Design of Two-Way Floor

Slab System
Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

One-way slabs carry

load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.
Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.

One-way slabs: Generally,

long side/short side > 2.0
Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

Flat slab Two-way slab with beams

Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:
Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

Flat Plate Waffle slab

Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:

General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.
Comparison of One-way and Two-
way slab behavior Economic
Choices
Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
 Low cost formwork

 Exposed flat ceilings

 Fast

Disadvantages
 Low shear capacity

 Low Stiffness (notable deflection)

Comparison of One-way and Two-
way slab behavior Economic
Choices
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
 Low cost formwork

 Exposed flat ceilings

 Fast

Disadvantages
 Need more formwork for capital and panels
Comparison of One-way and Two-
way slab behavior Economic
Choices
Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80 -
150 psf
Advantages
 Carries heavy loads

 Attractive exposed ceilings

 Fast

Disadvantages
 Formwork with panels is expensive
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:
wl12
Moment per ft width in planks M  k - ft/ft
l12 8
Total Moment  M f  wl2  k - ft
8
 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

wl1
Uniform load on each beam  k/ft
2  wl1  l22
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)  M lb    k - ft
 
 2 8
 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

l22
Total Moment in both beams  M  wl1  k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
General Design Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Longitudinal Transverse equivalent

equivalent frame frame
 Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Elevation of the frame Perspective view

Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness
to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which
are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.
Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(a) For 0.2   m  2

 f 
ln  0.8  y 
 
 200,000 
h
36  5  m  0.2

fy in psi. But not less than 5 in.

Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(b) For 2   m

 f 

ln 0.8  y 
 
 200,000 
h
36  9 

fy in psi. But not less than 3.5 in.

 Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(c) For  m  0.2
Use the following table 9.5(c)
Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
Slabs without interior
beams spanning
between supports and
ratio of long span to
short span < 2

See section 9.5.3.3

For slabs with beams
spanning between
supports on all sides.
Minimum Slab Thickness for
two-way construction
The definitions of the terms are:

h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams

ln = Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
  the ratio of the long to short clear span
m= The average value of  for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness
Ratio, 
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam


flexural stiffness of slab
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness
Ratio, 
4E cb I b / l E cb I b
 
4E cs I s / l E cs I s
E cb  M odulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb  M odulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b  M oment of inertia of uncracked beam
Is  M oment of inertia of uncracked slab
With width bounded laterally by centerline of
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of 
Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of 
Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of 

Definition of beam cross-section

Charts may be used to calculate 
Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction

Slabs without drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,

tmin = 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
tmin = 4 in
Example - Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams
ln
hmin 
30
 20 in.  1 ft.  
ln  24 ft.  2      22.33 ft.
 2  12 in.  
 12 in. 
22.33 ft.  
 1 ft.   8.93 in.  9 in.
hmin 
30
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams for  = m = 0 (no beams)
ln
hmin 
33
 12 in. 
22.33 ft.  
 1 ft.   8.12 in.  8.5 in.
hmin 
33
Example –  Calculations
The floor system consists of
solid slabs and beams in two
directions supported on 20-in.
square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness, h,
required for the floor system.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example –  Calculations

The cross-sections are:

 Example –  Calculations
To find h, we need to find m therefore Ib, Islab and 
for each beam and slab in long short direction.
Assume slab thickness h = 7 in. so that x = y < 4 t f
22 in.  7 in.  15 in.  4tf  4  7 in.  28 in.

be  16 in.  2 15 in.  46 in.

 Example –  Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid
I beam  22453 in 4

1 3 1  12 in.  
   7 in.
3
I slab  bh   20 ft 
12 12   1 ft.  
 6860 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 46 322 3.5 1127 1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
Beam 15 16 240 14.5 3480 4500 6.302491 9533.135

562 4607 5814.833 16638.58

ybar = 8.197509 in
I = 22453.41 in4
Example –  Calculations
Compute the  coefficient for the long direction
EI beam 22453 in 4
 long   4
EI slab 6860 in
 3.27
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1  12 in.  
   7 in.
3
I slab  bh   24 ft 
12 12   1 ft.  
 8232 in 4
Example –  Calculations
Compute the  coefficient for short direction

EI beam 22453 in 4
 short  
EI slab 8232 in 4
 2.73
The average m for an interior panel is
2 long  2 short 2  3.27   2  2.73
 avg  
4 4
 3.0
Example –  Calculations
Compute the  coefficient
 20 in.  1 ft.  
24 ft.  2   
llong  2  12 in.  
   1.22
lshort  20 in.  1 ft.  
20 ft.  2   
 2  12 in.  
Compute the thickness for m > 2
 fy   12 in.   60000 
ln 0.8   22.33 ft.   0.8 
 200000   1 ft.   200000 
h 
36  9  36  9 1.22 
 6.28 in.  Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
 Example –  Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam  15302 in 4
1 3 1  12 in.  
   7 in.
3
I slab  bh  10 ft 
12 12   1 ft.  
 3430 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 27 189 3.5 661.5 771.75 -5.36585 5441.761
Beam 15 12 180 14.5 2610 3375 5.634146 5713.849

369 3271.5 4146.75 11155.61

ybar = 8.865854 in
I = 15302.36 in4
Example –  Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for long direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
 long   4
EI slab 3430 in
 4.46
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1  12 in.  
   7 in.
3
I slab  bh  12 ft 
12 12   1 ft.  
 4116 in 4
Example –  Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the short direction

EI L-beam 15302 in 4
 short   4
EI slab 4116 in
 3.72
Example –  Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner

4.46  2.73  3.27  2.73

m 
4
 3.30

3.72  3.27  2.73  3.27

m 
4
 3.25
Example –  Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner

3.72  4.46  2.73  3.27

m 
4
 3.55
Example –  Calculations
Compute the largest length ln of the slab/beam, edge to
first interior column.

 20 in.  1 ft.   12 in.  1 ft.  

ln  24 ft.        
 2  12 in.    2  12 in.  
 22.67 ft.
Example –  Calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with m > 2

 fy   12 in.   60000 
ln 0.8   22.67 ft.   0.8 
 200000   
1 ft.   200000 
h 
36  9  36  9 1.22 
 6.37 in.  Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.

The overall depth of the slab is 7 in.

