Unit 1

Word order
Positive:
For English sentences, the simple rule of thumb is that the subject should always
come before the verb followed by the object. This rule is usually referred to as the
SVO word order.

Subject + Verb + Object

He + loves + food

Negative:
For negative sentences, we use auxiliary verb of a particular tense with NOT
before the main verb.
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Not + Verb + Object
He + does + not + love + food

Question forms
In the English language, there are “Yes/No” questions and “Wh-” questions.
Question words are also called “wh-” questions because these words include the
letters ‘W’ and ‘H’.
Wh- question form
Wh- questions start
with what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. You use them to
ask for information. The answer cannot be yes or no for those questions.
☞ Where are you from? – Yes, I am. (wrong)

Do and Did
Question word Auxiliary Subject Main verb

Where Do you live?

When did she come?

Be
Question word Auxiliary Subject Adjective/Noun/Verb

Why Are they always late?

What Is
he doing?
Where Were you calling from?
Where Was he going for our next
vacation?

Yes/No question form

Yes or no questions are questions whose expected answer is either "yes" or "no".
Do and Did
Auxiliary Subject Main verb
do You drink alcohol?
did she come?

Be
Auxiliary Subject Adjective/Noun/Verb
Are They always late?
Is He the owner of the company?

Were You calling from?

Was He the owner of the company?

Exercises
1. Complete the questions with these words (When, Where, Who, What).
1. ________ is your favourite singer?
2. ________ is your house?
 3. ________ is your favourite day of the week?
4. ________ is your favourite colour?
5. ________ are your English lessons?
6. ________ is your favourite movie?
7. ________ are you from?
8. ________ is near you house?
9. ________ do you live?
10. ________ is your favourite type of music?
2. Circle the correct option.
1. When did you meet / you meet your friends?
2. What time is it / it is?
3. How much bread there was / was there in the kitchen?
4. Where they went / have they gone on holiday?
5. Whose pretty green hat that is / is that?
6. What collar his eyes are / are his eyes?
7. What\ Where do you like best?
8. Which school subjects she does like / does she like?
9. Why were you asking / you asking him about his school?
10.How many eggs will you need / need you for the cake?

3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW.

1. Что вы здесь делаете?
2. Куда идут эти люди?
3. Они часто пишут диктанты?
4. Они обычно ходят домой вместе?
5. Что они строят?
6. What do you want?
7. Who are you looking for?
8. Do you work or are you a student?
9. Why did you choose this job?
10. What was your first job?
Homework
1. Form questions using the following words and phrases.
2. when / get up / you / in the morning / do?
3. like / they / do / cola?
4. who / the window / broke?
5. Kaito and Sakura / from Tokyo / are?
6. why / James / so tired / is?
7. you / your homework / have / done / yet?
8. what / Angela / like / for breakfast / does?
9. How / your grandmother / is?
10. where / has / bought / John / his car?
11. the girls / text messages / are / writing?
2. Put the appropriate question word.
1.______is your coat?' “It's in the car."
2. ______was at your party? ‘’My friends from English class were there."
3._______did they start their English classes? ’’They started on 8th
September.”
4._______do you make chocolate cake? ’’You use flour, sugar, chocolate
and eggs."
5._______people were in the team? ’’There were 12 people in the team.’’
6._______ were you watching that program? ''Because I wanted to learn
about nature.’’
7._______ bag is this?" "It's my friend Ryan's.
8._______can we do at the sports center? ”We can do lots of things.”
9._______did your trousers cost? “They cost 30 pounds.”
10.______kind of sandwich is this? “It's a chicken sandwich.”
3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW
1. What are your plans for your next vacation?
2. Who do you travel with?
3. What’s your favorite cuisine?
4. Where did you get this bag?
5. Что ты сейчас читаешь?
6. Кем вы хотели стать в детстве?
7. Ты часто говоришь с родителями?
8. Чем занимаются твои родители?
9. Почему вы выбрали эту работу?
PRESENT SIMPLE
How ? Example
 (+) S+ V(es/s) I, You, We, They work
He, She, It works
  (-) S+do/does+not+V I, You, We, They do not work
He, She, It does not work

 (?) Do/Does +S+V? Do I, You, We, They work?

Does He, She, It work ?

Watch out!
In English, the endings –s/es go along with verbs and after pronouns such as: He,
She, It
1. If the verb has endings such as: -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, then -ES is used after
them
I miss – He misses
2. If the verb ends with the letter y, but y is preceded by a consonant, then y
changes to -ies.
I study- He studies
3. If the verb ends with the letter y, but there is already a vowel in front of y,
then in this case, without changing anything, the ending -s is simply added
I play- He plays

When? Example
1. Repetitive actions in the present ( Sara walks to Stanford every day
habits, routine)

2. Generally accepted facts and laws The Sun rises in the east
of nature

3. Timetables and programmes The film starts at 6:30pm

4. State verbs He likes English

Adverbs of frequency
 An adverb of frequency describes how often an action happens.

Positive
Subject + Frequency adverb + Main verb
He + often + cooks pasta
or
Subject + To be + Frequency adverb + Noun/ Adjective/Adverb
He + is + always + late

Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Not + Frequency adverb + Main verb
We + do + not + often + go to bed late.
Question
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Frequency adverb + Main verb?
Do + they + often + go to the library?

Exercises
1. Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs in the correct places in the
sentences:
1. She goes to bed early (always)
__________________________________________________________________
2. We watch TV (never)
__________________________________________________________________
3. Julie and Tom go to the cinema (often)
__________________________________________________________________
4. Alex meets John (once a week)
__________________________________________________________________
5. I eat fast food (sometimes)
__________________________________________________________________
6. They cook at home (hardly ever)
__________________________________________________________________
7. He studies English (every night)
__________________________________________________________________
8. You drink coffee (normally)
__________________________________________________________________
9. I go to the park (rarely)
__________________________________________________________________
10. They go to a restaurant (from time to time)
__________________________________________________________________

2. Make the sentences using the prompts and the frequency adverbs.
1. get up at seven o’clock
___________________________________________
2. have a shower in the morning
___________________________________________
3. have lunch at school
___________________________________________
5. do homework in the afternoon
___________________________________________
6. play computer games in the evenings
___________________________________________
6. cook dinner
___________________________________________
7. watch TV before I go to bed
___________________________________________
8. go to bed early
___________________________________________

3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. Reshma has hardly ever gone on any trip.
2. She always drinks coffee in the morning
3. Sally usually listens to old rock music.
4. They often talk about sport
5. Мэри никогда не играет на пианино при других людях.
6. Боб всегда выгуливает собаку вечером.
7. Я иногда ем без моей семьи.
8. Он всегда готов взять на себя тяжелую ответственность
Homework
1. Circle the correct option

1. A: Yuck! Does it (always rain, rain always) so much here?

B: Yes, it (usually does, does usually)
2. A: Where I'm from, it (rarely storms, storms rarely).
B: Oh, it (doesn’t often/ does often not) storm here, but it rains frequently.
3. A: That is good. I do not like storms because they ( scare usually, usually
scare) me!
B: I am (not never scared, never scared)
4. A: Well, what are you afraid of?
B: I (sometimes am/ am sometimes) scared of spiders, but only the big
ones.
5. A: Me, too. I’m lucky that I(see seldom, seldom see) them around here.
B: What other things are you afraid of?
6. A: I ( am often not, am not often) frightened, so let me think…
B: How about clowns?
7. A: No, clowns ( do not usually, not usually) scare me.
B: What about big dogs?
8. A: Yes! Big dogs (always scare, scare always) me! I (always get, get always)
afraid whenever one of them gets too near me.
 B: Well, the good news is that you ( seldom see, see seldom) any dogs in
this neighborhood.

2. Rewrite the sentences putting the adverbs

1. go to bed after midnight. (seldom)
2. I don't drink tea in the morning. (often)
3. She washes the dishes after dinner. (usually)
4. I eat in restaurants. (rarely)
5. Do they go for a walk on Sunday afternoons? (often)
6 . Do you visit your grandparents on Saturdays? (usually)
7. Mary is late for meetings. (never)
8. They don't go abroad on holiday. (usually)

TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. Я никогда не даю мой номер телефона незнакомцам.
2. Они почти никогда не ужинают вместе.
3. Мы почти никогда не видимся.
4. Ты иногда думаешь о своём будущем?
5. Они не всегда дружелюбные.
6. I am frequently not hungry in the evening
7. Sometimes I want to be alone
8. You must never enter this room
9. I hardly ever read magazines.
10. Did he usually have tea for breakfast?
 Unit 2
Present Simple vs Present Continuous

Present Simple Present Continuous

S+ V(es/s). S+ to be+ Ving.
S+ do/does +not+ V. S+ to be+ not+ Ving.
Do/Does +S+V? To be+ S+ Ving?

1. Habits and routines 1. Action taking place at or around the

moment of speaking.
He usually walks to work. He is walking to work now.
2.Facts and permanent states. 2. Temporary situations
John works as a dentist. They are painting the fence.
3. General truths and Laws of the 3. Currently changing and developing
nature situations
Water freezes at 0 C. The Earth is getting hotter and hotter.
4. Timetables and Programmes 4. Fixed arrangements in the near
future
The performance starts at 6.30 p.m. He is eating out tonight.
Keywords Keywords
Usually Now
Always At the moment
Often At present
Every… These days…
On Fridays… Still
In the mornings… Today
Hardly ever Tonight
Rarely Nowadays
Normally
Regularly
 Stative verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe the state rather than action, so they do
not
usually have a continuous tense.

BUT

EXERCISES
1. CIRCLE CORRECR WORD OR PHRASE
1. Elizabeth usually goes / is usually going to bed at around eleven o'clock.
2.Dan talks / is talking on the other phone right now.
3.We don't eat / aren't eating any meat at the moment as we're both on a diet.
4.Does air travel get / Is air travel getting increasingly safe?
5.My mum calls / is calling me every weekend without fail.
6.How much do babysitters generally earn / are babysitters generally earning?
7.You always come / You're always coming up with excuses for not having done
your homework. It's so annoying!
8.I don't go / I'm not going out much during the week but I always try / I'm
always trying to go out somewhere on Saturday night.
9.No, the train does stop / is stopping at Cirencester on Saturdays.
10.My mum takes / is taking part in ice-skating competitions almost every
weekend.

2. Rewrite correctly. Change the words or phrases in bold.

1. My dad is often getting up late on Saturday mornings.
__________________________________________________
2. Are you speaking any other languages apart from English?
__________________________________________________
3. I already buy all my Christmas presents and it's only October!
__________________________________________________
4. It's the first time I'm ever having a party at home.
__________________________________________________
5. Actually, I think Darren does works quite hard sometimes.
__________________________________________________
6. Carlo is never eating Chinese food before.
__________________________________________________
7. Sean already books a table for tonight.
__________________________________________________
8. Needs Melanie any help painting her new flat?
__________________________________________________
3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW
1. Мой брат ездит на работу на автобусе.
2. В декабре здесь всегда ухудшается погода.
3.Стиральная машина не работает, как надо.
4. Сегодня мы на ужине встречаемся с братом.
5. В какое время ты приедешь?
6. I’m going to the doctor on Wednesday at 10am.
7. Why are you wearing a jacket? It’s hot in here.
8. English is becoming more and more popular.
9. Do we need to make a prepayment?
10. She’s having a haircut this afternoon.

HOMEWORK
1. Complete the text using the correct form
be • disagree • do • include • know • look • see • seem • understand
Ancient aviators?
Everyone (1) … that humans have been flying for only a few hundred years. But
(2) ... it possible that ancient civilizations also had the ability and technology to
fly?
In the Nazcan Desert in southern Peru, there are hundreds of lines which an
ancient culture drew in the dust. On the ground, they just (3) ...like straight lines.
But when you (4)... them from the air, you (5)...exactly what they are. They are
incredible and enormous pictures. The pictures (6) ... animals, birds and symbols.
One bizarre theory, which most mainstream scientists (7) …with, is that the
people who made the lines thousands and thousands of years ago flew above the
lines in balloons. It (8) ...incredible, but a few people (9) ... believe it's possible.
2. Match to make sentences.
1.I think
2.I'm thinking
3.Phil's looking
4.Phil looks
5.Claire has
6.Claire is having
7.Andy is
8.Andy is being
A. darker hair than her sister.
B. I'm going to buy the new Racetrack CD.
C. a haircut at the moment.
D. for his glasses. Have you seen them?
E. not old enough to drive a car.
F. of getting Dad a CD for his birthday.
G. very annoying at the moment!
H. like he needs a holiday!

3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. Я обычно смотрю фильмы по вечерам.

2. Сейчас вечер. Я смотрю фильм сейчас.

3. Он в депрессии. Он много курит на этой неделе.
4. Я сейчас завтракаю. Давай поговорим позже
5. Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
6. Why don't you give up smoking?
7. I am weighing myself. I weigh 65 kilos.
8. This coat belongs to you.
9. She drives to London once a week.
10. Tom isn't playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.

Relative clause
Relative clauses give us information about the person or thing mentioned.
The woman who lives next door works in a bank

Replacing with "that" in spoken English

The pronouns who, whom, and which are often replaced by that in spoken
English.
 Exercises

1. Make one sentence by changing the sentence in italics into relative clause
1. They found the money. I dropped the money.
_______________________________________________________________
2. I broke the plate. The plate was a wedding present.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The police arrested the man. I saw the man steal a handbag.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The Queen fired the chef. We had met the chef.
_______________________________________________________________
5. She wrote to her friend. Her friend lives in Vietnam.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Jill ate the sandwich. The sandwich had tomato and cheese inside.
_______________________________________________________________
7. His friend lives in Scotland. His friend is a lawyer.
_______________________________________________________________
8. We called the secretary. I went to school with the secretary.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The CD is in my bag. The CD has Spanish music.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The book is very interesting. The book is about Japanese culture.
_______________________________________________________________
11. The bag was stolen. I bought the bag yesterday.
_______________________________________________________________
12. He likes films. The films come from Asia..

2. Circle the correct relative pronouns. If both answers are correct, circle both.
Amelia Humfress is a young entrepreneur 1 who / which has just turned 24,
and 2 whose / who aim is to make her company, Steer, the best in the world for
teaching people how to make their own websites. The courses 3 which / that she
offers vary from web design to computer coding. The idea for the company came
to her when she was looking for a course 4 where / which she could learn about
web design. It was a plan 5 that / which grew slowly, and at first she lacked the
confidence to start the company. But she found an office 6 where / that she could
start the business, and the business grew quickly. She thinks that more young
people should set up their own businesses and that it’s often a lack of
confidence 7that / who holds them back.

3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. She was pleased with the present that her father gave her.
2. This is the new computer that I bought yesterday.
3. The woman who studies medicine is beautiful.
4. The man who is handsome travels a lot.
5. The people that live next door are friendly.
6. Полиция поймала грабителей, которые ограбили банк.
7. Женщина, которая живет по соседству, является актрисой.
8. Женщина, которую я хотел увидеть, была в отпуске.
9. Моя подруга Джейн, которую я навещала в прошлом году, живет в
Лондоне.
10. Ты знаешь человека, который живет в соседнем доме?

Homework
1. Use the relative pronouns in the box to complete the sentences
who(m) that which where when whose

1. The doctor _______ examined the child was very gentle.

2. I live in Canada, _______ is a densely populated country.
3. Lee teaches a class of students _______ native language is not English.
4. Yesterday, I ran into an old friend _______ I hadn't seen for years.
5. Dan says he will always remember the day _______ his parents first bought
him a bike for his birthday. 6. That's the drawer _______ I keep my jewellery.
7. The town _______ I used to live in was not very big.
8. The people _______ house I am staying at are very kind to me.
9. Is this store _______ you said you bought the fishing equipment?
10. Here is the place _______ grandpa always used to talk about.
11. I am in need of a coat _______ will keep me warm.
12. We don't have a big enough room in _______ we can apply sample tests.

