21
1.5 Integrals Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions
Some trigonometric integrals may be integrated by transforming the integrand with
the use of familiar trigonometric identities, such as;
cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1
1
sin 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
1
cos 𝜃 = (1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
2
tan 𝜃 + 1 = sec 𝜃
cot 𝜃 + 1 = csc 𝜃
Type 1: ∫ sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , where either m or n is a positive odd integer. For
definiteness, let n be a positive odd integer.
sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Then use;
cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
Type 2: ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 or ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥, where n is an integer, then use;
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1
Type 3: ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, or ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where n is a positive even integer.
Type 4: ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where both m and n are positive even integer, then use;
1
sin 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
1
cos 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
2
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22
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏. sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥(1 − sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let;
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= − +𝐶
2+1 4+1
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙
sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟐. tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= (sec 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥
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23
tan 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2+1
tan 𝑥
= − (sec 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
3
tan 𝑥
= − sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
3
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙
tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟑. tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
sec 𝑥 = 1 + tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 (1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= + +𝐶
2+1 4+1
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟒. sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
From trigonometric identities;
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
24
1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
2
1
= sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
= sin 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
= sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
From trigonometric identities;
1
sin 2𝜃 = (1 − cos 4𝜃)
2
1 1
= (1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4 2
1
= (1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
8
1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 − cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
= 𝜃− cos 2𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
8 8 4
𝟏 𝟏
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟑𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟓. sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
From trigonometric identities;
1
sin 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
1
= (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
1 1
= ( − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 2
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25
1 1 1
= − cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 − cos 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
Let: From trigonometric identities;
𝑣 = 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃)
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃− cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + (1 + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 4 8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
4 4 8 8 4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟔. cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1
cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (csc 𝑥 − 1) cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
cos 𝑥
cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
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26
Let:
𝑣 = cot 𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− cot 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) − ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
cot 𝑥
=− − ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − − 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟕. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (tan 𝑥 + 1) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= + +𝐶
6+1 4+1
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟕 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟖. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
From trigonometric identities;
tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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27
= sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
= − +𝐶
6+1 4+1
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝒙
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟗. cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
From trigonometric identities;
cot 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 − 1
cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃(csc 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 (csc 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (csc 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
28
cos 𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=− cot 𝜃 (−csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − − cot 𝜃 (− csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
cos 𝜃
+− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (− csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃
=− + − − ln sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
5+1 3+1 1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟔 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽
cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − + − − 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎. sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
From trigonometric identities;
sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= (1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Expand and multiply by (sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃);
= (1 − 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= − cos 𝜃 − (−)3 cos 𝜃(−sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
+ (−)3 cos 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − (−) cos 𝜃 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃)
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= − cos 𝜃 + 3 −3 + +𝐶
2+1 4+1 6+1
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
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𝟑 𝟏
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟕 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟕
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏. cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
From trigonometric identities;
1 1
cos 𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃
2 2
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
1 1
= + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2
Expand and multiply by 𝑑𝜃;
1 3 3 1
= ( + cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
From trigonometric identities;
1 1
cos 2𝜃 = + cos 4𝜃
2 2
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − sin 2𝜃
1 3 3 1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ( + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 2 2
1
+ (1 − sin 2𝜃) cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8
1 3
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
3 3 1 1
+ 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 16 8 8
5 1 3 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 2 16 8
Let:
𝑣 = 2𝜃 𝑣 = 4𝜃 𝑣 = sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 2cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
30
5 1 1 3 1
= 𝜃+ cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
16 2 2 16 4
1 1
− sin 2𝜃 (2 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
8 2
5 1 3 1 sin 2𝜃
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 −
16 4 64 16 2+1
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟖
Watch discussion at these links:
Part 1 https://youtu.be/L4Xy-Zvwkx4
Part 2 https://youtu.be/sylWOOhWq6w
D. Activities/Exercises
Evaluate the integral of your answers in pre-test section of this module.
F. References
Ignacio J. Sevilla, et al. (1962). Calculus: Differential and Integral Part 2. Quezon
City: Royal Publishing House, Inc.
Clyde E. Love and Rainville, Earl D. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus 6 th
Edition. New York: The Macmillan Company.
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
31
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