Shear Strength of Slabs
In two-way floor systems, the slab must have adequate
thickness to resist both bending moments and shear
forces at critical section. There are three cases to look at
for shear.
1. Two-way Slabs supported on beams
2. Two-Way Slabs without beams
3. Shear Reinforcement in two-way slabs
without beams.
Shear Strength of Slabs
Two-way slabs supported on beams

The critical location is found at d distance from the

column, where


 Vc   2 f c bd 
The supporting beams are stiff and are capable of
transmitting floor loads to the columns.
 Shear Strength of Slabs
The shear force is calculated using the triangular and
trapezoidal areas. If no shear reinforcement is provided,
the shear force at a distance d from the beam must equal


Vud   Vc   2 f c bd 
where,

 l2 
Vud  wu   d 
 
2 
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Two-Way Slabs without beams

There are two types of shear that need to be addressed

1. One-way shear or beam shear at distance d
from the column
2. Two-way or punch out shear which occurs
along a truncated cone.
Shear Strength of Slabs

1. One-way shear or beam shear at distance d from

the column
2. Two-way or punch out shear which occurs along a
truncated cone.
Shear Strength of Slabs
One-way shear considers critical section a distance d
from the column and the slab is considered as a wide
beam spanning between supports.


Vud   Vc   2 f c bd 
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Two-way shear fails along a a truncated cone or pyramid
around the column. The critical section is located d/2 from
the column face, column capital, or drop panel.
 Shear Strength of Slabs
If shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear strength
of concrete is the smaller of:
 
 4 

Vc    2   f c bo d   4 f c bo d 
 c 

bo = perimeter of the critical section

 c = ratio of long side of column to short side
Shear Strength of Slabs
If shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear
strength of concrete is the smaller of:

 d 

Vc    s 
 2 f c bo d

 bo 
s is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
columns, and 20 for corner columns.
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Shear Reinforcement in two-way slabs without beams.
For flat plates and flat slabs, which do not meet the
condition for shear, one can either

- Increase slab thickness

- Add reinforcement

Reinforcement can be done by shearheads, anchor bars,

conventional stirrup cages and studded steel strips.
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Shearhead consists of steel I-beams or channel welded
into four cross arms to be placed in slab above
a column. Does not apply to external columns
due to lateral loads and torsion.
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Anchor bars consists of steel reinforcement rods or
bent bar reinforcement
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Conventional stirrup cages
 Shear Strength of Slabs
Studded steel strips
Shear Strength of Slabs
The reinforced slab follows section 11.12.4 in the
ACI Code, where Vn can not exceed
Vc  4 f c bo d
Vn  Vc  Vs  6 f c bo d Av f y d
Vs 
The spacing, s, can not exceed d/2. s
If a shearhead reinforcement is provided

Vn  7 f c bo d
 Example Problem
Determine the shear
reinforcement required for an
interior flat panel considering
the following: Vu= 195k, slab
thickness = 9 in., d = 7.5 in.,
fc = 3 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, and
column is 20 × 20 in.
 Example Problem
Compute the shear terms find b0 for

Vc   4 fc b0 d

 column 
b0  4   d   4  20 in.  7.5 in.
 width 
 110 in.
 Example Problem
Compute the maximum allowable shear

Vc   4 f c b0 d
 1k 
 0.75  4  3000 110 in. 7.5 in.  
 1000 lbs 
 135.6 k

Vu =195 k > 135.6 k Shear reinforcement is need!

Example Problem
Compute the maximum allowable shear

Vc   6 f c b0 d
 1k 
 0.75  6  3000 110 in. 7.5 in.  
 1000 lbs 
 203.3 k

So Vn >Vu Can use shear reinforcement

 Example Problem
Determine a for shear r/f
spacing

Vc   2 fc b0 d

 column 
b0  4   2a 
 width 
 Example Problem
Determine the a

Vu   2 f c b0 d


19500 lb  0.75  2  3000 4 20 in.  2a   7.5 in.
 a  41.8 in.
The depth = a+d
= 41.8 in. +7.5 in. = 49.3 in.  50 in.
 Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement

Vs  Vu  Vc
 195 k  135.6 k
 59.4 k

The Vs per side is Vs / 4 = 14.85 k

 Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement
14.85 k
Vs   19.8 k
0.75
Use a #3 stirrup Av = 2(0.11 in2) = 0.22 in2

Av f y d Av f y d
Vs  s
s Vs
 Example Problem
Determine shear reinforcement spacing

s
Av f y d

 0.22 in 2
  60 ksi  7.5 in.
Vs 19.8 k
 5.0 in.
Maximum allowable spacing is

d 7.5 in.
  3.75 in.
2 2
 Example Problem
Use s = 3.5 in.

50 in.
# of stirrups   14.3  Use 15 stirrups
3.5 in.

The total distance is 15(3.5 in.)= 52.5 in.

 Example Problem
The final result:
15 stirrups at total distance of
52.5 in. So that a = 45 in. and
c = 20 in.
Direct Design Method for Two-
way Slab
Method of dividing total static moment Mo into
positive and negative moments.

Limitations on use of Direct Design method

1.Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction.

(3 x 3 panel)
2.Rectangular panels with long span/short span  2
Direct Design Method for Two-
way Slab
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
3. Successive span in each direction shall not differ by
more than 1/3 the longer span.
4. Columns may be offset from
the basic rectangular grid of
the building by up to 0.1
times the span parallel to the
offset.
Direct Design Method for Two-
way Slab
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
5. All loads must be due to gravity only (N/A to
unbraced laterally loaded frames, from mats or
pre-stressed slabs)
6. Service (unfactored) live load  2 service dead
load
Direct Design Method for Two-
way Slab
Limitations on use of Direct Design method
7. For panels with beams between supports on all
sides, relative stiffness of the beams in the 2
perpendicular directions.
l 2
1 2

l 2 1
2

Shall not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0

Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness
Ratio, 
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam


flexural stiffness of slab
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness
Ratio, 
4E cb I b / l 4E cb I b
 
4E cs I s / l 4E cs I s
E cb  M odulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb  M odulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b  M oment of inertia of uncracked beam
Is  M oment of inertia of uncracked slab

With width bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent

panels on each side of the beam.
 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:
wl12
Moment per ft width in planks  M  k - ft/ft
l12
Total Moment  M f  wl2  k - ft 8
8
 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

wl1
Uniform load on each beam  k/ft
2  wl1  l22
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)  M lb    k - ft
 
 2 8
 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

l22
Total Moment in both beams  M  wl1  k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
Basic Steps in Two-way Slab
Design
1. Choose layout and type of slab.
2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also,
check if thickness is adequate for shear.
3. Choose Design method
 Equivalent Frame Method- use elastic frame
analysis to compute positive and negative
moments
 Direct Design Method - uses coefficients to
compute positive and negative slab moments
Basic Steps in Two-way Slab
Design
4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.
5. Determine distribution of moments across the width of
the slab. - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.
6. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.
7. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6.
8. Check shear strengths at the columns
Minimum Slab Thickness for
two-way construction
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement
At points of max. +/- M: s  2t ACI 13.3.2
and s  18 in. ACI 7.12.3
Min Reinforcement Requirements