2. Write definitions for the places, things, times and people below using defining
relative clauses
 3 Translate these sentences below
1. This is the watch which my father gave me for my Birthday.
2. Do you know the man who/that lives next door?
3. I like movies which have a happy ending.
4. My friend Jane, who lives in London, got a new job.
5. The new book by Stephen King, which I have just read, impressed me.
6. Это билет, который моя мама подарила мне на Новый год
7. Мой отец, который живет отдельно от нас, сменил работу.
8. Поезд, который идет в Манчестер, отправляется с 3 платформы.
9. Парень, у которого украли ноутбук, позвонил в полицию.
 Unit 3
Prepositions of movements
Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another place.
These prepositions always describe movement and we usually use them with
verbs of motion.

Exersises
1. Circle the correct preposition.
1. The temperature is going along/over/up.
2. The bird is down/up/over the tree again.
3. Be careful when you go up/over/to the roof.
4. Climb over/on/up the tree and you’ll see.
5. Let's go for a picnic across/under/by the lake.
6. They went up/into/over that building over there.
 7. I'm going to/as far as/around school now. I’ll call you later.
8. We swam over/under/around the bay yesterday.
9. We walked under/over/through the ancient ruins to get to the beach.
10. He walked his dog around/over/by the park this morning

2. Choose the correct preposition of movement to complete each sentence.

a. The boy kicked the football .............. the window.
1. along 2. through 3. up
b. The cat jumped .............. the wall.
1. out of 2. over 3. under
c. They skied .............. the mountain very fast.
1. down 2. from 3. into
d. In the evening, they went .............. a restaurant.
1. along 2. to 3. across
e. The girl got .............. the taxi.
1. down 2. under 3. out of
f. The man swam ............... the lake.
1. through 2. across 3. Into

g. Jessica walked ............... the classroom.

1. up 2. over 3. into
h. The bird flew .............. the bridge.
1. under 2. through 3. down
i. She walked .............. the stairs slowly.
1. along 2. from 3. Up
j. The man smiled as he ran .............. the woman.
1. through 2. past 3. across k.
They followed the path .............. the river.
1. out of 2. along 3. under
l. He carefully climbed .............. from the tree.
1. down 2. to 3. Over

3. Translate the sentences

1. Мы положили книги в коробку (книги находятся внутри коробки).
2. She had been waiting at the station for an hour, but he didn’t come.
3. Smoking is prohibited at bus stops.
4. When I came here I saw her sitting at the desk reading something.
5. My shop is below/under his flat. I always hear his dog barking.
6. I thought I lost my passport, but yesterday I found it under a stack of papers.
7. Я бы хотел остановиться в отеле, расположенном среди гор.
8. Они живут напротив нового супермаркета.
9. Он припарковался возле офиса и вышел из машины.
10. Я живу возле вокзала и иногда очень сложно уснуть из-за шума.

Homework
1. Choose the correct option for each sentence.
1. He walked _____ the room. He could see his friend on the other side.
along/across
2. The man went_____ the house. He shut the door and closed the curtains.
to/into
3. They walked_____ the forest. When they got back to the car, it was dark.
through/to
4. While they were talking, they walked ______ the fountain.
along/around
5. They climbed _____ the fence to get their ball from the neighbour’s garden.
under/over
6. The man got _____ the car. He needed to go to the shop.
out of/into
2. Match the pictures showing prepositions of movement with the words.
3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW
1. We moved the chairs out of my bedroom.
2. The actor ran off the stage.
3. We drove from London to Edinburgh
4. Jim cycled along the road to the next town.
5. She ran out of the room in a hurry.
6. Не проходите мимо нашего ресторана!
7. Он приклеил стикер на экран компьютера.
8. Дорога из дома до школы занимает у меня пять минут.
9. Она ходит к стоматологу дважды в год.
10. Он неожиданно понял, что трое мужчин в масках двигались в его
сторону.
11. Я иду к кинотеатру со своим другом.

Linking words

And

We use and for adding similar information or ideas; it means ‘too’ or ‘in addition’.

 My brother is a plumber, and my sister is a teacher.

 They have an apartment in the city and a little house in the countryside.
 When we are connecting sentences, we don’t need to repeat the subject
(Tom, I, we, she, etc.)

 She got up and left. (=She got up and she left.)

But

We use but for adding contrasting information or idea i.e. information that is
different.

 I studied a lot, but I failed the exam.

 He is good but not the best.

Or

We use or to connect different possibilities.

 Would you like to go to the swimming pool or to the beach?

 He can go to a hotel or stay with us.

We use or (NOT and) in negative sentences to mean ‘not one thing and not
another thing’.

I don’t like oranges and lemons.

I don’t like oranges or lemons.

Use and, but, or to connect similar words or phrases.

The items that we connect with and, but, or should be the same grammar type.
Check these common mistakes:

I like dancing and sing.

I like dancing and singing. (-ing verb and -ing verb)

Would you like to go to the beach or having an ice cream in the park?
Would you like to go to the beach or to have an ice cream in the park? (to-
infinitive and to-infinitive)

So
We use so to introduce the consequence or the result of something. The second
part of the sentence is the result of the first part of the sentence.

 It was cold, so I turned on the heating.

 I spent three hours at the gym, so I’m really tired now.

Because

We use because to introduce the reason for something.

 I turned on the heating because it was cold.

 I’m speaking quietly because I don’t want to wake up the baby.

Exercises

1. Choose and, but, or, so, because to complete each sentence.

1. I called Tom, he didn't answer.

2. 2I'm tired I went to bed very late.
3. 3It was very late, we took a taxi.
4. 4You can go by bus by train.
5. 5She got into the car left.
6. 6I called you I was worried.
7. 7Would you like to do it now later.
8. 8She can sing, she can't dance.
9. 9I wasn't hungry, I didn't eat.
10.10I have one brother two sisters.

2. Fill in each gap using one of these conjunctions: and, but, or, so,
because

1. 1.1I have a car, I never drive to work the tube is faster.

2. 22.We couldn't do any shopping it was a holiday.
3. 3Junk food is delicious very unhealthy, you should not
eat it very often.
 4. 4I knew Sara could help me, I asked her for help.
5. 5Would you like to watch a film at home to go to the movies?
6. 6I wasn't feeling well, I went to the doctor, he told me
that I need to start a diet.
7. 7I'm from the UK, I live in the US my wife is American.
8. 8He's a great person, he's totally crazy.
9. 9My brother is easy-going positive, my sister is very
pessimistic.
10.1The city is expensive. You should rent a room in a shared flat a
small studio.

3. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. Мне нравится японская культура, но еда не очень.

2. Мы много разговаривали по телефону, но никогда не встречались.
3. У меня тест на следующей неделе, поэтому я не могу пойти с тобой в
поход.
4. Я услышал странный шум, поэтому пошел наверх посмотреть, что это
было.
5. Пожалуйста, приезжай и навести нас летом.
6. I left my hotel room and went to the beach.
7. My friends and I just got back from Ireland.
8. I was always interested in golf, so I decided to join the club.
9. She apologized because she came late.
10. She studies hard because she wants to have good qualifications.

Homework
1 Complete with and, but, or, so, because.
1. We aren´t going to the park ...... it´s raining.
2. I don´t have any money, ...... I´ll go to the bank.
3. She doesn´t like vegetables ...... fish.
4. I need milk, butter ...... bread.
5. There´s snow on the street ...... it´s not too cold.
6. She studies a lot ...... she never passes the exams.
7. You´ve got an exam tomorrow, ...... you must study tonight.
8. I don´t go to the cinema ...... I haven´t got any money

2. Fill the gaps with and, but, because or so

1. I love trees, grass, flowers, rivers … lakes.
2. Clint likes westerns … he hates science fiction.
3. Claire can speak Spanish … she can't speak Hungarian.
4. Sofia is in the Northern Hemisphere … so is Budapest.
5. I go to the cinema nearly every week … I love films.
6. Your marks are bad … you don't study enough.
7. Monica and I are friends … we sit together in class.
8. I didn't feel very well … I stayed at home.
9. Susanne did her homework … then she phoned a friend for a chat.
10. I can dance … I can't sing.
11. You can go out … you must be home by eleven, okay?
12. It was a beautiful day … we had our sandwiches in the park.

3.TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. He was watching TV and drinking tea
2. This cake is delicious, but not the best I’ve tried
3. She took an umbrella and left.
4. She practised driving every day, but she still couldn’t pass the exam.
5. We were in a hurry, so I drove fast.
6. Вчера шел дождь, поэтому мы остались дома.
7. Мэри часто ходит в театр, потому что любит оперу.
8. Мы открыли окно, потому что внутри было слишком жарко.
9. Фильм был слишком долгим, но довольно интересным

Past Simple vs Past Continous

Past Simple Past Continuous
+ S+V (ed\2). + S+was\were+ Ving.
- S+ did+not+V. - S+ was\were+not+Ving
? Did+ S+ V? ? Was\Were+ S+ Ving?

1.A complete action or event which 1. An action which was in progress at

happened at a stated time in the past. a stated time in the past. We do not
know when the action started or
finished.

She passed her exam last week.

At 7 o’clock this afternoon they were
having coffee.

2. Past habits or states which are now 2.Background description to events in

finished. a story/description.
 When he was young, he rode his bike They were travelling to Swansea...
to school.
3. Past actions that took place 3. two or more actions which were
immediately one after the other happening at the same time in the
past (simultaneous actions).

He was cooking while she was

He got in the car, started the engine sleeping.
and drove off.
4. a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it.
I was playing football when I broke my ankle.
(The action in progress- was playing (Past Continuous)( longer action) – was
interrupted by another action - broke. Past Simple)(shorter action)

EXERICES
1. Fill in with the past simple or the past continuous.
Simon 1) ……… (walk) home from work the other day when he
2) ………(notice) something shining on the other side of the road. A car 3)…………
(come) down the street, so he waited until it had driven past. Then he 4)…………
(cross) over. When he 5).........(get) to the other side, he saw that there was a
shiny gold coin on the road! He 6)………(look) around to make sure no one 7)………
(watch) him. Then, he 8)………(bend) down to pick it up. Imagine his surprise when
he 9)……… (not/can) move it! He 10)………(be) just about to give up when he
11) .........(hear) a strange sound behind him. Someone 12 )..............(laugh) at him,
but he couldn’t see who it
13 )................(be). Two little boys 14)………(hide) behind a hedge, laughing at
anyone who tried to pick up the coin they had stuck to the road with glue!

2. Fill in the blanks with a correct form, the PAST SIMPLE or the PAST
CONTINUOUS:
1. We _______________________(play) volleyball with Mary, when you
____________(call) me.
2. When the teacher ______________________(come) in,
they_______________(study) English.
3. The baby ___________________________ (sleep) when the telephone
_____________________(ring).
4. As I _____________________(walk) in the streets of Holland, I
___________________(meet) an old friend of mine.
5. I __________________________(lose) my car keys.
6. I was looking for my purse when I _______________________(drop) my credit
card.
7. My uncle ________________________(take) me to the airport yesterday.
8. She ___________________________(dance) when she hurt her ankle.
9. It __________________________(rain) heavily when I got up.
10. I _________________________(see) the thief while he
_________________(get) into my neighbor’s house.

3 TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. She was in New York.
2. She visited her friends in New York.
3. He was speaking to John.
4. He spoke to John about his work.
5. They were in the office.
6. На протяжении всего фильма главный персонаж ощущал себя
виноватым.
7. Девятого октября Билл вернул книгу в библиотеку.
8. С понедельника по пятницу они усердно готовились к предстоящему
Хэллоуину.
9. Я не знаю, над каким проектом Джош работал вчера весь вечер.
10.Как долго ты переводил вчера этот текст?

HOMEWORK
1. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Past Continuous forms of
the verbs in brackets.
a. Were you watching (watch) the football match on TV when I phoned (phone)?
b. The teachers _______________ (speak) when you _______________ (arrive) to
school.
c. We _______________ (not like) the movie. It was boring.
d. I _________________ (not listen) to music last night. I ______________ (study)
Chemistry.
e. She _______________ (have) a shower when you ______________ (knock) at
the door.
f. They _____________ (not go) to the theatre last month. The tickets were all
sold.
g. While Chris and Jane ___________________ (travel) on Saturday, we
_________________ (prepare) the party for their arrival.
h. The children _______________ (sing) some songs last week, at the Christmas
Festival.
i. Yesterday, I _______________ (hear) a strange noise while I _______________
(put on) my pyjamas.
j. We _________________ (write) notes in class, when the Headmaster
_____________ (come) in.

2. Rose spent the weekend at her grandparents.

Ask her questions about it. Use the past simple.
1. ( go / alone?)
2. ( the weather / good?)
3. ( how / get there? )
4. ( what / do / in the evenings ?)
5. ( when / go to sleep?)
6. ( who / go / for a walk with?)
7. ( your grandparents / happy to have you with them ?)

8. ( help / your grandmother much about the house?)

9. ( make / new friends there?)

10. ( have / a good time in the country?)

3 TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES BELOW

1. Lisa and Mark weren’t playing chess for 2 hours yesterday
2. Were you doing your homework when I phoned you?
3. Was he reading a newspaper when you came?
4. Where did you buy such an interesting magazine?
5. They weren’t looking at the clock during the test.
6. Эмма и Бет не учились, когда я пришел их навестить.
7. Телевизор был включен, но мы его не смотрели.
8. Я сфотографировал, когда Сью играла на пианино.
9. В это время в прошлом году Том жил в Лондоне.
10. Сара не готовила, когда я ей позвонил

Unit 4
Infinitive vs gerund
Gerunds and infinitives are the types of non-finite verbs that, when added to a
sentence, can be used as a noun and or an object in a sentence.
A gerund is a verb form that ends in “-ing” and is used as a noun (walking,
traveling, voting). Any action verb can be made into a gerund
Spelling Tip
Verbing (Present Participle)

 Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking
 For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride >
riding
 For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie >
tying
 For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant
and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging,
begin > beginning. However: enter > entering (last syllable is not stressed)

Examples:
1. Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
Jogging is a hobby of mine.
2. Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
3. Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
I look forward to helping you paint the house.
Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to
gerunds.

4. Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:

Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.

An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is

formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
1. an object following the verb:

Jim always forgets to eat

 2. Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:

Do you want to call your family now?

A bare infinitive is a verb form that is used without the word “to”. It is also known
as a bare verb or a bare-infinitive. For example, the verb “go” is a bare infinitive,
whereas the verb “to go” is a to-infinitive. Bare infinitives are often used in
conjunction with auxiliary verbs like "do," "have," and "be".
You must come.
They may arrive soon.
Did he pass the exam?
I cannot/can't go to the party.

Common verbs followed by the gerund:

enjoy I enjoyed living in France.

fancy I fancy seeing a film tonight.
discuss We discussed going on holiday together.
dislike I dislike waiting for buses.
finish We've finished preparing for the meeting.
mind I don't mind coming early.
suggest He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel.
recommend They recommended meeting earlier.
keep He kept working, although he felt ill.
avoid She avoided talking to her boss.
miss She misses living near the beach.
appreciate I appreciated her helping me.
delay He delayed doing his taxes.
postpone He postponed returning to Paris.
practise She practised singing the song.
consider She considered moving to New York.
can't stand He can't stand her smoking in the office.
can't help He can't help talking so loudly.
risk He risked being caught.
admit He admitted cheating on the test.
deny He denied committing the crime.
mention He mentioned going to that college.
imagine He imagines working there one day.
tolerate I tolerated her talking.
understand I understand his quitting.
involve The job involves travelling to Japan once a month.
complete He completed renovating the house.
report He reported her stealing the money.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late.
recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.

