Database Systems
Lecture #1 : Introduction
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General Information
• Ext #: 144
• Email: [email protected]
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Prerequisites
• Data Structures
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Grading Scheme
• Quizzes – 10% -
• Homeworks – 10%
• Project – 20%
• Midterm1 – 10%
• Midterm2 – 10%
• Final – 50%
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Grading Policy
• All deadlines will be hard.
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Academic Dishonesty
• Any form of cheating on
exams/homeworks/quizzes is subject to
serious penalty.
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Reference Books
• Fundamentals of Database Systems by
Elmasri & Navathe
• Database Systems, A Practical Approach
by Connolly & Begg
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Contents
• Introduction to Databases
• Basic Concepts and Architecture
• Relational Model
• Relational Algebra
• SQL
• Data Manipulation, Data Definition
• ER Modeling
• Functional Dependencies
• Normalization
• Relational Database Design
• Conceptual, Logical & Physical Database Design
• Record Storage and Primary File Organization
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Contents
• Index Structures for Files
• Query Processing and Optimizations
• Transaction Processing
• Concurrency Control
• Recovery Techniques
• Data Mining Concepts
• Data Warehousing Concepts
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Basic Concepts
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Basic Definitions
• Database: A collection of related data.
• Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an
implicit meaning.
• Database Management System (DBMS): A software
package/ system to facilitate the creation and
maintenance of a computerized database.
• Examples:
– Oracle
– DB2 (IBM)
– MS SQL Server
– MS Access
– Ingres
– PostgreSQL
– MySQL
• Database System: The DBMS software together with the
data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also
included. 11
Databases
• Library catalogues • Train timetables
• Medical records • Airline bookings
• Bank accounts • Credit card details
• Stock control • Student records
• Personnel systems • Customer histories
• Product catalogues • Stock market prices
• Telephone directories • and so on…
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Simplified Database Systems
Environment
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Database Example
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File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration
Library app Examination app Registration app
Library Data Examination Registration
Files Data Files Data Files
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Why Database System..?
Problems with regular file system
• Separation and isolation of data
• Duplication of data
• Data and Program interdependence
• Incompatible file formats
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Database System Environment
Library Examination Registration
Library app Examination app Registration app
DBMS
Student
Database
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Advantages of Database System
• Shared data
• Reduce redundancy
• Help avoid inconsistencies
• Enforce integrity
• Crash recovery
• Data independence
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Why not to use a DBMS?
• Complexity
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
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Application Programmers, Administrators and
Designers
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ANSI/SPARC Architecture
• ANSI - American • A three-level architecture
National Standards – Internal level
Institute – Conceptual level
• SPARC - Standards – External level
Planning and
Requirements Committee
• 1975 - proposed a
framework for DBs
ANSI/SPARC Architecture
External Level
• Provides a view of the
database tailored to a
user
– Parts of the data may be
hidden
– Data is presented in a
useful form
– Used by end users
Conceptual Level
• Deals with the
organisation of the data
as a whole
– Abstractions are used to
remove unnecessary
details of the internal
level
Internal Level
• Deals with physical
storage of data
– Structure of records on
disk - files, pages, blocks
ANSI/SPARC Architecture
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