As min   As T&S from ACI 7.12  ACI 13.3.1

Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions:
Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions:
Distribution of Moments
Total static Moment, Mo

wu l2ln2
M0  ACI 13 - 3
8
where wu  factored load per unit area
l2  transverse width of the strip
ln  clear span between columns
for circular columns, calc. ln using h  0.886d c 
Column Strips and Middle
Strips
Moments vary across width of slab panel

 Design moments are averaged over

the width of column strips over the
columns & middle strips between
column strips.
Column Strips and Middle
Strips
Column strips Design
w/width on either side of
a column centerline equal
to smaller of 0.25 l2

 0.25 l1
l1= length of span in
direction moments are
being determined.
l2= length of span
transverse to l1
Column Strips and Middle
Strips
Middle strips: Design
strip bounded by two
column strips.
Positive and Negative Moments in
Panels
M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI
sec. 13.6.3
Moment Distribution
Positive and Negative Moments in
Panels
M0 is divided into + M and -M Rules given in ACI
sec. 13.6.3
wu l2ln2
 M u   M u avg  M 0 
8
Longitudinal Distribution
of Moments in Slabs
For a typical interior panel, the total static moment is
divided into positive moment 0.35 M o and negative
moment of 0.65 Mo.
For an exterior panel, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the outside
edge.
Distribution of M0
Moment Distribution
The factored components
of the moment for the
beam.
Transverse Distribution of
Moments

The longitudinal moment values mentioned are for the

entire width of the equivalent building frame. The
width of two half column strips and two half-middle
stripes of adjacent panels.
Transverse Distribution of
Moments
Transverse distribution
of the longitudinal
moments to middle and
column strips is a
function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,1, and  t.
Transverse Distribution of
Moments
Transverse distribution of the longitudinal moments to
middle and column strips is a function of the ratio of
length l2/l1,1, and  t.

Ecb I b Ecb C
1  t 
Ecs I s 2 Ecs I s
 0.63x  x 3 y 

C   1  
   torsional constant
 y  3 
Distribution of M0
ACI Sec 13.6.3.4
For spans framing into a common support negative
moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger
of the 2 interior Mu’s
ACI Sec. 13.6.3.5
Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to
resist in torsion their share of exterior negative
factored moments
Factored Moment in
Column Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
 t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab
Factored Moment in an
Interior Strip
Factored Moment in an
Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in an
Exterior Panel
Factored Moment in
Column Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
 t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab
Factored Moment in Column
Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
 t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab
Factored Moment in Column
Strip
1 Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam to stiffness of
slab in direction l1.
 t Ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab
Reinforcement Details Loads
After all percentages of the static moments in the
column and middle strip are determined, the steel
reinforcement can be calculated for negative and
positive moments in each strip.

 a 

M u   As f y d    Ru bd 2
 
 2
Reinforcement Details Loads
Calculate Ru and determine the steel ratio r, where
 =0.9. As = rbd. Calculate the minimum As from
ACI codes. Figure 13.3.8 is used to determine the
minimum development length of the bars.

Ru   wu f c 1  0.59wu 
r fy
wu 
fc
Minimum extension for
reinforcement in slabs without
beams(Fig. 13.3.8)
 Example 1
Using the direct design method,
design the typical interior flat-
plate panel. A flat plate floor
system with panels 24 by 20 ft is
supported on 20 in. square
columns, 12 ft long. The slab
carries a uniform service live load
of 100 psf and service dead load
that consists of 24 psf of finishes
in addition to the slab self-weight.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example 1

The thickness of the slab is found using Table 9.5c

 12 in 
24 *    20 in
ln  
h   ft   8.12 in  9.0 in
33 33
Example 1

The weight of the slab is given as.

lb  1 ft  lb lb
DL  24  9.0 in *   *150  136.5
ft 2  12 in  ft 3 ft 2
 lb   lb  lb
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  1.2136.5 2   1.6100.0 2   323 2
 ft   ft  ft
kips
Let wu  0.33 2
ft
 Example 1

Compute the average depth, d for the slab. Use an

average depth for the shear calculation with a #5 bar
(d = 0.625 in)
d  h  cover - d b
d  9.0 in  0.75 in  0.625 in  7.625 in  d ave  7.6 in
Example 1

The punch out shear at center column is

x  20 in  7.6 in  27.6 in or 2.3 ft

b o  427.6 in   110.5 in

Two-way shear.
Example 1

The punch out shear at center column is

Vu  0.33
kips
ft 2
20 ft 24ft   2.3 ft2
 156.7 k

  
Vc   4 f c bo d  0.75 * 4 4000 110.5 in 7.6 in  
1 kip
1000 lb
 158.6 k

158.6 k  156.7 k OK!

Example 1

The one-way shear at center column is

kips   ft   ft  
Vu  0.33 2 12 ft  10 in    7.6 in   1 ft   3.48 k
ft   12 in   12 in  

  
Vc   2 f c bd  0.75 * 2 4000 12 in 7.6 in  
1 kip
1000 lb
 8.7 k

8.7 k  3.48 k OK!

 Example 1
Calculate d in both directions. Use #5 for the reinforcement.

0.625 in
d l  9 in  0.75 in   7.9 in
2
0.625 in
d s  9 in  0.75 in  0.625 in   7.3 in
2
 Example 1
Determine the strip sizes for the column and middle
strip. Use the smaller of l1 or l2 so l2 = 20 ft
l2 20 ft
l   5 ft
4 4
Therefore the column strip b = 2( 5 ft) = 10 ft (120 in)
The middle strips are
bl  20 ft  25 ft   10 ft 120 in 
bs  24 ft  25 ft   14 ft 168 in 
Example 1
Calculate the strip sizes
 Example 1
Moment Mo for the two directions.
long direction  20 in  1 ft  
ln  24 ft  2     22.333 ft
  
 2  12 in  

M ol 
wl2 ln1
2

0.33 k/ft 2 20 ft 22.333 ft 
2
 411.5 k - ft
8 8
short direction  20 in  1 ft  
ln  20 ft  2     18.333 ft
  
 2  12 in 

M ol 
wl2 ln1
2

0.33 k/ft 2 24 ft 18.333 ft 
2
 333 k - ft
8 8
Example 1
Interior panel

0.35Mo

0.65Mo
 Example 1

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam (long).

Negative - Moment 0.65411.5 k - ft   267.5 k - ft

Positive + Moment 0.35411.5 k - ft   144 k - ft
 Example 1
Components on the beam (long).

Column Strip
Negative - Moment 0.75267.5 k - ft   200.6 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.60144 k - ft   86.4 k - ft
 Example 1
Components on the beam (long).