Common verbs followed by 'to' + infinitive:

*We can use an object before the infinitive with these verbs.
(Note that 'help' can also be followed by the infinitive without 'to' with no
difference in meaning:
'I helped to carry it' = 'I helped carry it'.)

agree She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting

ask* I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early
decide We decided to go out for dinner
He helped to clean the oven / he helped his flatmate
help*
to clean the oven
plan She plans to buy a new flat next year
hope I hope to pass the exam
learn They are learning to sing
I want to come to the party / I want him to come to
want*
the party
I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see
would like*
her tonight
promise We promised not to be late
can afford We can't afford to go on holiday.
manage He managed to open the door without the key.
prepare* They prepared to take the test / the teachers
 prepared the students to take
the test.
demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
choose I chose to help.
offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.
would hate* I'd hate to be late / I'd hate you to be late.
would love* I'd love to come / I'd love him to come.
seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
They expect to arrive early / they expect Julie to arrive
expect*
early
intend We intend to visit you next spring.
pretend The child pretended to be a monster.
refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.
tend He tends to be a little shy.
would prefer* I'd prefer to do it / I'd prefer him to do it.
deserve He deserves to go to jail.
appear His health appeared to be better.
arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
claim She claimed to be a princess.

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of gerund or infinitive (with or
without "TO")
1. I can't afford NOT TO HAVE_________________ a job at the moment. I really
need the money. (NOT HAVE)
2. The new job will involve you SPENDING__________________ some time in
Europe. (SPEND)
3. I don't remember CALLING __________________ for help. I wonder why he's
here. (CALL)
4. We'll get everything finished, even if it means ____STAYING______________
up late at night. (STAY)
5. She stopped TO BUY__________________ a newspaper on her way home.
(BUY)
6. The members of the council have delayed MAKING__________________ a
decision. (MAKE)
7. We chose NOT TO GO__________________ to Mark's engagement party. (NOT
GO)
8. I hate it when the phone keeps __RINGING________________ all the time. It's
disgusting! (RING)
9. I reminded him __TO BUY________________ a few things on his way home
from work. (BUY)
10. Have you considered SELLING__________________ the house? (SELL)

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the GERUND (after prepositions):

1. David is studying. He’s bored.

…………...David is bored with studying…………………
2. Gordon likes to watch football. He’s keen.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Peter wants to learn English. He’s interested.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Sheila keeps her own room tidy. She’s responsible.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. Sally will visit her aunt. She’s excited.
…………………………………………………………………..……….6. Swan will meet Gordon. She is
looking forward.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Paul doesn’t want to be misunderstood. He’s afraid.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Jane has to do the housework by herself. She’s tired.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. John has to get up early. He is used.
…………………………………………………………………………
10. Tom passed all his exams. He succeeded.
…………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences

1. Fishing is not allowed here.
2. I heard the TV set explode.
3. She appeared to be very nervous.
4. I keep telling you - it was an accident.
5. Jack is good at painting ceilings.
6. Нет смысла навещать его. Его нет дома.
7. Известно, что слоны обладают фантастической памятью.
8. Я позволил ей продолжить работу.
9. Колин понятия не имел, как попасть в дом.
10. Я лучше буду лежать в постели, чем идти на работу.

Homework
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I can’t imagine WORKING__________________ at home. (work)
2. We have decided againstTO BUY __________________ a new car. (buy)
3. She seems TO LIKE__________________ her new job. (like)
4. The students hope TO PASS__________________ the exam. (pass)
5. He won’t go by plane. He is afraid of __________________ . (fly)
6. I am lazy. I don’t feel like DOING __________________ any work. (do)
7. Remember TO POST__________________ the letter. Otherwise they won’t get
it by Saturday. (post)
8. Have you ever learned how TO FLY __________________ such a plane? (fly)
9. They were too lazy TO GO __________________ out with us. (go)
10. I always enjoy __________________ to my grandfather. He always tells me
great stories. (talk)
Exercise 2. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy
student, and he tended to avoid (WORKING) whenever he could. In the middle of
the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks.
Yuri intended (TO DO) the assignment, but he postponed (WRITING) it for a week.
The following week, he forgot (DOING) it. The night before the assignment was
due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried (TO READ) as
much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered
(ASKING) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to
be very tough on students, so finally he decided (TO CHEAT) and copy his paper
from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly
typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper, (THINKING) he could really get
away with it. .

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. I couldn’t help crying when I saw the bride in the beautiful white dress.
2. My uncle has given up smoking and now he prefers eating.
3. He wasn’t used to driving on the right side of the road.
4. Would you rather go to a restaurant or eat at home.
5. There was a fence to stop people from walking on the grass.
6. Мы научили наших детей мыть руки перед едой.
7. Писать письма скучнее, чем звонить.
8. Джек решил отдохнуть от работы.
9. Я отказался говорить с ними.
10. Мы договорились встретить их в аэропорту.

Going to
1. It is used to speak about decisions made before the moment of speaking.
Ex. We need the money because we are going to reconstruct our house.
2. We also use it to express our opinion that something is certain to happen.
There is some evidence for our prediction.
Ex. The planes are going to land.
(They are coming closer and closer to the airport.)

Present continuous
With a time expression referring to future (tomorrow, next month) we use the
present continuous to talk about personal future arrangements.
Ex. I'm seeing the dentist at 10 o'clock tomorrow.
Jack is coming back from Leeds tonight.
Exercise 1. Match the beginnings and endings to make sentences:
1. I’m meeting…
2. When are you going…
3. We’re having…
4. I’m taking…
5. Is Rachel…
6. My father…
7. She is seeing…

a) …coming with us tonight?

b) …a party of Friday.
c) …to London?
d) …Paul at eleven.
e) …my driving test next month.
f) … is going to buy a laptop
g) … a doctor at 2 o’clock
Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct future tense - going to or present
continuous.
1. Tomorrow they ______to New York. (drive)
2. I offered him this job. He _______ it. (take)
3. Take your umbrella with you. It ______ rain.
4. What ___ they____ this evening? (do)
5. I ____ to the cinema tomorrow. (go)
6. They _______ to Seattle next summer holidays. (fly)
7. I __________ 50 people to the party and I hope everyone will come. (invite)
8. ____he _____to the football match? (go)
9. He _______ tomorrow. (not leave)
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences
1. It is going to rain.
2. I am going to the cinema tonight.
3. Betty is going to driving lessons, because she is going to buy a car.
4. I am having an appointment at the hospital tomorrow.
5. I'm sure they are going to beat the Dolphins today!
6. Мы встречаемся с мистером Кларком в три часа.
7. Мы летим во Францию 2 июля.
8. Они собираются купить новый компьютер.
9. Посмотрите на облака! Скоро пойдет дождь
10. У сестры Пола будет ребенок.

Homework
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form of verbs in brackets
It’s the end of the week! I know exactly what I 1_________________ (do) on
Saturday. I 2 _________________ (see) my friend Jeff in the morning. We 3
_________________ (meet) some friends at the skate park at half past ten. We 4
_________________ (go) to Pizza Place for lunch: I 5 _________________ (have)
a pepperoni pizza, my favourite. In the afternoon I 6 _________________
(play) tennis with my brother. In the evening, we 7 _________________ (drive) to
Leicester: there’s a rock concert of our favourite band. I’m not so sure about
Sunday. I 8 _________________ (study), but I don’t know when exactly. I 9
_________________ (visit) my grandparents, at least I think I am! And I 10
_________________ (tidy) my room, of course

Exercise 2. Choose the best option

1. The car’s dirty. I am washing / am going to wash it.
2. I am studying / am going to study English at university: I decided yesterday.
3. The weather forecast says it is snowing / is going to snow this afternoon.
4. We are having / are going to have lunch with Sue tomorrow. We have a table
at Mario’s at half past twelve.
5. What are you doing / are you going to do when you finish school next year?
6. I decided I am spending / am going to spend my holiday in France next
summer.
7. A Would you like to have lunch with me today?
B Ok. I am going to book/ I am booking a table then

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences

1. They are driving to New York tomorrow morning.
2. Are you going to ask him for help?
3. Susan is going to paint the bathroom next weekend
4. They are playing cards this evening.
5. I am going to the cinema tomorrow.
6. Они летят в Сиэтл на следующие летние каникулы.
7. Вы уверены, что они выиграют матч?
8. Она, вероятно, останется до четверга.
9. Сегодня вечером я собираюсь прогуляться в саду.
10. Мы думаем, что он придет домой поздно вечером.
Unit 5
ARTICLES
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS NOUNS

Rule #1 a, an (no article)

Specific identity not
known
Rule #2 the the
Specific identity
known
Rule #3 (no article) (no article)
All things or things in
general

We use article a/an:

 to indicate one in number (as opposed to more than one).
I own a cat and two dogs.

 to indicate any non-specified member of a group or category.

We are looking for an apartment.

The plural form of a or an is some. Use some to indicate an unspecified, limited

amount (but more than one).
an apple, some apple
We use article the:
 When a particular noun has already been mentioned previously.
I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.

 When an adjective, phrase, or clause describing the noun clarifies or

restricts its identity.
The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.
Thank you for the advice you gave me.

 when the noun refers to something or someone that is unique.

the moon
the sun
We use no article:
 to mean all or in general.
Trees are beautiful in the fall. (All trees are beautiful in the fall.)
He was asking for advice. (He was asking for advice in general.)
I do not like coffee. (I do not like all coffee in general.)

Further Examples of the Use of Articles

I do not want a gun in my house (any gun).

The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific gun).
I am afraid of guns (all guns in general).

She sent me a postcard from Italy (an unspecific postcard - not a letter, not an e-
mail).
It's the postcard that I have in my office (one specific postcard).
Getting postcards makes me want to travel (any postcard in general).
I have a dog (one dog).
The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have already mentioned).
Dogs make great pets (dogs in general).

Greta needs furniture in her apartment (furniture is a noncount noun).

She is going to select the furniture that she needs (the specific furniture that she
needs).
She hopes to find some furniture this weekend (an unspecified, limited amount of
furniture).
We are going to see the Statue of Liberty this weekend (the only Statue of
Liberty).

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with articles.

1. She gave us _______ bread and _______ orange juice. The orange juice was
delicious.
2. I got _______ book and _______ magazine from the library.
3. We watched _______ films and _______ TV programmes all night. The films
were better.
4. She offered us _______ piece of cake or _______ biscuits.
5. We had _______ broccoli and _______ cheese for dinner.
6. I dropped _______ glass and two bowls. They all broke.
7. We cooked _______ spaghetti and _______ bacon. John had bought the
spaghetti in Rome.
8. She has _______ black umbrella and I have _______ blue one. The blue one is
much bigger.
9. We had _______ piece of pie and _______ potatoes for lunch. The pie was
very good indeed.
10. I took _______ bottle of wine and _______ box of chocolates to the party.

Exercise 2 Circle the extra word in each sentence .

1 Do you think we will ever send a person to the Mars?
2 When you go to the London, don't forget to see the London Eye.
3 When we use the cars, we damage the environment.
4 I'm not telling a lies! It's the truth.
5 I'm looking for a teacher who can teach me the German.
6 Ray needs a warm hat and a new coat for his visit to the Russia.
7 Dad has gone to a work and forgotten the car keys.
8 Some people have an unusual pets, such as lions or tigers.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. We had a great time in the USA.
2. Let’s go to Belgium for a week this summer.
3. Where is the money, I gave you on the fifteenth of last month?
4. I'd like to join an army and become a soldier.
5. На Рождество я получил книгу, DVD и последний компакт-диск моей
любимой группы.
6. Говорят, что англичане пьют много чая.
7. Я услышал по радио песню, которая мне очень понравилась.
8. Едят ли японцы и другие жители Азии сыр?

Homework
Exercise 1. In each sentence there is a word missing. Write the missing word
next to the sentence
1. English music was popular in America in 1960s. ..................
2. Would you prefer to read book or watch television? ..................
3. We had math at school yesterday and our teacher gave us surprise
test .................
4. Peter joined police and caught ten thieves in his first month! ..................
5. Gordon wanted to be writer, so he studied English at university. ..........
6. Suddenly, two UFOs appeared in sky over Washington. ..................

Exercise 2. Fill in the sentences with “a/an”, “the”, “no article”

1. Kate has been talking to ______ customer who has just come into ______ shop.
2. John uses ______ Internet a lot.
3. She went to ______ zoo, but she didn't see ______ monkeys there. She hates
______monkeys.
4. You won't like that restaurant. ______ food isn't very good there.
5. People don't write ______ letters nowadays. They write ______ emails. But I
haven't written______ email for ages.
6. In England you must go to ______ school until you're 16.
7. Well Mary, here's ______ first question and it's ______ easy one.
8. Jerry works in ______ office in ______ centre of ______ London
9. He lives in ______ apartment in ______ middle of ______ Bronx.
10. Statistics say that ______ women live longer than ______ men.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. He hasn't got a car. But he's got a computer. The computer is new.
2. My friends have got a cat and a dog. The dog never bites the cat.
3. This is a tree. The tree is green. 4. I can see three boys. The boys are playing.
5. I have a bicycle. The bicycle is black. My friend has no bicycle.
6. У друга моего брата нет собаки.
7. Этот карандаш сломан. Дайте мне этот карандаш, пожалуйста.
8. У нее есть мяч. Мяч большой.
9. Вчера я получил письмо от моего друга. Письмо было интересным.
10. Когда они были в Женеве, они остановились в отеле. Иногда у них были
ужин в отеле и иногда в ресторане.

QUANTIFIER
We use quantifiers before a noun to talk about how much of something Some and
Any are used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns to talk about an
indefinite quantity:
Ex: Some letters any letters
Some money any money
Some is used in affirmative sentences.
Ex: - There are some letters for you.
! Some is used in questions when we want to encourage people to say ‘yes’; for
example in requests and offers.
Ex: - Can you let me have some paper?
- Would you like some more tea?
Any is used in negative and question form.
Ex: - Are there any new stories in your store.
- There isn’t any tea in the cupboard.
! Any is used after words with negative meaning such as without, never, seldom,
rarely, hardly.
Ex: - I found a taxi without any trouble.
- You never do any homework.
- There are hardly any eggs left.
 there is
Exercise 1. I. Circle the correct answers.
1. There aren’t some / any help.
2. Do you know some / any Americans?
3. We need some / any more coffee.
4. She’s got some / any interesting friends.
5. I didn’t have some / any breakfast today.
6. He hasn’t done some / any work for ten years.
7. Have you got some / any brothers and sisters?
8. I’m having some / any problems with my car.
9. Are there some / any restaurants near here?

We use much and many mostly in question and negative. Much is used with
uncountable nouns, and many is used with countable plural nouns.
Ex: - Is there much rice left?
- We haven’t got much rice left.
- Has he got many books?
- He hasn’t got many books.

Note: We often use much and many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and
very.
Ex: - Take as much milk as you want.
- I’ve got so many jobs to do today.
- We enjoy the party very much.

In affirmative sentences, we normally use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of), not
much and many.
We use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of) with both uncountable nouns and
plural nouns.
Ex: - We’ve got a lot of milk.
(Not: We’ve got much milk.)
- He’s got a lot of / plenty of books.
(Not normally: He’s got many books.)

