients and helps break down
toxic materials. Known as the
“detox center.”
• Peroxisomes are found in both
plant and animal cells. They
have digestive enzymes in their
membranes to digest nutrients
like amino acids, cholesterol,
and fatty acids.
LYSOSOME
Lysosome • Helps digest and break
down food in the cell
with the help of
enzymes that are stored
here.
• Lysosomes are only
found in animal cells.
LYSOSOME
Lysosome
• It contains powerful
digestive enzymes.
Their main job is to
break down waste, cell
debris and foreign
invaders inside the cell.
LYSOSOME
Lysosome
• Think of lysosomes as
the “cell’s recycling and
garbage center” -
breaking down anything
the cell doesn’t need or
wants to get rid of.
Microtubules
MICROTUBULES
• Helps provide structure
to the cell and also
helps with cell division.
• Microtubules are only
found in animal cells.
CENTRIOLES
• Helps the cell divide
during mitosis and
meiosis.
• Centrioles are only
found in animal cells
and are made up of
multiple microtubules.
CENTRIOLES
• Centrioles don’t directly
produce microtubules,
but they are essential
for organizing and
anchoring the
microtubules during
cell processes.
Plant Animal cells
don’t have a
cells
cell wall- only
have cell a cell
walls. membrane.
Plant cells Animal
have larger cells have
vacuoles. centrioles.
Interesting Facts about Cells
• An average adult has around 30 trillion cells in the
body.
• Thousands of new cells are replicated (copied) from old
ones every day.
• Old cells that are worn-out or damaged are replaced by the new
cells.
Interesting Facts about Cells
• To sustain the cellular and overall health is to provide raw
materials which are obtained from the nutrients in the food
eaten for the creation of new cells.
• Certain nutrients also protect the cells from damage, and
nutrients in foods support the body's energy production
machinery.
“Though shaped for different worlds,
plant and animal cells remind us that
life, in all its forms, is rooted in unity.”