Middle Strip
Negative - Moment 0.25267.5 k - ft   66.9 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.40144 k - ft   57.6 k - ft
 Example 1
Computing the reinforcement uses:

Mu
Ru 
bd 2
1.7 * R u
R u   w f c 1  0.59w  w2  1.70 w  0
 fc

 1.7 * R 
1.70  1.7   4 u 
2
 
  f c  rf y wf c
w w r
2 fc fy
 Example 1
Compute the reinforcement need for the negative moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =7.9 in.
and Mu = 200.6 k-ft
 12 in 
200.6 k - ft 
Mu  
Ru    ft   0.321 ksi
bd 2
120 in 7.9 in 2

1.7 * 0.321 ksi

w  1.70w 
2
0
0.94 ksi
 Example 1
Compute the reinforcement need for the negative moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =7.9 in.
and Mu = 200.6 k-ft

1.70  1.7 2  40.15178

w  0.09454
2
wf c 0.094544 ksi
r   0.0063
fy 60 ksi
 Example 1
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 7.9 in., and h = 9 in.

As  rbd  0.0063120 in 7.9 in   5.98 in 2

As min   0.0018bh  0.0018120 in 9 in   1.94 in 2
 Example 1
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 7.9 in., and As = 5.98 in2. Use
a #5 bar (Ab =0.31 in2 )

As 5.98 in 2
# bars    19.2  Use 20 bars
Ab 0.31 in 2
120 in Maximum spacing is 2(h)
s  6 in
or 18 in.
20
So 6 in < 18 in. OK
 Example 1
The long direction
Column Strip Middle Strip

Negative Positive Negative Positive

Moment ( k-ft) 200.6 86.4 66.9 57.6
b ( in.) 120 120 120 120
d (in) 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
Ru (ksi) 0.321 0.138 0.107 0.093
r 0.0063 0.00262 0.00202 0.00175
As (in2) 5.98 2.48 1.91 1.66
As(min) (in2) 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94
Bars 20 ( # 5 ) 10 ( # 5 ) 10 ( # 4 ) 10 ( # 4 )
spacing (in) 6 12 12 12
 Example 1
Final results in the long direction.
 Example 1

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam (short).

Negative - Moment 0.65333 k - ft   216.5 k - ft

Positive + Moment 0.35333 k - ft   116.5 k - ft
 Example 1
Components on the beam (short).

Column Strip
Negative - Moment 0.75216.5 k - ft   162.4 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.60116.5 k - ft   69.9 k - ft
 Example 1
Components on the beam (long).

Middle Strip
Negative - Moment 0.25216.5 k - ft   54.1 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.40116.5 k - ft   46.6 k - ft
 Example 1
The short direction
Column Strip Middle Strip

Negative Positive Negative Positive

Moment ( k-ft) 162.4 69.9 54.1 46.6
b ( in.) 120 120 168 168
d (in) 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
Ru (ksi) 0.305 0.131 0.073 0.062
r 0.006 0.0025 0.0014 0.0012
As (in2) 5.23 2.18 1.74 1.46
As(min) (in2) 1.94 1.94 2.72 2.72
Bars 18 ( # 5 ) 10 ( # 5 ) 14 ( # 4 ) 14 ( # 4 )
spacing (in) 6.67 12 12 12
Example 1 - Bar development
(Fig. 13.3.8)
 Example 1
Final results in short direction.
 Example 2
Using the direct design method,
design the typical exterior flat-plate
panel. A flat plate floor system
with panels 24 by 20 ft is
supported on 20 in. square
columns, 12 ft long. The slab
carries a uniform service live load
of 100 psf and service dead load
that consists of 24 psf of finishes in
addition to the slab self-weight.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example 2

The problem has the same parameters as first example.

The thickness of the slab is found using

 12 in 
24 *    10 in
ln  
  ft   8.42 in  9.0 in
33 33
Example 2

The weight of the slab is given as.

lb  1 ft  lb lb
DL  24  9.0 in *   *150  136.5
ft 2  12 in  ft 3 ft 2
 lb   lb  lb
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  1.2136.5 2   1.6100.0 2   323 2
 ft   ft  ft
kips
Let wu  0.33 2
ft
Example 2

The punch out shear at center column is

x  20 in  7.6 in  27.6 in or 2.3 ft

b o  427.6 in   110.5 in

Two-way shear.
Example 2
The punch out shear at center column is

kips

Vu  0.33 2 20 ft 24ft   2.3 ft 
ft
2

 156.7 k

   
Vc   4 f c bo d  0.75 * 4 4000 110.5 in 7.6 in 
1 kip
1000 lb
 158.6 k
158.6 k  156.7 k OK!
Example 2
The one-way shear at center column is

kips   ft   ft  
Vu  0.33 
2 
12 ft  10 in    7.6 in   1 ft 
ft   12 in   12 in  
 3.48 k

  
Vc   2 f c bd  0.85 * 2 4000 12 in 7.6 in 
1 kip
1000 lb

 8.7 k
8.7 k  3.48 k OK!
Example 2
The punch out shear at exterior column is

x  20 in  7.6 in  27.6 in or 2.3 ft

x  20 in  3.8 in  23.8 in or 1.98 ft
b o  27.6 in  223.8 in   75.2 in
 Example 2
The punch out shear at exterior column is

kips    1ft   
Vu  0.33 2  20 ft 12 ft  10 in     2.3 ft 1.98 ft 
ft    12 in   
 83.2 k 84.3 k 

  
Vc   4 f c bo d  0.75 * 4 4000 75.2 in 7.6 in  1000
1 kip
lb
 108.4 k
108.4 k  83.2 k OK!
Example 2
The punch out shear at corner column is

x  20 in  3.8 in  23.8 in or 1.98 ft

b o  223.8 in   47.6 in
 Example 2
The punch out shear at corner column is

kips    1ft    1ft   2

Vu  0.33 2  10 ft  10 in   12 ft  10 in     1.98 ft  
ft    12 in    12 in   
 44.6 k

  
Vc   4 f c bo d  0.75 * 4 4000 47.6 in 7.6 in  1000
1 kip
lb
 68.6 k
68.6 k  44.6 k OK!
Example 2

Moment Mo for the two directions from previous

example.

Mol = 411.5 k-ft d = 7.9 in.

Mos = 333 k-ft d = 7.3 in
 Example 2

The factored components

of the moment for the
beam (long).

Internal - Moment 0.70411.5 k - ft   288.1 k - ft

Positive + Moment 0.52411.5 k - ft   214 k - ft
External - Moment 0.26411.5 k - ft   107 k - ft
 Example 2
Components on the Column strip
beam (long).

Column Strip
Internal - Moment 0.75288.1 k - ft   216.1 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.60214 k - ft   128.4 k - ft
External - Moment 1.00107 k - ft   107 k - ft
 Example 2
Components on the Column strip
beam (long).