Exercise 2 . Fill in the blanks with much, many, and a lot of.
1. John hasn’t __________ money.
2. There is __________ gold in the bag
3. I haven’t got ________ birds in the sky!
4. There aren’t ________ cars in the street.
5. Are there __________ apples on the tree?
6. Jane spends __________ money at the shops.
7. Have you got __________ bread in the cupboard?
8. Are there __________ children on the beach?
9. We are early. We have __________ time

Little /few A little / a few

Little and few without a is a more We use a little to express positive idea
negative idea: with uncountable nouns. It means “a
small amount, but some”
Little means “not much” or “almost
no”. Ex. –I have a little sugar I the jar.
Few means “not many” or “almost no”
We use a few to express positive idea
Ex. -There is little work to do(=almost with countable nouns. It means “a
no work to do) small number, but some”

-The exam was extremely difficult and Ex. –There are a few people come
few students managed to pass. today.
(=almost no students)
Exercise 3. Fill in: a little/little or a few/few
1. Spending ___________ hours in the sun every day is pleasant.
2. We have been to the Greek islands ________ times.
3. There were very __________ people in the museum last night.
4. Would you like ___________ milk in your coffee?
5. I’d like to spend _________ more time on the beach today.
6. He has _________ patience for rude customers.
7. Let’s see if there’s ___________ coffee left in the pot.
8. Oh no! There’s so ________ coffee, we’ll have to make more.

REMEMBER:

too + adjective
too much + uncountable noun excess
too many + countable nouns.

(not) enough + noun (in)sufficiency

(not) adjective + enough

Exercise 4. Write the missing quantifier on the line.

1. Teenagers like ____________ fast food today. Are you among them, too?
2. You should make sure you've saved ____________ money to buy a new
motorbike.
3. In the USA children watch ____________ violence on TV. This is really scary.
4. How ____________ classes do you have today? Five or six?
5. How ____________ sugar do you use for your chocolate cake?
6. There are ____________ chairs in this classroom. Take some out.
7. Is there ____________ lemonade for everyone? I don't want you to be thirsty.
8. We lost ____________ time with talking yesterday. We should have worked
more.
9. How ____________ money did you spend in amusement park?
10. How ____________ coins do you have in your pocket?

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences

1. It seems we have had a lot of assignments in English this year.
2. How much do we have to read this week?
3. Many Americans don’t like Football
4. There aren’t many books in the library.
5. I think he drank a lot of wine last night
6. Я немного знаю испанский, поэтому у меня будут проблемы, когда я
приеду туда.
7. У большинства детей в нашем блоке есть роликовые коньки.
8. Футбол — единственный предмет, о котором я знаю очень мало. Меня это
не особо интересует.
9. Мало кто может жить без денег. Нам это просто необходимо.
10. В холодильнике для тебя осталось кое-что из еды.
Homework
Exercise 1. fill in the blank with little/ a little/ few/ a few
1. We have _____________ time left. Let's try to get finished quickly.
2. You have _____________ ideas left, so let's hear them.
3. I have got very _____________ friends, so I'm alone most of the time.
4. Would you like _____________ water?
5. What you need is _____________ more self-confidence.
6. _____________ is known about how the disease spreads.
7. I'm sorry, but I speak _____________ Spanish. Can't we communicate in
English?
8. Very _____________ people went to see the movie.
9. Mary managed to get _____________ piece of cake.
10. She saves _____________ money every month because she wants to go on a
cruise next summer.

Exercise 2. 1. Using there is/ are + some/a/an/a lot of... describe 10 items in the
fridge. You can also say what there isn’t/aren’t in the fridge.

1. _____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________
 5. _____________________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________________

7. _____________________________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________________________

9. _____________________________________________________________

10._____________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences below

1. I had a few headaches because of the stress.
2. I didn’t use much a lot of fertilizer last spring, that’s why we had so many
weeds
3. It has rained very little this summer, that’s why the grass is so brown.
4. Few people know as much about computers as Jack does.
5. I’m having little trouble passing my driving test.
6. У меня есть несколько друзей, но не так много.
7. Сколько сока осталось в бутылке?
8. У Джона было с собой мало денег, поэтому он не смог даже купить билет
на автобус.
9. На образование в Великобритании тратится много времени и денег.
10. В Лондоне много красивых зданий.
 Order of Adjectives
• In English, there are two types of adjectives:
1. opinion
2. fact
It is common to use more than one adjective to describe a noun. These
adjectives must be used in the proper order.
! Opinion adjectives always come before fact adjectives.
Example: Here is a beautiful, red, cloth flag.
Why does beautiful come before red?
Why does red come before cloth?
• Understanding the proper order of adjectives takes practice. Use the following
table to practice using the proper order of adjectives in the following sentences.

opinion size Age shape Colour Origin material noun

comfortable big old sedan Blue German Metal car

Exercise 1. Put the words in brackets in the correct order.

1. We wanted__________________(grey / a / metal) table.
2. They bought ________________(red / a / new) car.
3. She went home and sat on ________________(comfortable / her /
wooden / old) bed.
4. He bought_________________ (woolen / a / British / fabulous) suit.
5. They have__________________(Dutch / black) bicycles.
6. He wants___________________ (some / French / delicious / really) cheese.
7. ___________________(young / a / pretty) girl walked into the room.
8. He has______________________ (a lot of / old / interesting) books.
9. She bought ____________(plastic / red / a / new) plastic lunchbox.
10. He is looking for_____________ (leather / stylish / a /black) bag.

Exercise 2.
Which is the correct order?
1.  an old wooden square table  a square wooden old table
 an old square wooden table  a wooden old square table

2.  a red big plastic bag  a big red plastic bag

 a plastic big red bag  a big plastic red bag

3.  a beautiful grey sailing boat  a grey beautiful sailing boat

 a sailing beautiful grey boat  a grey sailing beautiful boat

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences

1. The artist wears a pretty, black, wool hat.
2. The cute, large, black cat loves to nap all day.
3. Morgan orders two tasty, hot slices of pizza.
4. My parents said we are leaving for a short, tropical getaway.
5. I love to read difficult, long articles about biology.
6. короткая, старая, бархатная юбка.
7. великолепный, огромный, деревянный стол.
8. стильные темно-синие итальянские солнцезащитные очки.
9. Совершенно новый, черный, костюм Армани.
10.крошечная, прямоугольная, древняя картина.

Homework
Exercise 1. Put the words in brackets in the correct order.
1. She dropped__________ (old / beautiful / the) plate and it smashed.
2. I want________________ (silk / green / an / amazing) dress.
3. She drank_____________ (Italian / black / hot) coffee.
4. He saw________________ (French / writing / old / an) desk.
5. They stayed in___________ (little / a / cute) cottage.
6. I visited________________ (ancient / a / spooky / German) castle.
7. He has_________________ (silver / old / beautiful / a) ring.
8. We ate_________________ (green / English / round / some) apples.
9. I need__________________ (computer / comfortable / a) desk.
10. They went on holiday to __________(small / wooden / a / beautiful) cabin.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences.

1. During my college years, I wore a big red, white and black hat to sporting
events.
2. I’ve been spending a lot of time in antique shops looking for the perfect little
silver Italian cuckoo clock.
3. Our work uniform consists of black pants, black shoes, and a big baggy yellow
polo shirt.
4. Please put the marbles into that little old red round box.
5. I bought a pair of nice new red rain boots.
6. Моя бабушка живет в маленьком сине-зелено-белом домике на углу.
7. Мой брат ездил на параде на красивой большой черной фризской лошади.
8. Мне нравится тот большой старый красный старинный трактор в музее.
9. Мы прокатились на старом синем китайском автобусе.
10. Я собираюсь надеть на свадьбу свой большой синий хлопковый галстук.

Exercise 3. Depict ten different objects in your house by using at least three
different adjectives to describe each item.
e.g. I like my comfortable, grey, German laptop.
LINKERS FOR REASON AND RESULT

 Words like but, because and so are ‘linkers’ or ‘linking words’. It’s important
to understand them because they help you to predict what kind of
information comes next in a text.
 As, because and since tell us the reason for something.
He didn’t buy the dishwasher, as his kitchen was too small.
 So, therefore, as a result and for this reason tell us the result of something.
He had too many things. So his house was untidy.

1) Match the sentences with halves.

1 I missed breakfast yesterday, …
2 Ken studied very hard, …
3 I studied history at university …
4 Jack is very fi t …
5 It was raining yesterday, …
6 Sarah’s really happy …
7 I love cooking, …
8 Sam was late to class …

a) because he goes to the gym every day.

b) so I drove to work.
c) because his alarm clock didn’t go off.
d) so I was hungry all morning.
e) so he passed all his exams.
f) so I’m now a chef.
g) because she passed all her exams.
h) because it was my favourite subject at school.
2) Read the profile below. Choose so or because.
Mike Jenkins was born in Hong Kong in 1983. His parents were British, but
they lived in Hong Kong 1 because/so they worked for an Asian bank there.
In 1989, Mike’s dad got a new job, 2 because/so they
moved back to the UK. Mike started at my school when he was five and we
became best friends 3 because/so we both loved drawing and painting.
When we were seventeen, Mike’s mother died 4 because/so
she was very ill. Mike and his father were very, very sad, 5 because/so Mike
didn’t come to school for a few weeks.
When he came back, he was still very sad, but he said he wanted to make
his mother happy and help other ill people. Mike studied art at university
and he was the best student in his class. The local hospital asked him to
paint some pictures 6 because/so they wanted to make the hospital
patients feel happy. The hospital wanted to pay him, but
he said he didn’t want any money. When people saw his paintings in the
hospital they wanted to buy them, 7 because/so Mike had an idea.
Mike helps a lot of ill people now 8 because/so he gives all
the money he makes from his paintings to charity. I admire
Mike 9 because/so he uses his talent for painting to help
people, and he loves his work, 10 because/so he is always
happy too.
3- Rewrite the sentences using the connector given in brackets.
1. Paul was an hour late. He missed the train. (because)
________________________________________________
2. I borrowed your lawn mower. You weren’t using it. (as)
_____________________________________________________
3. We had no electricity during the storm. We had to use candles. (so)
_____________________________________________________
4. He needed a good mark. He studied hard for the test. (Since)
_____________________________________________________
5. It’s raining. We have decided to stay at home. (As)
_____________________________________________________
6. Tom won’t be able to go with us to the theatre. He has to work.
(because) _____________________________________________________
7. The windows were all open. A lot of mosquitoes came into the room.
(Consequently)
_____________________________________________________
8. We knew what to expect. We were not surprised at what happened.
(Therefore)
_____________________________________________________
9. Would you consider it? He asked nicely. (since)
_____________________________________________________
10. Mary Joined the school theatre. She wanted to increase her circle of
friends. (because)
_____________________________________________________
11. I don’t know the way. I’ll take a taxi. (so)
_____________________________________________________
12. I´ve forgotten my password. I can’t read my email. (so)
_____________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences.

1. Она в больнице, потому что с ней произошел несчастный случай.
2. Они работают много часов, но у них мало денег.
3. Пол задал мне вопрос, и я ответил.
4. Я покупаю помидоры, перец и картофель.
5. Sea levels will probably rise in the next few decades as a result of global
warming.
6. The president was not a very popular leader. Therefore, his resignation
did not come as a surprise.
7. The candidate didn’t quite meet the necessary requirements. Therefore,
he failed.
8. He spent most of his time playing with his friends. Therefore, he wasn’t
well-prepared for the exam.
9. Michael attended an intensive English course last summer because he
needed to get a language certificate for his new job.
10. Michael attended an intensive English course last summer so he didn't
have enough time to be with his family.

Homework
1) Join each pair of sentences with so or because.
1 At school I liked art. I had a very good teacher.
_______________________________________
2 I moved to Madrid. I got a job in Spain.
_______________________________________
3 It rained all weekend. I stayed inside.
_______________________________________
4 Sandro didn’t go to the party. He was sick.
_______________________________________
5 I broke my phone. I had to buy a new one.
_______________________________________
6 Kate wanted to help people. She became a doctor.
_______________________________________
 2) Complete the text with and, so, but or because .
2012 was great because we went to Mallorca. We stayed in a very good
hotel 1_________ we went to the swimming pool every day. We also hired
a car 2__________ we wanted to explore the villages near the hotel. The
weather was hot in the day 3_____ in the evening it was cool. My birthday
was on the last day of the holiday, 4______ we had a party.

3) Make sentences using the words because or so.

1 Mary / studied / a lot / passed / her /exams
2 We / went / Cairo / last summer / my father /
loves / Egyptian history
3 I / slept / class / yesterday / I / was / very tired
4 My brother / moved / Greece / last year / he / got /job / Athens
5 I / was / very hungry / yesterday / ate lots
6 It / was / very cold / I / wore / hat and gloves
7 I / got / some money for my birthday / bought /some new shoes

COMMAS
We use commas to make sentences easier for a reader to follow.
In written texts we use commas to separate things in a list:
He likes chips, eggs, fish and beans.
In my family there is my mother, my father, my two sisters and me.
We also use to separate linker (e.g. However, As a result, Therefore, also,) which
introduce a sentence
Also, the website says...
We don’t use a comma before the word and when it presents the last thing in a
list.
I like cooking, playing computer games and travelling.
NOT I like cooking, playing computer games, and
travelling.

1) Decide which of the sentences below are correct. Mark them with a plus (+).
There may be more than one correct sentence.
1.
a) The house has got three bedrooms,
two bathrooms and a big kitchen. 
b) The house has got three bedrooms,
two bathrooms, and a big kitchen. 
c) The house has got three bedrooms
two bathrooms and a big kitchen. 

2.
a) She likes cats and dogs. 
b) She likes cats, and dogs. 
c) She likes cats, dogs and hamsters. 

3
a) There are shops cinemas and
restaurants in the city centre. 
b) There are shops, cinemas, and
restaurants in the city centre. 
c) There are shops, cinemas and
restaurants in the city centre. 

4
a) At the weekend I meet my friends,
go to the cinema and go out for dinner. 
b) At the weekend I meet my friends
and go to the cinema. 
c) At the weekend I meet my friends
go to the cinema and go out for dinner. 

5
a) Last week I bought new trainers, a jacket and a pair of jeans. 
b) Last week I bought new trainers a jacket, and a pair of jeans. 
c) Last week I bought new trainers a jacket and a pair of jeans 

6
a) You can see hippos zebras giraffes
and lions in the zoo. 
b) You can see hippos, zebras, giraffes,
and lions in the zoo. 
c) You can see hippos, zebras, giraffes
and lions in the zoo. 

2) Rewrite the sentences using commas where needed.

1 My flat has got one big room a small bedroom and a bathroom.
____________________________________________________
2 We get up at seven o’clock and have breakfast at half past seven.
_____________________________________________________
3 In the morning she talks on her mobile phone works on her laptop and reads
her emails.
_____________________________________________________
4 Can I have a sandwich and a coffee?
_____________________________________________________
5 In the evening she listens to the radio and cooks dinner.
_____________________________________________________
6 Dennis reads newspapers books and magazines.
_____________________________________________________
7 There’s an armchair a plant a mirror and a lamp in the living room.
______________________________________________________
8 London is an amazing exciting and interesting city.
______________________________________________________

3) Read the text and add 7 commas.

One of my favourite places to visit is Edinburgh. It’s an
amazing city with lots of museums art galleries and historical
buildings. On just one street there is a castle a cathedral a
palace and hundreds of other old and beautiful places.
I visit Edinburgh every August, when there is a big arts
festival. During the festival you can go and see opera ballet
plays and comedy shows. There are also lots of free street
performances and the streets are crowded with people from
all over the world.
One of my favourite things to do in Edinburgh is to climb
Arthur’s Seat – a mountain in the centre of the city. From the
top of Arthur’s Seat there are beautiful views of the city the
mountains and the sea.
I love Edinburgh because it’s old beautiful and exciting.
There’s always something interesting to do and you never
get bored when you’re there.

