PINEGROVE
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Snehitha Hills, Peeran Cheru, Hyderabad, R.R.Dist-500091
OXOACIDS- Names & structures
OXOACIDS OF NITROGEN
Basicity
Name Formula O.S Structure
Hyponitrous acid H2N2O2 +1 2
O
Nitrous acid HNO2 +3 1
||
H- O- N =O H−N → O
nitrite form nitro form
Nitric acid HNO3 +5 1
Pernitric acid HNO4 +5 1
OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHOROUS
Basicity
Name Formula Structure O.S
1.Hypophosphorous acid H3PO2 + 1 1
(Phosphinic acid)
2. Diphosphorous or H4P2O5 O O +3 2
pyrophosphorous acid P O P
H
(Diphosphinic acid)
H
OH OH
3.Orthophosphorous acid H3PO3 +3 2
O O
4.Hypophosphoric acid H4P2O6 +4 4
Diphosphoric (IV) acid P P
HO OH
OH OH
5. Metaphosphoric acid HPO3 +5
6.Orthophosphoric acid H3PO4 +5 3
7.Pyrophosphoric acid H4P2O7 O O
+5 4
(Diphosphoric acid) HO
P O P
OH
OH OH
8.Peroxophosphoric acid H3PO5 O +5 3
P
HO O - OH
OH
9.Peroxodiphosphoric acid H4P2O8 +5 4
OXOACIDS OF SULPHUR
Name formula Structure O.S
a) Sulphurous acid series
Sulphurous acid H2SO3 HO S OH +4
O
Thiosulphurous acid H2S2O2 HO S OH -2,
S +4
Dithionous acid H2S2O4 HO S S OH +3,
or
O O +3
Hyposulphurous acid
Pyrosulphurous acid H2S2O5 O +3,
HO S S OH
+5
O O
b) Sulphuric acid series
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 O +6
HO S OH
O
Thiosulphuric acid H2S2O3 S -2,
HO S OH
+6
O
Pyrosulphuric acid
or H2S2O7 O O +6,
Oleum HO S O S OH
+6
or O O
Fuming sulphuri acid
c) Thionic acid series
Dithionic acid or H2S2O6 O O +5,
S S OH
HO +5
Hyposulphuric acid O O
Polythionic acid O O
H2SxO6 HO S Sn S OH +5,
(x = n + 2) O O
+5,0
d) Peroxy acid series
Peroxymonosulphuric acid O
or H2SO5 HO S O OH +6
Caro’s acid
O
Peroxydisulphuric acid O O +6,
or H2S2O8 HO S O O S OH
Marshall’s acid
O O
OXOACIDS OF CHLORINE
Name of the Oxidation number structure
Formula
Oxyacid of chlorine
Hypochlorous acid HClO + 1
Chlorous acid HClO2 + 3
Chloric acid HCl O3 + 5
perchloric acid HClO4 + 7
O. S Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Name of acid Name of anion
+1 HOF HClO HBrO HIO Hypohalous Hypohalite
+3 — HClO2 — — Halous Halite
+5 — HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3 Halic Halate
+7 — HClO4 HBrO4 HIO4 Perhalic Perhalate
Some important trends:
i) The order of oxidising power :
HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4
Cl—O– > ClO2 – > ClO3 – > ClO4 –.
BrO4 – > lO4 – > ClO4 –.
ii) The order of thermal stability :
HClO4 HClO3 HClO2 HClO
ClO– < ClO2 – < ClO3 – < ClO4 –
iii) The ” Cl − O ” bond order :
ClO − ClO2− ClO3− ClO4−
iv) The ” Cl − O ” bond length :
ClO − ClO2− ClO3− ClO4−
v) The ” Cl − O ” bond energy :
ClO − ClO2− ClO3− ClO4−
vi) reducing character
H3PO4 > H3PO3 > H3PO2
Chemical Properties
I. Acidic strength
1. Acidic strength increases with increase in oxidation state
A. HNO2 HNO3
B. H 2 SO3 H 2 SO4
C. HOCl < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
Exception
Among the three oxoacids of phosphorus (H3PO2, H3PO3 and H3PO4) acidity
actually decreases as
H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H3PO4.
This trend can be explained depending on the stability of conjugate base
H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4
pKa = 1.244 pKa1 = 1.257 pKa1 = 2.15
pKa2 = 6.7 pKa2 = 7.20
pKa3 = 12.37
2. Acidic strength increases with increase in the electronegativity
A. H3PO4 < H2SO4 < HClO4
B. H3BO3 < H2CO3 < HNO3
ii. Reaction with metals
Acids reacts with active metals and liberate H2 gas
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
M + dil HNO3 → H 2 + M ( NO3 )2 ( M = Mg, Mn )
iii. Reaction with metal oxides
Generally metal oxides are basic in nature. Oxoacids reacts with basic and
amphoteric oxides to from salts.
CaO + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
iv. Reaction with metal hydroxides
Metal hydroxides are basic in nature. Oxoacids neutrlises metal hydroxides to
from salt and water
NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O
NaOH + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + H2O
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
v. Reaction with carbonates / bicarbonates
Oxoacids decopose carbonates / bicarbonates to liberate CO2
Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + H2O + CO2
vi. Reaction with salts
Strong acidic oxoacids (less volatile) reacts with salts to liberate weak
acids(more volatile)
3NaBr + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3HBr
3KI + H3PO4 → K3PO4 + 3HI
2NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2NaNO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HNO3
NaClO4 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HClO4
Ba ( ClO3 )2 + H 2SO4 → HClO3 + BaSO4
KClO4 + H2 SO4 (conc.) → HClO4 + KHSO4
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 → 3 CaSO4 + 2H3PO4
