Trigonometric Formulas and Identities
Basic Identities Sum and Difference Formulas
sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
Quotient Identities tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
Even/Odd Functions Double Angle Formulas
sin(−𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
csc(−𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 sec(−𝑥) = sec 𝑥 cos(2𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥
cos(2𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 − 1
cot(−𝑥) = − cot 𝑥
cos(2𝑥) = 1 − 2sin 𝑥
Pythagorean Identities 2 tan 𝑥
tan(2𝑥) =
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1 1 − tan 𝑥
csc 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = 1
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 1 Half Angle Formulas
cot 𝜃 − csc 𝜃 = −1
tan 𝜃 − sec 𝜃 = −1
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin 𝜃 sin =±
sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 𝜃 2 2
csc 𝜃 = 1 + cot 𝜃
𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
sec 𝜃 = 1 + tan 𝜃 cos =±
tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 − 1 2 2
cot 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 − 1
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
tan =±
2 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
tan =
2 sin 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥
tan =
2 1 + cos 𝑥
Cofunction Formulas
sin − 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cos − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
sec − 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 cot − 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
2 2
csc − 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan − 𝜃 = cot 𝜃
Exponent Rules Logarithm Rules
log 1 = 0 log 𝑏 = 1 log 𝑏 = 𝑦
𝑏 =1 𝑏 =𝑏 𝑏 =𝑏 ⇒𝑎 =𝑥
Multiplying: log 𝑀 + log 𝑁 = log (𝑀𝑁)
Multiplying: 𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎
Dividing: log 𝑀 − log 𝑁 = log ( )
Dividing: =𝑎
Power: log (𝑀 ) = 𝑁 log 𝑀
Power: (𝑎 ) = 𝑎
Change of Base: log 𝑎 =
Negative: 𝑎 = =𝑎
Inverse Prop: log 𝑏 = 𝑀 and 𝑏 =𝑁
Rational: √𝑎 =𝑎
Equality: log 𝑀 = log 𝑁 ⇒ 𝑀 = 𝑁
Equivalency
𝑏 = 𝑦 ⇔ log 𝑦 = 𝑥
Future Value of an Annuity (Sinking Fund) Present Value of an Annuity (Amortization)
(1 + 𝑖) − 1 1 − (1 + 𝑖)
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅
𝑖 𝑖
Modeling with Functions Leave Blank for any additional Formulas
Area of a Circle = 𝜋𝑟
Circumference = 2𝜋𝑟 or 𝐶 = 𝑑𝜋
Arc length 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Area of a sector of a circle =
Volume of a sphere = 𝜋𝑟
Surface Area of a Sphere = 4𝜋𝑟
Volume of a Right Cone =
Volume of a Right Cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
Lateral Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Name_____________________________________________________ Period___________________