4) Write a description of somewhere you like visiting: a city,

a town or place in the countryside.
Plan your writing
• Think about the place you’re going to describe.
• What’s it called?
• How often do you visit it?
• Why do you like it?
Check your writing
• Did you use commas to separate lists in your description?
• Did you check your grammar and spelling?
• Did you find any mistakes?

Unit 6
Making comparisons
1. Adjectives with one syllable, add: ‘-er’ or ‘-r’ + ‘than’
cold  “In Canada, winter is colder than summer.”

2. Adjectives with two syllables that end in ‘-y’, change ‘-y’ to ‘i’ and add: ‘-er’
+ ‘than’
hap-py  “John is happier than David.”
Ending in vowel + Y: Grey Greyer

3. Adjectives with two or more syllables, add: ‘more’ + ‘than’

ex-pen-sive “This book is more expensive than that book.”

4. Adjectives that end in a single vowel and consonant: double the final letter
before adding ‘than’
big “Russia is bigger than Canada.”

5. Irregular Comparative Adjectives

good – better than
bad – worse than
far – farther than
far – further than
much/many- more than
little- less than

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences. Study the above
boxes.
1. I am taller than my sister. (tall)
2. Sarah (busy) _____________________________________ Mary.
3. The sun (hot) _____________________________________ the earth.
4. The earth (large) __________________________________ the moon.
5. Elephants (big) _____________________________________ horses.
6. Action movies (exciting) __________________________ comedies.
7. This restaurant (good) _________________________ that restaurant.
8. Salads (healthy) _______________________________ hamburgers.
9. I think weekends (nice) ____________________________ weekdays.
10. Lions (dangerous) ________________________________ rabbits.
11. The sun (far) ___________________________________ the moon.
12. That hotel (bad) _________________________________ this hotel.
13. Cars (fast) _____________________________________ bicycles.
14. Comedies (funny) ____________________________ action movies.
15. I (nervous) _____________________________________ my friend.

Exercise 2. complete the table

 Positive Comparative

Safe

sadder

pretty

luckier

Wonderful

More colorful

Tired

older

heavier

dangerous

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Who is more talented? Tom or you?
2. A tortoise is slower than a cat.
3. My friend is more handsome than I.
4. Chocolate milkshakes are better than lemonade.
5. A tiger is more dangerous than a rabbit.
6. Змеи быстрее улиток.
7. Лондон больше Мадрида.
8. Улитки медленнее змей.
9. Моя книга по литературе сложнее, чем моя книга по английскому языку.
10. «Властелин колец» интереснее, чем «Миссия невыполнима».

Homework
Exercise 1. Write the comparative and positive forms.
new ________________ younger __________________
long ________________ cleaner __________________
nice ________________ darker __________________
big _________________ more boring ________________
good ________________ hotter __________________
fat __________________ happier __________________
modern ______________ easier __________________
friendly ______________ smaller __________________
famous ______________ cheaper __________________

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the adjectives.
1. The Nile is __________________than Amu-darya (LONG).
2. Films ________________than books. (INTERESTING)
3. A spider is sometimes _______ than a large snake. (FRIGHTENING)
4. Mr. Harper is _______________ than my French teacher (BORING)
5. A bike path is usually ____________________ than the lane of a road.
(NARROW)
6. People say women are ____________________ than men. (POLITE)
7. A computer is much ____________________ than a pocket calculator.
(EXPENSIVE)
8. My sister is ____________________ than my mother. (TALL)
9. Snowboarding is ____________________ than skiing (EXCITING).
10. Children usually have ____________________ money to spend than
teenagers. (LITTLE)
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.
1.Pete is the tallest boy in our class. Nick is the shortest boy, but he is very strong.
He is stronger than many boys who are taller than he. 2. Granny often tells us
long stories. Today her story was still longer. She began telling it after dinner and
finished only before supper. But the story was very interesting. 3. In May the days
are longer than in April. 4. Which is larger: the United States or Canada? 5. There
is a greater number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other
city of Russia. 6. Я знаю интересную историю. Он знает более интересную
историю. 7. Это длинный путь. Это более длинный путь. 8. Ее работа очень
важна. Его работа важнее. 9. Это плохая песня. Это еще более плохая песня.
10.Он хороший инженер. Он более хороший инженер.

Exercise 4. Write three sentences using comparative adjectives

1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

 The past simple tense is used to  The present perfect tense

express finished time: describes unfinished time.

Ex. We lived Japan in from 1995-1998. Ex. I’ve worked as a teacher since
(a time period that started and ended 2011. (a time period that started in
in the past) the past, and continues until now)

 The past simple tense is used to  The present perfect tense refers to
refer to definite time indefinite time.

Ex. I saw the Eiffel Tower in 2007. Ex. I have seen the Eiffel Tower.
  The past simple tense indicates  the present perfect tense
series of finished actions or expresses experience or result.
repeated actions
Ex. She has already watched this
Ex. First, he read book and then he movie 3 times
watched movie

 We usually use Past simple with the following time phrases:

Yesterday, ago, last, in 1994, etc., in the 20th century etc., in July, etc., on
Monday, etc.

Exercise 1. Choose the correct option

1. I’m really hungry. I (haven’t eaten / didn’t eat) yet.
2. They (arrived / have arrived) a week ago.
3. We (have worked / worked) here for three years.
4. They (didn’t recognise / haven’t recognised) me at yesterday’s meeting.
5. Our neighbour (was / has been) in hospital since Friday.
6. (Have you travelled / Did you travel) abroad many times?

Exercise 2. Correct the error in each sentence

1. Have you ever eat Chinese food? 5. Mr Brown already left the
office.
................................................................. ....................................................
........................
2. She has moved to another city last year. 6. We haven’t been abroad since
a year.
.................................................................... ..................................................
..........................
3. They have sent out the invitations yet. 7. The lesson has started ten
minutes ago.
.................................................................... ..................................................
..........................
4. Jack hasn’t seen Jill since she has graduated. 8. Did she just leave?
............................................................................ ...................................................
.........................

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. I've seen three police cars this morning.

2. After he arrived home, he unpacked and went to bed early.
3. A: What's wrong?
B: I've broken a glass!
4. My grandparents only knew each other for a few months before they got
married.
5. I've been in London for three years. I love it here.
6. Мы видели Джули вчера вечером.
7. Он был учителем, прежде чем стал музыкантом.
8. Когда босс вошел в комнату, мы знали, что кого-то собираются уволить.
9. На прошлой неделе дети разбили окно в школе.
10. Он видел этот фильм в прошлом году.
Homework

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or
present perfect.
1. She loves Paris. She ..................... (be) there many times.
2. Bill ....................... (work) in that company for 3 years. (He still works there).
3. They ....................... (go) to London on holiday last summer.
4. I ....................... (read) that book. It´s good.
5. His parents ....................... (be) here yesterday.
6. They ....................... (go) to Germany when he ....................... (be) only 4.
7. ........... you ......... (watch) a film last night?
8. I ....................... (have) some toast when I got up.
9. He ....................... (live) in Rome since he was a teenager.
10. The house looks different. .......... you .............. (paint) it?

Exercise 2. Complete the passage with suitable words.

I 1.............................. always been very fit and healthy, and I have
2.............................. had a serious illness. However, a couple of weeks
3.............................., I caught the flu. I must admit that until then, I
4.............................. not realised just how unpleasant the flu could be. I had a high
temperature for nearly a week, and my whole body hurt. I don’t think I have
5.............................. felt so miserable. It’s taking me ages to get my strength back.
It really bothers me that I haven’t had enough energy to play football
6.............................. I got ill. In fact, I have 7.............................. been to the doctor
to ask if it’s normal to feel weak for so long. He says I’ll soon feel better.
Apparently I’m lucky. For some people, especially the old and the weak, the flu
can be very serious. Doctors have tried 8.............................. years to find a cure
for the flu, but they haven’t found one 9............................... . Fortunately,
researchers have developed a vaccine which gives effective protection against the
disease. According to my doctor, most of his elderly patients have
10.............................. received their flu shots.
Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences.
1. Lucy has broken her leg, so she can't come skiing.
2. Julie's arrived! Come and say hello!
3. They were cold when they arrived home.
4. Jack broke his arm when he fell off a horse in 2005.
5. I've known about the problem for months, but I haven't found a solution yet.
6. А: Когда ты приехал?
Б: Вчера в 22:00.
7. Она работает учителем уже десять лет, и ей до сих пор это нравится.
8. Как долго ты знаешь Джилл? Я знаю, ты часто видишься с ней.
9. Я никогда раньше не видел моря.
10. А: Привет.
Б: Привет, мам, это я. Я просто хотел сказать, что я благополучно прибыл и
все в порядке.

Adjective prefixes
Prefixes (un-, in-, il-, ir-, and dis-) are often used to give adjectives (and some
verbs and nouns) a negative meaning. Here are common examples:
happy-unhappy like (v)-dislike (v)
possible-impossible legal-illegal (= against the law)
correct-incorrect regular-irregular, e.g. irregular verbs
Words that take il– as a negative prefix always begin with the letter l.
legal illegal
legibleillegible
literateilliterate
logicalillogical
Words that take im– as a negative prefix always begin with the letter m or p.
moralimmoral
perfectimperfect
possibleimpossible
Words that take in– as a negative prefix can begin with a vowel (except i or u) or
a consonant.
accurateinaccurate
eligibleineligible
organicinorganic
decentindecent
saneinsane

Exercise 1. Write the negative form of these words by adding a negative prefix:
"un-", "dis-", "ir-", "il-", "in-", or "im-".
1 ____comfortable
2 ____patient
3 ____honest
4 ____ lucky
5 ____formal
6 ____possible
7 ____popular
8 ____lock
9 ____appear
10 ____agree
11 ____legal
12 ____polite
13 ____like
14 ____logical
15 ____convenient
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences by adding the correct pre-fix for each word.
1) It's rather ___polite if you don't say 'Please' a lot in English.
2) My parents are extremely generous with their time and money. They are very
___selfish.
3) If the traffic is bad, it'll be ___possible to get to the match on time.
4) It's ___legal to drive along that street; it's for pedestrians only.
5) My mum thought a burglar had been in my bedroom, but it's always really
___tidy.
6) It was completely ___responsible of you to go away for the weekend without
telling us.
7) Mike's pretty ___happy about going on holiday with his girlfriend's parents.
8) I never know when to expect the post. It's so ___regular.
9) Taking a large suitcase on a waling holiday is a bit ___practical

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. The rumours about their reconciliation were completely unfounded.
2. He didn’t like Lisa’s boyfriend. It would be dishonest of him to pretend
otherwise.
3. It was impossible for her to arrive on time to the meeting.
4. The tickets are invalid. You haven’t stamped them.
5. Many illegal immigrants were arrested last night.
6. Теперь я убежден. Его аргументы были неотразимы.
7. Ненавижу ждать в очередях. Я слишком нетерпелив.
8. Посмотрите на ее туфли. Они такие необычные.
9. Это был такой обескураживающий опыт.
10. Неизвестный посетитель оставил в комнате пакет.
Homework
Exercise 1. Write the negative form of these words by adding a negative prefix:
"un-", "dis-", "ir-", "il-", "in-", or "im-".
1 ____frequent
2____believable
3 ____relevant
4 ____mature
5 ____approve
6 ____dependent
7 ____legible
8 ____curable
9 ____responsible
10 ____moral
11 ____familiar
12 ____accurate
13 ____regular
14 ____grateful
15 ____resistible
Exercise 2. Fill in the table.

able – certain – clear - comfortable - complete – connected - correct –

definite - dependent – direct – employed – expensive - fair – fit – formal –
friendly - healthy – honest - kind – known – legal – logical - lucky – moral -
patient – perfect - polite - possible – probable – tidy – true - visible

DIS- IL- IM- IN- UN-

EXERCISE 3. Translate the following sentences.
1. I don’t believe you! She’s such a shy, inoffensive woman. She couldn’t possibly
have done it!
2. It would be impractical to call her every time the baby doesn’t want to eat.
3. Her arguments don’t make sense. They’re completely illogical.
4. John spent the whole class making irrelevant remarks. I wish the teacher
would have shut him up.
5. Он был очень неточным. Он мог бы получить более высокую оценку, если
бы он был более
точный.
6. Они всегда обзывают его. Говорят, он внебрачный сын. Его родители
женаты на другой.
7. Боюсь, авария нанесла ему необратимое повреждение головного мозга.
8. Мне очень жаль. Его состояние здоровья крайне нестабильно.
present perfect simple with already, just, yet

JUST
We use just with the Present Perfect to talk about things that happened a short
time before now. We use it in affirmative statements. It goes between the
auxiliary verb and the perfect participle form.
Examples:
Bazarbay has just arrived from Rome.
I have just written to grandpa.
ALREADY
We use already with the Present Perfect to emphasize that something happened
before now, or before it was expected to happen. We use it in affirmative
statements. It goes between the auxiliary verb and the perfect participle form.
Examples:
She has already studied for the test.
We have already eaten.
YET
We use yet with a negative verb to say that something has not happened, but we
think that will happen.
Examples:
I haven’t been to Madrid yet.
She hasn’t finished her work yet.
We use yet in questions to ask if something, that we expect to happen, has
happened.
Examples:
Have you finished your work yet?
Has she posted the letter yet?
Notice that we usually put yet at the end of a negative statement or question.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the following sentences with just, already or yet.
1-Have you learnt the English verbs_____________?
2-Please don’t send the letter ______________.
3-Where is John? He has ___________left.
4-Susan has _____________visited London. She has ___________ arrived from
there.
5-I am hungry. I haven’t eaten ________________.
6-Have you bought the tickets ____________? No, not ____________.
7-Susan and Peter have ___________ arrived from their honeymoon.
8-Paul has __________studied for the History test, but he hasn’t studied for the
French test _____________.
9- The doctor has ___________done a lot for this poor community.
10-They went to a picnic on the banks of Loch Ness and they haven’t
arrived___________.
11-Is Ken in? Yes, he has ___________arrived from school.
12. You mustn’t pay for the bill _______________.
EXERCISE 2. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES WITH “YET-ALREADY-JUST” IN THEIR
CORRECT POSITION
1- My five- year-old son hasn’t learned to tell the time.
2- Anna has phoned to tell us she will be late.
3- John hasn’t arrived home; his wife is waiting for him.
4- Be quiet! My parents have put the baby to sleep.
5- Has the postman been? I think he has left two letters. (2)
6- Look! Your teacher has bought a new car.
7- The girls have arrived but the boys haven’t appeared. (2)
8- Have you watched the film? No, I am doing the homework.
9- They have found a solution for the problem.
10- Have you spoken to Maria? No, she has arrived. (2)
EXERCISE 3. Translate the following sentences.
1. Take your muddy shoes off, please! I've JUST cleaned the
floor.
2. Have you finished tidying your room YET?
3. I don't want to see "Titanic" at the cinema again. I've
ALREADY seen it twice!
4. I'm sorry. You have JUST missed Janet. She went to the
supermarket two minutes ago.
5. Nothing for me. I've JUST eaten.
6. Ты УЖЕ закончил ужин?
7. А: «Ты звонил Лили по поводу вечеринки?»
Б: «Нет, ПОКА нет. Я сделаю это сейчас!»
8. Боб и Пенни только что обручились! Прекрасно, не так ли?
9. Да, я знаю Тони. Нас УЖЕ представили.
10. Кэти знает все о пицце и пасте, она ПРОСТО
вернулся после месяца в Италии.
Homework
Exercise 1. Write sentences in the Present Perfect using the words given and put
them already or yet.
e.g.: I / call / my mum. _ I have already called my mum.
1) explain / Mr Lee / the new rules / you.
________________________________________
________________________________________
2) your secret / not / I / tell / anybody.
________________________________________
________________________________________
3) smoking / you / give up?
________________________________________
________________________________________
4) change / his will / my grandpa.
________________________________________
________________________________________
5) you / teach / this?
________________________________________
________________________________________
6) not / Greg / scenery / paint.
________________________________________
________________________________________
7) your sister / in the Alps / ski?
________________________________________
________________________________________
8) we / this film / see / three times.
________________________________________
________________________________________
9) in love / fall / how many times / you?
________________________________________
________________________________________
10) Mat / the dog / feed.
________________________________________
________________________________________

EXERCISE 2. Write already, yet or Ø (if you do not have to put either of them).
e.g.: Have you _Ø_ seen it _yet_?
1) Tina has _____________ made tea for her doll and herself _____.
2) Has the alarm clock _____________ woken Lyle up _____?
3) The telephone has _____________ rung twice today _____.
4) Father hasn’t _____________ spoken to Ken _____.
5) How many flowers have you _____________ picked _____?
6) Has Benny _____________ sent a postcard to Santa Claus _____?
7) The kids have _____________ coloured that book _____.
8) Has Dick _____________ told you the truth _____?
9) They haven’t _____________ flown by plane _____.
10) Tod has _____________ paid for the food _____.