Middle Strip
Internal - Moment 0.25288.1 k - ft   72 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.60214 k - ft   85.6 k - ft
External - Moment 0.00107 k - ft   0 k - ft
 Example 2
Computing the reinforcement uses:

Mu
Ru 
bd 2
1.7 * R u
R u   w f c 1  0.59w  w2  1.70 w  0
 fc

 1.7 * R 
1.70  1.7   4 u 
2
 
  f c  rf y wf c
w w r
2 fc fy
 Example 2
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =7.9 in.
and Mu = 216.1 k-ft
 12 in 
216.1 k - ft 
Mu  
Ru    ft   0.346 ksi
bd 2
120 in 7.9 in 2

1.7 * 0.346 ksi

w  1.70w 
2
0
0.94 ksi
 Example 2
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =7.9 in.
and Mu = 216.1 k-ft

1.70  1.7 2  40.16339

w  0.10226
2
wf c 0.102664 ksi
r   0.00682
fy 60 ksi
 Example 2
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 7.9 in., and h = 9 in.

As  rbd  0.00682120 in 7.9 in   6.46 in 2

As min   0.0018bh  0.0018120 in 9 in   1.94 in 2
 Example 2
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 7.9 in., and As = 6.46 in2. Use
a #5 bar (Ab =0.31 in2 )
2
As 6.46 in
# bars    20.8  Use 22 bars
2
Ab 0.31 in
120 in Maximum spacing is 2(h)
s  5.5 in
or 18 in.
22
So 5.5 in < 18 in. OK
 Example 2
The long direction
Column Strip Middle Strip

Exterior Positive Internal Exterior Positive Internal

Moment ( k-ft) 107 128.4 216.1 0 85.6 72
b ( in.) 120 120 120 120 120 120
d (in) 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
Ru (ksi) 0.172 0.206 0.346 0 0.138 0.116
r 0.0033 0.004 0.00682 0 0.00262 0.0022
As (in2) 3.11 3.75 6.47 0 2.48 2.1
As(min) (in2) 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94
Bars 12 ( # 5 ) 12 ( # 5 ) 22 ( # 5 ) 10 ( # 4 ) 14 ( # 4 ) 14 ( # 4 )
spacing (in) 10 10 5.5 12 8.5 8.5
 Example 2
The factored
components of the
moment for the beam
(short) is similar to an
interior beam.

Negative - Moment 0.65333 k - ft   216.5 k - ft

Positive + Moment 0.35333 k - ft   116.6 k - ft
 Example 2
Components on the beam (short) interior.

Column Strip
Negative - Moment 0.75216.5 k - ft   162.4 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.60116.6 k - ft   70 k - ft
 Example 2
Components on the beam (short) interior.

Middle Strip
Negative - Moment 0.25216.5 k - ft   54.1 k - ft
Positive + Moment 0.40116.6 k - ft   46.6 k - ft
 Example 2
The short direction
Column Strip Middle Strip

Negative Positive Negative Positive

Moment ( k-ft) 163.2 70 53.3 46.6
b ( in.) 120 120 168 168
d (in) 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
Ru (ksi) 0.306 0.131 0.138 0.116
r 0.006 0.0025 0.00133 0.0012
As (in2) 5.26 2.2 1.63 1.47
As(min) (in2) 1.94 1.94 2.72 2.72
Bars 18 ( # 5 ) 8(#5) 14 ( # 4 ) 14 ( # 4 )
spacing (in) 6.67 15 12 12
 Example 2
The final results for the interior panel.
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Using the direct design method,
design the typical interior flat-
slab panel with drop down
panels only. All panels are
supported on 20 in. square
columns, 12 ft long. The slab
carries a uniform service live
load of 80 psf and service dead
load that consists of 24 psf of
finished in addition to the slab
self-weight. Use fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
From the ACI Code limitation:
1. For panels with discontinuous edges, end beams
with a minimum  equal to 0.8 must be used;
otherwise the minimum slab thickness calculated
by the equations must be increased by at least 10%.
2. When drop panels are used without beams, the
minimum slab thickness may be reduced by 10 %.
The drop panels should extend in each direction
from the centerline of support a distance not less
than one-sixth of the span length in that direction
between center to center of supports and also
project below the slab at least h/4.
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
From the ACI Code limitation:
3. Regardless of the values obtained for the equations,
the thickness of two-way slabs shall not be less
than the following:

1. For slabs without beams or drop panels, 5 in.

2. for slabs without beams but with drop
panels, 4 in.
3. for slabs with beams on all four sides with
m > 2.0, 3.5 in. and for m < 2.0, 5 in. (ACI
Code 9.5.3)
 Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The thickness of the slab is
found using

 12 in 
24 *    20 in
ln  
  ft   8.12 in No panels
33 33
 12 in 
24 *    20 in
ln  
  ft   7.44 in  8.0 in
36 36
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)

Therefore, the panel thickness is

h 8 in.
h  8 in.   10 in.
4 4
The panel half width are at least L/6 in length.
L 24 ft
  4 ft
6 6
L 20 ft
  3.33 ft  3.5 ft
6 6
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Therefore, the drop down panel thickness is 10 in.
and has 7 ft x 8 ft.
 Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The load on the slab is given as:
 1 ft 
Slab load  24 lb/ft  8 in. 
2
 150 lb/ft 3
 124 lb/ft 2

 12 in. 
wu  1.2 124 lb/ft 2   1.6 80 lb/ft 2   276.8 lb/ft 2
The load on the panel is

 1 ft 
Panel load  24 lb/ft  10 in. 
2
 150 lb/ft 3
 149 lb/ft 2

 12 in. 
wu  1.2 149 lb/ft 2   1.6 80 lb/ft 2   306.8 lb/ft 2
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The drop panel length is L/3 in each direction, then the
average wu is

2 1
wu   276.8 lb/ft    306.8 lb/ft 
2 2

3 3
 286.8 lb/ft 2
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at center column is
d  10 in.  0.75 in.  0.5 in.
 8.75 in.

bo  420 in.  8.75 in.

 115 in.
 Example 3-Two-way Slab
(Panels)
The punch out shear at center column is

   1 ft   
2

Vu   0.287 k/ft    24 ft  20 ft    28.75 in. 

2
  
   12 in.   
 
 136.1 k

Vc   4 f c bo d 

 0.75 4 4000 115 in. 8.75 in. 
 190.9 k  Vu OK.
Example 3-Two-way Slab
(Panels)
The punch out shear at panel is
d  8 in.  0.75 in.  0.5 in.
 6.75 in.
  12 in.  
bo  2 8 ft.   6.75 in. 
   
  1 ft.  
  12 in.  
 2 7 ft.   6.75 in. 
   