EXERCISE 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. I have already eaten sushi before.
2. She hasn’t visited Germany yet.
3. They have already seen this movie.
4. We have just met your teacher.
5. My brother hasn’t started school yet.
6. Дэниел еще не починил сломанную трубу.
7. Мы еще не участвовали ни в каких программах стажировок.
8. Моя дочь только что потеряла сумочку.
9. Он уже закончил свое задание.
10. Ваш сын только что сломал руку.
 Unit 7
Prediction (Will/Might)
Form
AFFIRMATIVE :
SUBJECT + WILL / MIGHT + V1
NEGATIVE :
SUBJECT + WILL + NOT (WON’T) + V1
SUBJECT + MIGHT + NOT + V1
QUESTION:
WILL/MIGHT + SUBJECT + V1?
• We use "will" and "might" + Verb to make predictions about the future.
I might lose my job
She will be there tomorrow

• We use “will” when we are almost sure (for 90%) that something will happen.
We often use will with "definitely/certainly" when we are certain (sure) that
something will happen.
We also use will with "probably" to make the prediction less sure.
It will be sunny later. (90% sure)
It will probably rain tomorrow. ( 50-70% sure)
• We use “might” when something is less sure.
It might rain later. Take your umbrella with you. (50% sure)
Classwork

Exercise 1. Add the correct modal verb to the prediction (will, might):
1. People______probably develop telepathy in the future
2. The space explorers______ find water on Mars(50% sure)
3. Regular trips to space_______definitely be available in the next century
4. One day they_______ find life on other planets(50% sure)
5. The package ______ arrive tomorrow (50% sure)
6. It_________probably be sunny tomorrow
7. It_________be cloudy in June(50% sure)
8. I _________definitely stay at home tonight
9. We_____ certainly finish the project by tomorrow.
10. Robots ____ replace all human jobs.(50% sure)

Exercise 2. Use the following ideas and make positive and negative predictions.
1. People/definitely/use mobile phones/ in the future
2. They/ certainly/not write/ letters
3. People/ probably/ not spend/ more time at home
4. Children/ still play/ computer games in the future (50% sure)
5. People/stop / reading books soon ( 50% sure)
6. They/ definitely/ not use/ CDs any more.
7. We/ not use/ the Internet any more ( 50% sure)
8. Computers/ definitely/ replace teachers.
9. It/ snow/ later. I'm not sure.
10. We/have/a test next week. But our teacher isn't sure yet.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. I will buy her an expensive gift.
2. The meeting will be held tomorrow at seven.
3. She might get disappointed.
4. I might visit Italy next year.
5. I won't pass his exam. I'm not ready.
6. Конечно, он станет известным писателем.
7. Они точно поедут в отпуск следующим летом.
8. Наш автобус может опоздать?
9. Я точно не буду менять работу.
10. Моя сестра, скорее всего, переедет.

Homework
Exercise 1. Write predictions using suitable modal verbs. (Will/might)
1. Sally/ watch TV/ tonight ( 50% sure)
2. They/ not see/ a match/ on Sunday (90% sure)
3. There/ be / no cars/ 20 years from now ( 90% sure)
4. Jim/ go / to University/ one day ( 90% sure)
5. I/ watch/ film/ in English/ next week ( 50% sure)
6. Next month/there/ be / a lot of rain (50% sure)
7. We/visit/ the US/ next summer (50% sure)
8. I/go shopping/after/ the lesson (50% sure)
9. We/need/more money/because/that restaurant/be/experience (90% sure)
10. I/see/Tom/ tomorrow (90% sure)

Exercise 2. Choose the best answer

1. Let’s make pizzas tonight. The children might / will certainly like it.
2 John will / might come to the cinema with us, but he isn’t sure.
3 Drive more slowly or you might / won’t have an accident.
4 Climate might / will definitely change.
5 I don’t feel very well, so I will not / might stay at home tonight.
6 Don’t drink another coffee or you might not / will sleep tonight.
7 Scientists are certain they might / will discover a cure for cancer.
8 Computers will / may certainly become more intelligent than humans.
9 Do you think there might / won’t be life on another planet?
10 It won’t / might rain today. Take an umbrella with you.

Exercise 6. Read the sentences and translate

1. It’s possible that I will go to the party.
2. It’s possible that she won’t talk to him.
3. It's certain that she'll pass the exam. She's very clever.
4. It’s possible that they’ll lose the game.
5. It’s possible that everybody will come to my concert.
6. Я куплю новую квартиру в следующем году.
7. Он наверное придет на вечеринку со своим другом.
8. Я не уверена понравится ли тебе этот фильм.
9. Я думаю ученые изобретут лечение от рака.
10. Я не думаю что Елена приготовит проект на завтра.

Someone/ Anything/Nowhere / Everyone (Indefinite pronouns)

Countable Some Any No Every
Uncountabl
e
People Someone Anyone No one Everyone
Somebody Anybody Nobody Everybody
Things Something Anything Nothing Everything
Places Somewhere Anywhere Nowhere Everywhere
❗Watch out for the spelling: The term ‘no one’ is written with two words;
incorrect: noone.
We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people, things or places without saying
exactly who, what or where they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one
for people, pronouns ending in -thing for things and -where for places:
Everybody enjoyed the concert.
I didn't buy anything.
I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It's Sunday. Let's go somewhere to eat.

• We use somebody / something / somewhere mainly in positive sentences.

We can find somebody who can help.
There's something in the bag.
Let's go somewhere this weekend.
• We use anybody / anything / anywhere in the same way, but for questions
and negative sentences.
I can't find anybody who can help.
Is there anything in the bag?
We didn't go anywhere this weekend.
• We also use anybody / anything / anywhere with sentences that have a
negative feeling.
There is hardly anybody here.
She ate hardly anything.
We spent the weekend at home without going anywhere.
• We can use somebody / something / somewhere in questions when they are
offers or requests or when we think the answer is yes.
Are you looking for something? (= I think you're looking for something.)
Would you like something to eat?
• We also use anybody / anything / anywhere with the meaning 'it doesn't
matter who / which / where'.
Anybody can do this.
I'd like to go anywhere! I just don't want to be here!
She was so hungry that she ate anything.
• No- Nobody = not anybody. Nothing = not anything. Nowhere = not anywhere.
I don't know anyone who's coming = I know nobody who's coming.
There isn't anything here = there's nothing here.
She doesn't want to go anywhere = she wants to go nowhere.
❗Usually the sentence with 'no' is stronger and more emphatic.
• We don't usually use a negative verb with nobody / nothing / nowhere.
NOT: I don't know nobody.
• Every- Everybody = all the people. Everything = all the things. Everywhere = all
the places. These can be used in positive sentences, negative sentences and
questions.
I think that she has been everywhere in Europe.
He doesn't know everything.
Do you know everybody here?
Classwork

Exercise 1. Put in the correct indefinite pronoun (somebody / something /

somewhere / anybody / anything / anywhere / nobody / nothing / nowhere /
everybody / everything / everywhere).
1. She wants to live ________________ by the sea (in a certain place).
2. She put ________________ in the box, all the things that she had.
3. Does ____________________ have a phone charger? (I don't know if a person
has a charger or not.)
4. We went ________________ this weekend. We stayed at home.
5. She didn't bring ________________ to the party.
6. Is there ________________ in the room?
7. A: What's wrong? B: ________________, I'm fine.
8. ________________ lives in that house. It's empty.
9. Would you like to go ________________ this weekend? (I don't expect a
particular answer.)
10. ________________ was really friendly, all the managers and even the CEO

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate indefinite pronouns.

1. Can _____________ tell me what is happening here?
2. I was looking for ______ ice cubes. I did not find _________ here.
3. Ally invited _________ to the party.
4. Is it possible for you to give me ___________?
5. ___________ liked the movie.
6. ___________ will be coming home for dinner tonight.
7. The nurse asked ____________ to settle down according to their slot numbers.
8. I think __________ took my science text book.
9. ____________ wants to know what is going on around here.
10. The doctor asked Telly not to eat _________ as the test should be taken on an
empty stomach.

Exercise 3. Choose the best answer

1. I went shopping yesterday, but I couldn’t find … that I liked.
a) nothing b) anything c) everywhere
2. … answered the phone when I called an hour ago.
a) No one b) Anyone c) Nowhere
3. I put my glasses … in my office, but I can’t remember exactly where.
a) somewhere b) everywhere c) anywhere
4. Excuse me, waiter. There’s … in my soup. I think it’s a fly.
a) something b) anywhere c) everywhere
5. … in our class passed the grammar test!
a) Everything b) Everyone c) Something
6. I can’t meet you tomorrow because I have … important to do.
a) somewhere b) something c) nothing
7. There are still lots of empty seats in the theater. We can sit … we like.
a) anything b) anyone c) anywhere
8. I didn’t go … on my holiday. I was so bored!
a) nowhere b) somewhere c) anywhere
9. Thomas ate … that was in his lunch bag, except for the carrot.
a) everything b) anything c) somebody
10. … ate my cookie! Who? Who ate my cookie?
a) Anything b) Somebody c) Anybody

Homework
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun
1. ________________ is going really well and so I'm really happy.
2. I know ________________ in this company. It's my first day.
3. Did you go ________________ during the summer? (I don't know if you did or
not.)
4. She doesn't want ________________ to help her.
5. She loves ________________. She's a really kind person.
6. I must have left my keys ________________!
7. They looked ________________ for the money. They looked in all the places in
the house.
8. Would you like ________________ to drink? (This is an offer, not a real
question.)
9. ________________ in the UK has hot weather today. It's cold all over the
country.
10. ________________ unusual happened. It was a very ordinary day.

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with correct pronoun.

1.I am sure I put down my keys________
2. Calm down. There is ______to worry about.
3. I heard a knock at the door but there was _______there.
4. The restaurant was really crowded.
_______had a good time.
5. Did ______see George Clooney's latest film?
6. Let's go _______ different tonight
7. Be quite ! _______ is coming.
8. Pick up the phone.______is calling you.
9. During the storm, we did not see ______on the street.
10. You should tell_______what happened. Just keep it a secret for a while.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct answer

1. I didn't feel good at the concert, because there was ... I knew.
A. anybody
B. no one
C. someone
2. We had known all the facts he said. We found out ... new.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
3. Don't trust ...
A. no one
B. anyone
C. someone
4. He's not a liar. I'm sure ... he said was true.
A. something
B. everything
C. anything
5. There is ... to go in winter in this city.
A. nowhere
B. nothing
C. anywhere
6. Would you like me to do ... for you?
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
7. Before you marry her, I must tell you ... about her parents.
A. anything
B. nothing
C. something
8. ... was surprised when he confessed his love. We didn't expect it.
A. Someone
B. Nobody
C. Everyone
9. Is ... going to the theatre with me?
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody
10. Paul lives ... in Canada.
A. somewhere
B. anywhere
C. nowhere
Adjectives -ed/-ing
There are many adjectives that we have in the English language that end in -ED or
-ING.
An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person, a
thing or a situation.
An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling (or how a person feels)
or an emotion. It is used to describe a temporary thing.
❗Since only people (and some animals) have feelings, -ed adjectives cannot be
used to describe an object or situation.
Compare the difference:
My girlfriend is bored. - (My girlfriend feels bored)
My girlfriend is boring. - (My girlfriend is a boring person)

Classwork

Exercise. 1 Choose the correct adjective.

1. This grammar lesson is..... (boring/bored)
2. I am .... reading all about these grammar rules. (boring/bored)
3. I am ..... right now. (tired/tiring)
4. My flight was ..... because it was a twelve-hour flight. (tired/tiring)
5. Public toilets are usually...... (disgusted/disgusting)
6. I am ..... by the smell in some of them. (disgusted/disgusting)
7. Your speech was very...... ( inspired/inspiring)
8. I am now .... to do wonderful things with my life. ( inspired/inspiring)
9. This girl is a bit.... (confused/confusing)
10. These instructions are ..... (confused/confusing)
Exercise 2. Choose the correct adjective form for each blank.
1. Halloween was probably the most _______________ film I have ever seen
(FRIGHTENED / FRIGHTENING ).
2. I always get so _______________ when my dad starts speaking English
(EMBARRASSED / EMBARRASSING).
3. I am _______________ to see how well he gets along with his stepfather.
(SURPRISED /SURPRISING)
4. The lesson was so _______________ that I fell asleep (BORED / BORING).
5. As the big day came closer, my sister became _______________ nervous
(INCREASED / INCREASINGLY).
6. You've been walking for 5 hours. You must feel _______________
(EXHAUSTED /
EXHAUSTING).
7. I was _______________ when I saw him in that outfit for the first time.
(FRIGHTENED
/FRIGHTENING)
8. I didn't like the film. The plot was rather simple and _______________ .
(UNINTERESTED / UNINTERESTING)
9. It's _______________ to see how many people didn't care to vote in the last
election .
(SURPRISED / SURPRISING)
10.You look a bit _______________ . Don't you know what you're supposed to do
?
(CONFUSED / CONFUSING)

Exercise 3. Choose the correct option for each sentence.

1. The last chapter is very exciting.
2. I am very interested in Ancient Egypt.
3. The menu was rather disappointing.
4. I was very tired and I wanted a nice comfortable bed.
5. I had a relaxing Jacuzzi before I went to bed.
6. Она была очень заинтересована химией.
7. Мистер Смит чувствовал себя взволнованно.
8. Все его картины были восхитительными.
9. Еда в ресторане была отвратительной.
10. Поездка была интересной.

Homework

Exercise 1. Choose the best answer

1. The children looked _____ by the old toys.
a) fascinated b) fascinating
2. The recent downward trend in poverty seems _____.
a) encouraged b) encouraging
3. _____ at the thought of moving away, Jonathon began to cry.
a) Terrified b) Terrifying
4. When you're not in good spirits, it is _____ to stay in bed all day.
a) tempted b) tempting
5. One finding that appeared _____ was that birth rates were declining.
a) troubled b) troubling
6. Never had Ann felt so _____ by the landscape she traveled through.
a) charmed b) charming
7. As _____ as it is to be with others, it's crucial to spend some time alone. .
a) comforted b) comforting
8. The working mother was _____ at the thought of being labeled a
"homemaker."
a) amused b) amusing

Exercise 2. Read these opinions. Are they grammatically correct or incorrect?

Mark the opinions O (=correct) or X (= incorrect).
1) I didn’t enjoy the party. It was very bored. ___
2) The ghost story was very frightening. ___
3) I was shocking by what she told me. ___
4) The children were over-excited and noisy. ___
5) Your holiday in South America sounds very exciting. ___
6) I was embarrassing when they asked me to sing. ___
7) It was very depressing to hear about your problems. ___
8) I thought the story was very confusing. ___
9) I was very tiring so I went to bed. ___
10) I went home early because the party was boring. ___
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences
1. The food was disgusting!
2. I love being frightened by a good horror film.
3. The stadium was crowded with fans of United.
4. I was surprised by the score at the end.
5. The special effects were amazing.
6. Она была разочарована
7. Мы ушли рано так как вечеринка была скучной.
8. Фильм был пугающим что никому он не понравился.
9. Девочка сидела испуганная в углу.
10. Никто не был взволнованным в классе

Can/ Be able to

Can is a modal verb. We use can to:

 talk about possibilities and abilities

 make requests

 ask for or give permission

Subject CAN Infinitive

I can run
He/She/It
You/We/They

I Cannot run
He/She/It Can’t
You/We/They

Can I run?
He/She/It
You/We/They

Could is a past form of can. We use could to:

  talk about past possibilities or abilities

 make requests

Subject COULD Infinitive

I could run
He/She/It
You/We/They

I Could not run

He/She/It Couldn’t
You/We/They

Could I run?
He/She/It
You/We/They

Be able to is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an adjective (able)
followed by the infinitive. We use be able to instead of can and could.

We use be able to:

 to talk about ability

Subject TO BE ABLE TO Infinitive

I am

able to run
He/She/It is

You/We/They are

Past Simple of “be able to” is used to express the ability in a past specific situation
and close in meaning to “manage”:

Subject TO BE ABLE TO Main verb

I was
 able to run

He/She/It was

You/We/They were

Be able to is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and
"could" is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and "could" have
no infinitive form. So we use be able to when we want to use other tenses or the
infinitive. Look at these examples:

 I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)

 You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)

 I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)

Exercise 1

Finish the sentences:

1. A good runner ______ run the race in under four minutes.

2. Bill is so unfit he ________ run at all.

3. Our baby is only nine months and he ________ already stand up.

4. When I was younger, I __________ speak Italian much better than I _________

now.

5. _____ she speak German very well? – No, she ________ speak German at all.

6. He _________ draw or paint when he was a boy, but now he’s a famous artist.

7. After weeks of training, I __________ swim much faster.

8. It took a long time but in the end Tony _________ save enough to buy his own
hi-fi.

9. Did you buy any fresh fish in the market? – No, I __________ get any.

10. For days the rescuers looked for the lost climbers in the snow. On the fourth
day
they saw them and _____________ reach them without too much trouble.

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with can, could, be able to

1. She felt that she ________ never drive again.

2. I found that I ________ do nothing.

3. But she knew that she ________ not do it.

4. He ________ think of no way but the truth.

5. I did what I ________ for you.

6. I wish you ________ have seen him!

Exercise 3 Choose the correct answers

1. ____ you hear the fireworks from your house last night?

A. Can
B. Can't
C. Could
2. Do you think you ____ write that report by Tuesday? I know you're very busy.
A. have been able to
B. couldn't
C. will be able to.
3. I ____ touch my toes. See!
A. can
B. will be able to
C. could
4. I_____spend another moment in that restaurant. It was too noisy.
A. couldn't
B. can't
C. have been able to
5. I_ never seem to get the temperature right.
A.to be able to
B.can
C.can't

Homework

Exercise 1 Choose the correct answers

1. ___ you hear the fireworks from your house last night?

A. Could
B. Can
C. Can't

2. Do you think you ___ write that report by Tuesday? I know you’re very
busy.

A. will be able to
B. have been able to
C. couldn't

3. I ___ touch my toes. See!

A. could
B. will be able to
C. can

4. I ___ spend another moment in that restaurant. It was too noisy.

A. have been able to

B. can't
C. couldn't

5. I ___ never seem to get the temperature right.

A. to be able to
B. can
C. can't

6. ___ play professional tennis, you must be extremely fit.

A. Will you be able to

B. Couldn’t
C. To be able to
7. ___ you play an instrument?

A. Can
B. Couldn't
C. Able to

8. I'm afraid I ___ attend the meeting, I’m on business in Japan.

A. won’t be able to
B. can
C. will be able to

Exercise 2. Translate the given sentences

1. My grandfather could do three somersaults in a row

_____________________________________________

2. We will be able to travel to space soon

_____________________________________________

3. The firefighters were able to put out the fire

_____________________________________________

4. I couldn’t speak foreign languages when I was 10

_____________________________________________

5. Can you hold your breath underwater?

_____________________________________________

6. Моя сестра умеет говорить на трех языках.

_____________________________________________

7. Мы смогли пройти тест

_____________________________________________

8. Я смогу получить сертификат после окончания курса

_____________________________________________

9. Умеешь ли ты петь?
_____________________________________________

10. Я смог залезть на то дерево

 _____________________________________________

Exercise 3. Complete with can/could

1. She felt that she ______not endure another day of this misery.

2. But what I ______do is to confess the fact to you; to implore you

to

protect me from myself, to save me from my own folly.

3. The management was all that ______be desired.

4. And he ______see that she was upset.

5. I fancy that I _______see him now.

6. All I_______say is that in this respect you are not singular.

Unit 8

Modal Verbs

Obligation

Must / have to

Must and have to are used to express obligation. When we use must this usually
means that the obligation comes from the speaker, it’s like a personal obligation,
whereas have to normally means that the obligation is external.

 I must give up smoking. (I need to, I say so)

 I have to give up smoking. (I’m obliged. My doctor says so)

In informal English we can also use ‘ve got to to express obligation.

 I’ve got to be there before ten.

In the past, we use had to in every instance.

 I had to give up smoking. (because I needed to, or because my doctor

forced me to).

In the future, we use will have to:

 Tomorrow I will have to get up early

Mustn’t / don’t have to

The negative forms mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different. Mustn’tis
used to express prohibition (an obligation not to do something), whereas don’t
have to is used to express an absence of obligation.

 You mustn’t reveal where you get the information. (=you have the
obligation not to do it)
 You don’t have to arrive before 7.(=you can do it, but it’s not necessary,
there’s no obligation)

Should/ Ought to

Should and Ought to are a modal verbs. We use should and ought to mainly to:

 give advice or make recommendations

 talk about obligation

 talk about probability and expectation

 express the conditional mood

Examples:

You should see the new James Bond movie. It's great!

I should be at work now. (duty)

Are you ready? The train should be here soon.

If I lost my job I should have no money.

(If he lost his job he would have no money.)

Necessity

Need to, have to, don’t need to, don’t have to

We use need to/have to or don’t need to/don’t have to + infinitive to say that
something is or is not necessary.

 We need to/have to confirm our reservations before Friday.

 You don’t need to/don’t have to believe in God to be a good person.

Don’t need to / needn’t

We can use both don’t need to or needn’t + infinitive to say that it is unnecessary
to do something. However, when we are talking about a general necessity (in
general, not on one specific occasion), we normally use don’t need to, and we can
use both don’t need to or needn’t + infinitivewhen we are talking about
a specific necessity (on one specific occasion).

 The doctor said I don’t need to wear glasses. (in general, all the time)
 Tell him he doesn’t need to/needn’t wash the dishes. I’ll do it later. (on one
specific occasion)

Didn’t need to / needn’t have

When something was not necessary but we did it, we can use both didn’t need
to + infinitive and needn’t have + past participle.

 Thanks, it’s very beautiful, but you didn’t need to buy/needn’t have
bought anything. (=you did it)

However, when something was not necessary and we did not do it, we can only
use didn’t need to.

 I didn’t buy any groceries because Sarah told me I didn’t need to buy
anything. (NOT needn’t have bought)

Permission

Can, could, may, might

The most common modal verbs to talk about permission

are can, could, mayand might.

 Can I sit here? (informal; asking for permission)

 You can/can’t sit here.
 Could I use this chair? (more polite)
 You may use this chair. (formal; giving permission)
 Might/May I use this chair? (more formal; asking for permission)
 Sorry, you can’t use this chair. (informal; refusing permission)
 Sorry, you may not use this chair. (formal; refusing permission)

Was/were allowed to, couldn’t

To talk about the past, we use the forms was/were allowed to or couldn’t.

 He wasn’t allowed to sit down during the lesson.

 He couldn’t sit down during the lesson.
 He was allowed to receive visits. (NOT could)
 Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb: should /
ought to (x2) can / have to (x2) mustn’t / don’t have to could
1 You ______________ smoke in public places.
2 We ______________ learn Chinese in our school.
3 You ______________ wear a crash helmet when you are riding a motorbike.
4 You ______________ eat a healthy diet.
5 I ______________ study hard all weekend.
6 You ______________ respect other people’s opinions.
7 She ______________ always sing really well.
8 ______________ you leave us alone now?
Exercise 2. Give two pieces of advice for the situations below. Use an
appropriate modal verb.
1 Your teacher is working too hard and is exhausted.
He /
She _______________________________________________________________
___
2 Your father wants to learn how to use a computer.
He _____________________________________________________________
_____
3 One of your friends is very bossy and nobody wants to spend time with
them.
He /
She _______________________________________________________________
___
4 Your friend wants to get married. You think she’s too young.
She ____________________________________________________________
______
5 Your brother wants to leave school and become a mechanic.
He _____________________________________________________________
_____
Exercise 3. Circle the correct option.
1 I’m not sure where Jane is. She could / must be at the office.
2 Sally has to / doesn’t have to pass all her exams because she wants to go to
university.
 3 You ought to / can check you have all the ingredients before you start
making the cake.
4 The letter should / couldn’t arrive tomorrow. It was sent by express delivery.
5 You mustn’t / have to book the tickets soon, otherwise they’ll be sold out!
6 I should/ must be on time for an appointment.
7 Sarah has to/ can study hard to pass her exams.
8 We can/must meet tomorrow if you are free.
9. Peter should / have to see doctor if he does not feel good.
10. Mr.White must / can help you with your tests.

Homework

Exercise 1. Complete with can/can’t, must/ mustn’t, have to, should

1. Teachers ____ give more freedom to children
2. Schoolchildren ______ see horror films
3. People _____ live in the Antarctica
4. We _____ play hockey in the summer
5. Sharks ______ be dangerous.
6. Governments_________ help the disabled.
7. People ______________ protect the environment.
8. Hospitals ____________ be free.
9. Doctors __________ do their best.
10.Elephants __________ live without water.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences
1. It may rain in the afternoon
2. People ought to follow a healthy lifestyle
3. You don’t need to come early tomorrow
4. We must study hard to be successful
5. You mustn’t enter this area. Look at the sign
6. Вам следует начать заниматься спортом
7. Марк может не прийти на собрание
8. Нам не надо было покупать хлеб, поэтому мы не стали заходить в
магазин
9. Тебе не надо было покупать мне это
10.Сью обязана носить форму на работе.
Exercise 3. Choose the correct answer
 1. You _____ eat in class
a. Can’t. b. Should. C. Should
2. I ______ to go to the dentist today
a. Can. B. Have. C. Should
3. You don’t _______ to go right now.
a. Must. B. Ought. C. Have
4. We ________ to go grocery shopping
a. Might. B. Must. C. Need
5. I don’t _____ to do it today
a. Want. B. Must. C. Might

Make/Do

1: We use 'make' when we create or construct something. For example:

 She made a cake.

 I've made us some coffee.
 Did you really make those trousers?

2: We use 'do' for general activities. In this case, 'do' is often used with
'something', 'nothing', 'anything' or 'everything':

 What did you do at the weekend?

 I didn't do anything yesterday.

DO:
30 mph (miles per Many people do more than 30 mph through this town. It's
hour) very dangerous.

badly She did very badly on the exam, so she'll have to retake it.

your best Don't worry about getting everything correct. Just do your
best.

business It's been a pleasure doing business with you.

chores I have to go home and do some chores this afternoon.

a course John has decided to do a course in computing this autumn.

a crossword She sat on the sofa, doing a crossword and drinking tea.

damage The storm has done a lot of damage to the house.

the dishes / the I really hate doing the dishes. I'm hoping to buy a
washing up dishwasher this year.

a drawing The little boy spent hours doing a drawing.

your duty He has to do his duty and look after his elderly parents.

an exam I have to do three exams and write a huge essay this term.

exercise Julie likes doing exercise, especially running.

an exercise The teacher asked us to do a lot of grammar exercises over

the holidays

someone a favour My friend did me a huge favour and lent me some money.

the gardening David often spends Sunday afternoons doing gardening.

good She helps homeless people and tries to do good.

you good You should eat your vegetables. They'll do you good!

your hair Allie spends ages doing her hair in the morning.

harm I spilt coffee on my suit and tried to clean it, but I did more
harm than good. It looks even worse now!

homework Have you finished doing your homework?

housework Let's do the housework quickly this morning, then we can

go out for lunch.

the ironing My mother listens to the radio while she does the ironing.

a job I think the students did a great job with this essay. It's
 excellent.

the laundry / the He did the laundry, cleaned the house, and made dinner.
washing

MAKE:
an She had toothache, so she made an appointment with the
appointment dentist for the following day.

arrangements Okay, so we're going to go on holiday in September. Let's make

some arrangements. I'll find a hotel, and you can look at flights.

an attempt I know we might not catch the plane, but let's at least make an
attempt to be on time.

believe The children's favourite game is to make believe that they are
kings and queens from long ago.

certain I think the café opens at six, but let's make certain. I don't want
to be standing in the street waiting!

a change I've made some changes to the document.

a choice Which job are you going to take? You need to make a choice.

a comment My mother made a comment about my shoes.

a complaint The food took so long to arrive that Julie made a complaint to
the manager.

a confession I'd like to make a confession. I was the one who ate the last of
the chocolate.

a date I'd love to see you soon. How about if we make a date for next
week?

a decision I've made my decision. I'm going to go back to university.

a difference Going to the gym has really made a difference to how I feel.

a discovery When John was last in London he made a discovery - a beautiful

 little café in a quiet street.

an effort You're not trying hard enough! Make an effort!

an error He made several errors on the report, and the boss told him to
rewrite it.

your escape The bank robbers took £10,000 from the safe and then made
their escape.

an exception Usually the children aren't allowed to watch TV but I made an

exception today since the weather was so horrible.

an excuse Why was Lisa late? Did she make an excuse?

a face The child took a bite of the broccoli and made a face.

a fire We put up our tent, made a fire, and had a hot drink.

a fool of You shouldn't sing in front of everyone! You'll make a fool of

yourself yourself.

a fortune Lucy made a fortune when she sold her company. Now she
doesn't have to work.

friends She loved university and made lots of friends.

fun of The children love to make fun of the teacher,– but only when
she's not looking.

a fuss It's okay! I'm fine, it's just a cough. Don't make a fuss!

an impression Jenny certainly made an impression last night! All my friends

are asking about her.

a joke The interview was very tense at the beginning, but then John
made a joke, and after that it was much more relaxed.

Exercise 1. Complete each of the following expressions with do or make.

1. ............ the bed
2. ............ your best
3. ............ business
 4. ............changes
5. ............a choice
6. ............ a complaint
7. ............a deal
8. ............ a decision
9. .......... an effort
10.…........ an exam

Exercise 2. Fill in the correct form of MAKE or DO.

1. I always try to ____________ my best whenever I play. I never want to lose

on purpose.

2. The workers ____________ some new suggestions, but the managers didn’t
accept

them.

3. After the children are out of the house, I always ____________ the
housework.

4. It’s not easy to always ____________ the right decision.

5. My dad’s a lawyer. What does your dad ____________ for a living?

6. The mountaineers ____________ an attempt to climb the mountains but

didn’t

succeed.