  1 ft.  
 387 in.
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at panel is
  24 ft  20 ft  
 
Vu   0.287 k/ft 2     1 ft    1 ft   

  102.75 in.    90.75 in.  
   12 in.    12 in. 
 119.2 k

Vc   4 f c bo d 

 0.75 4 4000  387 in. 6.75 in. 
 495.6 k  Vu OK.
One way shear is not critical.
 Example 3-Two-way Slab
(Panels)
Moment Mo for the two directions are:

Long  0.287 k/ft  20 ft    22.33 ft 

2 2

direction M o  8
 357.9 k-ft

Short  0.287 k/ft  24 ft   18.33 ft 

2 2

direction M o  8
 289.4 k-ft
 Example 3-Two-way Slab
(Panels)
The column strip will be 10 ft. (20 ft /4 = 5ft),
therefore the middle strips for long section is 10 ft and
the middle strip for the short section will be 14 ft.

The average d for d  10 in.  1.5 in.

the panel section  8.5 in.

The average d for

d  8 in.  1.5 in.
the slab section  6.5 in.
 Example 3-Two-way Slab
(Panels)
The factored
components of the
moment for the beam
(long) is similar to an
interior beam.

Negative – Moment 0.65  357.9 k-ft   232.6 k-ft

Positive + Moment 0.35  357.9 k-ft   125.3 k-ft
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Components on the beam (long) interior.

Column Strip
Negative – Moment 0.75  232.6 k-ft   174.5 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.60 125.3 k-ft   75.2 k-ft
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Components on the beam (long) interior.

Middle Strip
Negative – Moment 0.25  232.6 k-ft   58.2 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.40 125.3 k-ft   50.2 k-ft
 Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Computing the reinforcement uses:
Mu
Ru 
bd 2
1.7 * R u
R u   w f c 1  0.59w  w  1.70 w 
2
0
 fc

 1.7 * R 
1.70  1.7   4 u 
2
 
  fc  rf y wf c
w w r
2 fc fy
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =8.5 in.
and Mu = 174.5 k-ft
 12 in. 
174.5 k-ft  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2   0.242 ksi
120 in.8.5 in.
2
bd
1.7 *0.242 ksi
w  1.70w 
2
0
0.9  4 ksi 
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =8.5 in.
and Mu = 174.5 k-ft

1.7   4  0.1141
2
1.70 
w  0.0700
2
wf c 0.0700  4 ksi 
r   0.00466
fy 60 ksi
 Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 8.5 in., and h = 10 in.

As  r bd  0.00466 120 in. 8.5 in.  4.76 in 2

As min   0.0018bh  0.0018 120 in.10 in.  2.16 in 2
 Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 8.5 in., and As = 4.76 in2. Use
a #5 bar (Ab = 0.31 in2 )
As 4.76 in 2
# bars   2
 15.3  Use 16 bars
Ab 0.31 in
120 in. Maximum spacing is 2(h)
s  7.5 in.
16 or 18 in.
So 7.5 in. < 18 in. OK
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Column Strip Middle Strip

Negative Positive Negative Positive

The long Moment (k-ft) 174.5 75.2 58.2 50.2
direction b (in) 120 120 120 120
d (in) 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
h (in) 10 8 8 8
fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 4 4 4 4
Ru (ksi) 0.24152 0.17799 0.13775 0.11882
w 0.06997 0.05097 0.03917 0.03367
r 0.00466 0.00340 0.00261 0.00224
As (in2) 4.76 2.65 2.04 1.75
As(min) (in2) 2.16 1.73 1.73 1.73
# bars req 15.35 13.25 10.18 8.75
spacing (in) 7.50 8.57 10.91 13.33
Use
# bars 16 #5 15 #4 10 #4 10 #4
spacing (in) 7.5 8 12 12
Example 3-Two-way Slab (Panels)
Column Strip Middle Strip

The short Negative Positive Negative Positive

Moment (k-ft) 141.1 60.8 47.1 40.5
direction b (in) 120 120 168 168
d (in) 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
h (in) 10 8 8 8
fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 3 3 3 3
Ru (ksi) 0.19529 0.14391 0.07963 0.06847
w 0.07570 0.05508 0.03002 0.02575
r 0.00379 0.00275 0.00150 0.00129
As (in2) 3.86 2.15 1.64 1.41
As(min) (in2) 2.16 1.73 2.42 2.42
# bars req 12.45 10.74 12.10 12.10
spacing (in) 9.23 10.91 12.92 12.92
Use
# bars 16 #5 12 #4 14 #4 14 #4
spacing (in) 7.5 10 12 12
 Example 4
Design an interior panel of the two-way
slab for the floor system.The floor
consists of six panels at each direction,
with a panel size 24 ft x 20 ft. All
panels are supported by 20 in square
columns. The slabs are supported by
beams along the column line with cross
sections. The service live load is to be
taken as 80 psf and the service dead
load consists of 24 psf of floor
finishing in addition to the self-weight.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
 Example 4 –Previous Example

The cross-sections are:

h = 7 in.
 Example 4 –Previous Example
The resulting cross section:
Example 4 –Previous Example

The thickness was calculated in an earlier example.

Generally, thickness of the slab is calculated at the
for the external corner slab. So use h = 7 in.
Example 4- Loading

The weight of the slab is given as.

lb  1 ft  lb  lb
DL  24 2  7.0 in.  150 3   111.5 2
ft  12 in.  ft  ft
 lb   lb 
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  1.2 111.5 2   1.6  80 2 
 ft   ft 
lb kips
 262 2  0.262 2
ft ft
Example 4 – calculation d

Compute the average depth, d for the slab. Use an

average depth for the shear calculation with a #4 bar
(d = 0.5 in)

d  h  cover  d b / 2
d  7.0 in.  0.75 in.   0.5 in./ 2   6.0 in.
 Example 4 – One-way shear
The shear stresses in the slab are not
critical. The critical section is at a
distance d from the face of the beam.
Use 1 ft section.
 beam width 
Vu  wu 12 ft.   d  1 ft.
 2 
  1 ft  
 16 in.   
 1 ft 
  0.262 k/ft 2  12 ft.   
12 in.
 6 in.    1 ft.
 2  12 in.  
 
 
 2.84 k
Example 4 – One-way shear

The one way shear on the face of the beam.


Vc   2 f c bd 
 
 1 kip 
 0.75 2 3000 12 in. 6 in.  
 1000 lb 
 5.92 k  2.84 k OK.
Example 4 – Strip size
Determine the strip sizes for the column and middle
strip. Use the smaller of l1 or l2 so l2 = 20 ft
l2 20 ft
l   5 ft
4 4
Therefore the column strip b = 2( 5 ft) = 10 ft (120 in)
The middle strips are
bl  20 ft  25 ft   10 ft 120 in 
bs  24 ft  25 ft   14 ft 168 in 
Example 4 – Strip Size
Calculate the strip sizes
 Example 4 – Static
Moment Computation
Moment Mo for the two directions.
 20 in.  1 ft.  
long direction ln  24 ft.  2      22.333 ft.
 2  12 in.  

M ol 
 wu l2  l
2
n

 0.262 k/ft  20 ft.   22.333 ft.
2 2

8 8
 326.7 k-ft
short direction  20 in.  1 ft.  
ln  20 ft.  2      18.333 ft.
 2  12 in.  

M os 
 wu l2  l 2
n

 0.262 k/ft 2  24 ft.  18.333 ft. 2

8 8
 264.2 k-ft
Example 4 – Internal Panel
Moment distribution
Interior panel

0.35Mo

0.65Mo
Example 4 – Moments (long)
The factored components
of the moment for the
beam (long).

Negative - Moment 0.65  326.7 k-ft   212.4 k-ft

Positive + Moment 0.35  326.7 k-ft   114.4 k-ft
Example 4 - Moment (long)
Coefficients
The moments of inertia about beam, Ib = 22,453 in4 and
Is = 6860 in4 (long direction) are need to determine the
distribution of the moments between the column and
middle strip. l2 20 ft
   0.8333
l1 24 ft
Eb Ib 22453 in 4
l    3.27
Es Is 6860 in 4
l2
l  3.27 * 0.8333  2.71
l1
 Example 4- Moment (long)
Factors (negative)
Need to interpolate to
determine how the
negative moment is
distributed.

Factor  0.9 
0.9  0.75
0.8333  0.5
0.5  1.0
 0.8
Example 4 - Moment (long)
Factors (positive)
Need to interpolate
to determine how
the positive moment
is distributed.

Factor  0.9 
0.9  0.75
0.8333  0.5
0.5  1.0
 0.8
 Example 4 - Moment (long)
column/middle strips
Components on the beam (long).
Column Strip
Negative – Moment 0.80  212.4 k-ft   169.9 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.80 114.4 k-ft   91.5 k-ft

Middle Strip
Negative – Moment 0.20  212.4 k-ft   42.5 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.20 114.4 k-ft   22.9 k-ft
Example 4 - Moment (long)-
beam/slab distribution (negative)
When 1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5 indicates
that 85 % of the moment in the column strip is assigned
to the beam and balance of 15 % is assigned to the slab
in the column strip.
Column Strip - Negative Moment (169.9 k-ft)
Beam Moment 0.85  169.9 k-ft   144.4 k-ft
Slab Moment 0.15  169.9 k-ft   25.5 k-ft
Example 4 - Moment (long)-
beam/slab distribution (positive)
When 1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5
indicates that 85 % of the moment in the column strip
is assigned to the beam and balance of 15 % is
assigned to the slab in the column strip.

Column Strip - Positive Moment (91.5 k-ft)

Beam Moment 0.85  91.5 k-ft   77.8 k-ft
Slab Moment 0.15  91.5 k-ft   13.7 k-ft
 Example 4- Moment (short)
The factored components
of the moment for the
beam (short).

Negative – Moment 0.65  264.2 k-ft   171.7 k-ft

Positive + Moment 0.35  264.2 k-ft   92.5 k-ft
Example 4 - Moment (short)
coefficients
The moments of inertia about beam, Ib = 22,453 in4 and
Is = 8232 in4 (short direction) are need to determine the
distribution of the moments between the column and
middle strip. l 24 ft
 1
  1.22222
l2 20 ft
Eb I b 22453 in 4
1   4
 2.73
Es I s 8232 in
l1
1  2.73* 1.2222   3.333
l2
Example 4 - Moment (short)
Factors (negative)
Need to interpolate
to determine how
the negative
moment is
distributed.

Factor  0.75 
0.75  0.45
1.2222  1.0
1.0  2.0
 0.6833
Example 4 - Moment (short)
Factors (positive)
Need to interpolate
to determine how
the positive
moment is
distributed.

Factor  0.75 
0.75  0.45
1.2222  1.0
1.0  2.0
 0.6833
 Example 4- Moment (short)
column/middle strip
Components on the beam (short).
Column Strip
Negative – Moment 0.683  171.7 k-ft   117.3 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.683  92.5 k-ft   63.2 k-ft
Middle Strip
Negative – Moment 0.317  171.7 k-ft   54.4 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.317  92.5 k-ft   29.3 k-ft
 Example 4 - Moment (short)
beam/slab distribution (negative)
When 1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5 indicates
that 85 % of the moment in the column strip is assigned
to the beam and balance of 15 % is assigned to the slab
in the column strip.
Column Strip - Negative Moment (117.3 k-ft)
Beam Moment 0.85  117.3 k-ft   99.7 k-ft
Slab Moment 0.15  117.3 k-ft   17.6 k-ft
Example 4 - Moment (short)
beam/slab distribution (positive)
When 1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5
indicates that 85 % of the moment in the column strip
is assigned to the beam and balance of 15 % is
assigned to the slab in the column strip.

Column Strip - Positive Moment (63.2 k-ft)

Beam Moment 0.85  63.2 k-ft   53.7 k-ft
Slab Moment 0.15  63.2 k-ft   9.5 k-ft
Example 4 - Summary
Example 4- Reinforcement
calculation

Use same procedure to do the reinforcement on the

concrete. Calculate the bars from the earlier
version of the problem.
Example 4 - Reinforcement
calculation
Computing the reinforcement uses:
Mu
Ru 
bd 2
1.7 * R u
R u   w f c 1  0.59w  w  1.70 w 
2
0
 fc

 1.7 * R 
1.70  1.7   4 u 
2
 
  fc  rf y wf c
w w r
2 fc fy
Example 4 - Reinforcement calculation
for long –middle strip (negative)
Compute the reinforcement need for the negative moment
in long direction. Middle strip width b =120 in. (10 ft),
d =6 in. and Mu = 42.5 k-ft
 12 in. 
42.5 k-ft  
Mu  1 ft 
Ru  2   0.118 ksi
120 in. 6 in.
2
bd
1.7  0.118 ksi 
w  1.70w 
2
0
0.9  3 ksi 
Example 4 - Reinforcement calculation
for long –middle strip (negative)
Compute the reinforcement need for the negative
moment in long direction. Middle strip width b =120 in.
(10 ft) d =6 in. and Mu = 42.5 k-ft

1.7   4  0.7433
2
1.70 
w  0.0449
2
wf c 0.0449  3 ksi 
r   0.00225
fy 60 ksi
Example 4 - Reinforcement calculation
for long –middle strip (negative)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 6 in., and h = 7 in.

As  r bd  0.00225 120 in. 6 in.  1.62 in 2

As min   0.0018bh  0.0018 120 in. 7 in.  1.52 in 2
Example 4 - Reinforcement calculation
for long –middle strip (negative)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 6 in., and As = 1.62 in2. Use a
#4 bar (Ab =0.20 in2 )
As 1.62 in 2
# bars   2
 8.08  Use 9 bars
Ab 0.2 in
120 in.
s  13.33 in. Maximum spacing is 2(h) or
9
18 in.
Use 10 #4 So 13.33 in < 14 in. OK!
Example 4 – Long Results
Column Strip Middle Strip
The long
Negative Positive Negative Positive
direction using Moment (k-ft) 25.5 13.7 42.5 22.9
# 4 bars b (in)
d (in)
120
6
120
6
120
6
120
6
h (in) 7 7 7 7
fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 3 3 3 3
Ru (ksi) 0.07083 0.03806 0.11806 0.06361
w 0.02665 0.01421 0.04491 0.02390
r 0.00133 0.00071 0.00225 0.00119
As (in2) 0.96 0.51 1.62 0.86
As(min) (in2) 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51
# bars req 7.56 7.56 8.08 7.56
spacing (in) 15.00 15.00 13.33 15.00
Use
# bars (#4) 10 10 10 10
spacing (in) 12 12 12 12
Example 4 – Long summary

The long direction

using # 4 bars
Example 4 – Short Results
Column Strip Middle Strip

The short Negative Positive Negative Positive

direction Moment (k-ft) 17.6 9.5 54.4 29.3
b (in) 120 120 168 168
using # 4 d (in) 6 6 6 6
h (in) 7 7 7 7
bars fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 3 3 3 3
Ru (ksi) 0.04889 0.02639 0.10794 0.05813
w 0.01830 0.00983 0.04096 0.02181
r 0.00092 0.00049 0.00205 0.00109
As (in2) 0.66 0.35 2.06 1.10
As(min) (in2) 1.51 1.51 2.12 2.12
# bars req 7.56 7.56 10.58 10.58
spacing (in) 15.00 15.00 15.27 15.27
Use
# bars (#4) 10 10 14 14
spacing (in) 12 12 12 12
Example 4 – Short Summary
The short direction
using # 4 bars
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
A two-way waffle slab system consists of concrete ribs
that normally intersect at right angles. These slabs
might be constructed without beams, in which case a
solid column head is made over the column to prevent
any punching due to shear. Wide beams can also be
used on the column centrelines for uniform depth
construction. Square metal or fiberglass pans are
commonly used to form these joists. A thin slab of 3 to
5 in. is cast with these joists to form the waffle slab.
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Each panel is divided into a column and a middle strip.
The column strip includes all joists that frame into the
solid head; the middle strip is located between
consecutive column strips. Straight or bent bars could
be used as a reinforcement in a waffle slab. The design
of a two-way waffle slab is similar to that of flat slabs
by considering the solid head as a drop panel. To
prevent any excess in the diagonal tension in the head,
a sufficient size of column must be used or a shear cap
must be provided.
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
In the design of a waffle slab, the top slabs with each
rib form a T-section, with considerable depth relative
to flat plates. Consequently, long spans carrying heavy
loads may be designed with great savings in concrete.
Waffle slabs also provide an attractive ceiling, which is
achieved by leaving the rib pattern or by integrating
lighting fixtures.
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Example 5 – Waffle Slab
Equivalent Frame Method
When two-way floor systems do not satisfy the
limitations of the direct design method, the design
moments must be computed by the equivalent frame
method. In the latter method, the building is divided
into equivalent frames in two directions and then
analyzed elastically for all conditions of loadings. The
difference between the direct design and equivalent
frame methods lies in the way by which the
longitudinal moments along the spans of the
equivalent rigid frame are determined.
Equivalent Frame Method
The design requirements can be explained as follows:

1. Description of the equivalent frame:

An equivalent frame is a two-dimensional building
frame obtained by cutting the three-dimensional
building along lines midway between columns (Fig.
17.4). The resulting equivalent frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse directions
of the building. For vertical loads, each floor is
analysed separately, with the far ends of the upper and
lower columns assumed to be fixed.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Longitudinal Transverse equivalent

equivalent frame frame
 Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Elevation of the frame Perspective view

Equivalent Frame Method
The slab-beam may be assumed to be fixed at any
support two panels away from the support considered,
because the vertical loads contribute very little to the
moment at that support. For lateral loads, the
equivalent frame consists of all the floors and extends
for the full height of the building, because the forces at
each floor are a function of the lateral forces on all
floors above the considered level. Analysis of frames
can also be made using computer programs.
Equivalent Frame Method
2. Load assumptions:

When the ratio of the service live load to the service

dead load is less than or equal to 0.75, the structural
analysis of the frame can be made with the factored
dead and live loads acting on all spans instead of a
pattern loading. When the ratio of the service live load
to the service dead load is greater than 0.75, pattern
loading must be used, considering the following
conditions:
Equivalent Frame Method
a. Only 75% of the full-factored live load may be
used for the pattern loading analysis

b. The maximum negative bending moment in the

slab at the support is obtained by loading only the
two adjacent spans.

c. The maximum positive moment near a midspan is

obtained by loading only alternate spans.
Equivalent Frame Method
d. The design moments must not be less than those
occurring with a full-factored live load on all
panels (ACI Code, Section 13.7.6).

e. The critical negative moments are considered to be

acting at the face of a rectangular column or at the
face of the equivalent square column having the
same area for non-rectangular sections.
Equivalent Frame Method
3. Slab-beam moment of inertia:

The ACI Code specifies that the variation in moment

of inertia along the longitudinal axes of the columns
and slab beams must be taken into account in the
analysis of frames. The critical region is located
between the centreline of the column and the face of
the column, bracket, or capital. This region may be
considered as a thickened section of the floor slab.
Equivalent Frame Method
Equivalent Frame Method
4. Column moment of
inertia:

The ACI Code, Section

13.7.4, states that the
moment of inertia of the
column is to be assumed
infinite from the top of the
slab to the bottom of the
column capital or slab
beams (Fig. 17.37).
Equivalent Frame Method
Equivalent Frame Method
6. Column moments:

In frame analysis, moments determined for the

equivalent columns at the upper end of the column
below the slab and at the lower end of the column
above the slab must be used in the design of a column.
Equivalent Frame Method
Equivalent Frame Method
7. Negative moments at the
supports:

For an exterior column, the

factored negative moment is to
be taken at a section located at
half the distance between the
face of the column and the edge
of the support. Circular section
columns must be treated as
square columns with the same
area.
Equivalent Frame Method