7. The man knocked down the old lady and ____________ off with her
handbag.

8. The doctor told me that I’ll have to ____________ more exercise if I want to
stay

healthy.

9. A diet that is unhealthy ____________ harm to your health.

10.I tried to paint the ceiling, but I ____________ a complete mess out of it.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences

1. It’s difficult to make friends in a new country

2. Sarah’s getting a promotion. She is doing her duties well
3. I decided to make an exception and stay at home this weekend
4. Can you do me a favour?
5. John makes really good jokes
 6. Он всегда придумывает отговорки
7. Марк любит издеваться над своими друзьями
8. Мама гладит белье
9. Не хочу опозориться на сцене
10.Саре не понравилось блюдо и она пожаловалась шеф повару.

Unit 9
First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in
the other clause:

Positive:

If + present simple, s+will + verb.

S+will +verb if +present simple

Negative:

If + present simple, won’t + verb.

S+won’t +verb if +present simple

Questions:

Will +s+ verb if + present simple.

If +present simple, will + s+verb?

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we
can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things,
which could easily come true.

As an alternative to will, It’s possible to complete the second part of a first

conditional sentence with a modal verb or an imperative. For example,

If it rains, we can’t play tennis.

If it rains, we must postpone our game.

If it rains, wear your waterproof clothing.

The important thing to remember with the first conditional is that we can
never use will near if. Will can only come in the other part of the sentence.

Exercise 1 Choose the correct option

1. If you (repair repairs will repair) my bike, I ( help helps will help) you
with the maths homework.
2. It( be is will be) too hot if he ( travel travels will travel )to Greece in
August.
3. If Peter (sit sits will sit) on the sofa, his sister ( sit sits will sit) next to
him.
4. The policeman (tell tells will tell ) you the way if you ( ask asks will
ask) him.
5. If it (snow snows will snow) in the Alps, it (rain rains will rain ) in
Munich.
6. I (lend lends will lend )you my laptop if you (promise promises will
promise ) to be careful with it.
7. If you ( add adds will add) some tomatoes, the sauce ( taste tastes
will taste ) much better.
8. If Tom (pull pulls will pull) this string, he (open opens will open)
the box.
9. If I (find finds will find) Simon's mobile, I (take takes will take) it to
the office.
10. We ( get gets will get) lost if we (forget forgets will forget) the
town map.

Exercise 2 Put the verbs in the brackets in correct forms

1. If you (to dive) into this river, you (to hurt) yourself.
2. If the sun (to shine), the children (to play) outside.
3. Richard (to walk) to school if he (to miss) the bus.
4. Emily (to buy) a Pepsi if you (to pack) the picnic basket.
5. If I (to be) in Venice, I (to rent) a boat.
6. Michael's teacher (to phone) his parents if he (to text) in the lesson.
7. If she (to answer) this question correctly, she (to get) an extra point.
8. My sister (to be) angry if I (to turn) on the music too loud.
9. Your room (to look) much tidier if you (to keep) your hamster in the cage.
10.If we (to surf) the Internet, we (to find) a lot of information about Loch Ness.

Exercise 3 Translate the sentences

1. If I come home early, I will tell you

2. If you have free time, will you come to the party?
3. If he studies hard, he will pass his exam
4. They will go to Greece if they take a vacation
5. We will meet with our friends if we arrive on 13th May
6. Я пойду на работу завтра если я выздоровею
7. Если они пригласят меня на вечеринку я пойду
8. Если отменят урок завтра я могу прийти пораньше
9. Он станет популярным певцом если он будет много практиковаться
10.Если она знает ответ то она сможет помочь тебе

Homework

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in the brackets in correct forms

1. If you (not study) for the test, you will fail.

2. If it (not rain) tomorrow, we will play soccer.
3. She will not go to the party if she (not feel) well.
4. We will not be late if we (leave) now.
5. If you (not buy) a ticket, you cannot enter the concert.
6. If he (not apologise), she will be upset.
7. We will not have dessert if we (not finish) our dinner.
8. If they (not call) us, we will not know the news.
9. If she (not wear) a coat, she will be cold.
10.If the bus (not come) on time, we will take a taxi.

Exercise 2 Comple the sentences with a correct form of vebs

 1. I'm afraid that we_____________ dinner if we arrive so late. (not have)
2. I'll sell the old piano if we____________ more money to renovate our
house. (need)

3. Sue will be unhappy if she____________ any present for her birthday. (not
get)
4. I can lend you some money on if you____________it back to me soon.
(give)
5. I_____________you know if you don't take you mobile phone with you.
(not let)
6. Even if I___________to talk to him about it tonight, he won't listen to me.
(try)
7. It won't be possible to build the house if my parents________us. ( not
support)
8. If you__________a bath in the morning, there will be no hot water left for
the rest of the day. (take)
9. She won't lose any weight if____________she eating so much chocolate.
⁷(not stop)
10.The tea ____________strong enough if you don't use at least three teabags
for one teapot. (not be)

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences

1. If I go out tonight, I'll go to the cinema.

2. If you get back late, I'll be angry.
3. If we don't see each other tomorrow, we'll see each other next week.
4. If he comes, I'll be surprised.
5. If we wait here, we'll be late.
6. Мы поедем в Испанию если возьмём отпуск
7. Если погода не улучшиться то мы не пойдём на пикник
8. Если я не лягу пораньше то я не смогу проснуться рано утром
9. Если мы съедим весь торт то мы заболеем
10.Я приготовлю ужин дома если ты не хочешь выйти на улицу

Present simple in future time clauses

When\before\after etc.+ Present simple will+ infinitive(without to)

When the sun comes up, We will start our walk.

We use the present tense to talk about the future after the words when, if, as
soon as, before and after.

We usually use a clause with will before or after the present tense clauses. We
can choose which clause comes first. If the present simple clause comes first, we
put a comma after it. I'll look at the map before we go.

If and when have a different meaning when we are talking about the future. We
use if when we are not sure something will happen, but we use when if we are
sure.

Examples:

If the weather is nice, we'll eat outside.

When we get to the forest, we'll eat our picnic.

When and as soon as have a similar meaning, but we use as soon as to say that
one thing will happen immediately after an action.

As soon as I arrive, I'll call you. We'll go away when the weather improves.

We put after in front of the action that happens first; and before in front of the
action that happens second. We always connect the two actions with a comma.

After I take the photo, I'll put it on the internet.

NOT will take the photo. After I put it on the internet.

Exercise 1 Put the verbs into correct forms

1)When the president ___ ( arrive ), they _____ ( start ) the meeting.
2) If he __( reach ) the sales target this year, the company ____ (award ) him.

3) We ___ ( start ) the construction of a shopping centre as soon as the local

Government __( allow ) us to begin.

4) After she __ ( find ) a good job, she___ ( be able to ) buy a house.

5) I __(have to) finish the reports before the manager ___ ( call ).

6) We ___ (order) 100 units after the manager _____(approve) the estimate.

7) I __ (not/ buy) anything new until I ___ (pay) all my debts.

8) I __ ( buy) a new TV set if the prices ____(go) down.

9) As soon as you ___ ( push) this button the door _____(open).

10) You should read the contract carefully before you ___ (sign) it.

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with one of these time words

1.I must write the date in my diary____I forget it.

2. Let’s wait under at the bus shelter____it stops raining.

3. This job is very important so please do it ____you can.

4. We won’t get a table in the restaurant ____we don’t book.

5. I’ll pay you back ____I get my first salary

6. I can’t go ____you pay for my ticket.

7. They’ll be really happy ____they hear your news.

8. I want to go on working ____I’m 65. Then I’ll retire.
9. I must renew my passport ____I go to Australia.
10.____you work harder, you won’t pass the final exam.

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences

1. I'll do it when I come back home. (when I come is the time clause)
2. As soon as he leaves, the room will be empty.
3. Don't stand up till (until) I tell you.
4. The moment you try to do something, they will stop you.
 5. You'll tidy up the house, while I do the shopping.
6. Если поторопишься ,мы не опоздаем
7. Если не будешь хорошо учиться ты провалишь экзамен
8. Перед тем как у нас будет ребенок мы купим большой дом
9. После того как выйдем на пенсию, мы будем путешествовать
10.Я собираюсь стать космонавтом когда выросту

Homework

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in correct forms

1. Don’t forget to turn off the air conditioner before you (leave) ____.
2. Go to bed when the movie(finish) ____
3. They (not get) ____ married until they find a place to live.
4. If I see Charlotte, I (tell) ____ her you are looking for her.
5. I’ll call you as soon as I (arrive) ____at the hotel.
6. You won’t be able to park unless you (get) ____there early.
7. As soon as it stops raining, we (go) _____out.
8. She won’t like Thai food if (not like) ____spicy food.
9. Don’t write anything until I (tell) _____you
10.When he finds out what she’s done, he (be) ____ very angry

Exercise 2 Complete the following sentences

1. I will do my homework before I _________TV

2. We will go to the cinema as soon as _________work
3. While he is watching the game this afternoon, he ______ his phone.
4. Before dad arrives home, I ___________ this essay
5. I will have a shower when I ___________ breakfast
6. After Jane leaves home, she __________ her friends
7. We will stay in New York until the snow ________
8. Please, call me as soon as you________ home
9. He will wait for you when you ___________ at airport
10.He will help you whenever you ________ him

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences

1. We will send a message as soon as we get there.

2. I would like to finish it before it gets dark.
3. We are going to have a rest when we are on holiday
4. We will not start driving until the weather gets better.
5. Sarah will come home after she finishes her project.
6. Мы поедем в Самарканд как только у нас будет время.
7. Приходи к нам если почувствуешь себя одиноко
 8. Моя мама приготовит ужин когда придет с работы
9. Я встречусь с друзьями перед отъездом
10.Она поговорит с ним до ужина

Unit 10
Uses of the -ing form
The ending -ing in English is used to create Continuous tenses, Present Participle
and gerunds. It is also used to form nouns from verbs and adjectives.
There are three main cases when ing is placed in English. They all relate to verb
conversions.

ending -ing in Continuous verbs

Continuous or long tense is a grammatical group of sentences describing actions
that continue for a certain period of present, past and future tense.
The long tense is created using the following formula:
S + to be (in the appropriate form) + V -ing.
Here are some examples:
 Present Continuous:
o — I can’t go out now, I’m doing my homework. — Я не могу пойти
гулять сейчас, я делаю домашнее задание.
 Past Continuous:
o When you arrived, I was doing my homework. — Когда ты приехал, я делал
домашнее задание.
Future continuous:
o — At 6 p.m., I will be doing my homework. — В шесть вечера я буду делать
домашнее задание.
Verbs with the ending -ing are also needed to form the Perfect Continuous long
perfect tense. It is formed using to the following formula:
S + have (in the appropriate form) + been + V -ing.
For example:
Present Perfect Continuous:
o — I’ve been waiting for you all morning, of course, I’m angry. — Я ждал тебя
все утро, конечно, я разозлился.
Past Perfect Continuous:
o — I had been waiting for you all morning, so I was angry. — Я ждал тебя
все утро, потому и был злой.
Future Perfect Continuous:
o — I will have been waiting for her for three hours when she’ll come. —
Когда она придет, уже будет три часа, как я ее жду.

Present Participle
English participles and de-particles are formed with the ending ing when
they are used as definitions or appendices in a sentence.
! Be careful: unlike gerunds, participles and de-particles can only be
secondary members of a sentence.
 Who is this laughing boy? — Кто этот смеющийся мальчик?
 While listening to the teacher, Jane couldn’t help yawning. —
Слушая учителя, Джейн продолжала зевать.
 Jane sat at the table after washing her hands. — Джейн села за стол
после того, как помыла руки.
Gerund
 After certain verbs, we use the -ing form when a verb is the object of
the sentence. We use the -ing form after verbs for likes and dislikes
(e.g. like, love, hate) and also after: avoid, consider, prefer (but not
would prefer)
o Avoid eating sugar.
 We also use an -ing form after a preposition. We use a preposition +
-ing form in many different sentence structures:
o I'm interested in trying new kinds of food.
o You can stay healthy by eating vegetables.
o Are you thinking of having pizza tonight?
o Thank you for making the dinner.
o I’ve given up buying newspapers. I don’t read them any more.
o Katherine doesn’t want to retire. She wants to go on working.
or … to carry on working.
 we use the -ing form after these verbs for like and dislikes:
o like, love, hate, enjoy, can't stand, fancy, mind, don't mind
 we also use the -ing form after these common verbs:
o imagine, keep, go, stop, start, give up, practice, admit, avoid,
consider, deny, finish, recommend, consider, suggest, go on, put
 off

Exercises:
1. Use the continuous tenses.
1 What’s all that noise? _____What’s happening?__________ (what /
happen?)
2 What’s the matter? _________________________________ (why / you /
cry?)
3 Where’s your mother? ______________________________ (she / work /
today?)
4 I haven’t seen you for ages. __________________________ (what / you /
do / these days?)
5 ‘What did he say?’ ‘I don’t know. I _______________________________.’
(listen)
6 We ______________________ at the back of the theatre. We couldn’t
hear very well. (sit)
7 This time last year Steve ________________________ on a farm. (work)
8 Emily is not well, so she ________________________ volleyball
tomorrow. (not play)
9 What __________________________ in your new job? The same as
before? (do)
10 Please fasten your seat belts. The plane ____________________ in ten
minutes. (land)

2. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use -ing.

1 He tried to avoid ____________answering ____________________ my
question.
2 I’m trying to concentrate. Please stop ________________________ so
much noise!
 3 I enjoy _________________________________ to music.
4 I considered _____________________ for the job, but in the end I
decided against it.
5 Have you finished __________________________________ the
newspaper yet?
6 We need to change our routine. We can’t go on
________________________ like this.
7 It’s better to avoid __________________________________ during the
rush hour.
8 My memory is getting worse. I keep _____________________________
things.
9 I’ve put off _______________________ this bill so many times. I really
must do it today.
10 I’ve given up _____________________ to learn Japanese. I was making
no progress.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1 I’m trying to work.
2 Я зря потратил деньги, покупая эту игру.
3 I heard someone singing
4 Что вы делали вчера в 10 часов вечера?
5 I caught him going through my bag.
6 Надев пальто, он вышел из дома.
7 He tried to avoid answering my question.
8 Я отказался от покупки газет. Я их больше не читаю.
9 Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence.
10 Кэтрин не хочет уходить на пенсию. Она хочет продолжать работать.

Homework

1. Put the words in the right order and make sentences.

 1 tennis / play / with / I / friend / my / now.
2 walk / beach / the / on / now. / We
3 outdoors / It / the / moment / at / rain
4 wear / she / Yesterday / trousers.
5 didn’t / me. / They / see / not / look / in my direction. / They
6 sleep / a loud noise. / Ron / when / hear / he
7 What / I / you? / do / phone / you / when
8 mind / not / drive / I / it
9 you / I / not / wait / keep / want
10 all / time? / mind / interrupt / not / Would / me / the / you

2. Correct mistakes.
1 Frank and Martin is watch a TV show now.
2 To wait the show to begin, I felt really nervous
3 It is gets dark.
4 Have finished my homework, I decided to go to the cinema
5 Looked through the window, I saw a strange man at the door.
6 Robert was talks to some of the other guests on the terrace when Hardy
came.
7 I enjoy to talk to people and don’t mind helping them.
8 She’s thinking of bought a car.
9 You shouldn’t put off tell him what happened.
10 I don’t fancy to go out this evening.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1 Представьте себе, что вы являетесь режиссером крупнобюджетного

фильма!
2 Around me people were talking German, Italian and English.
3 Анжела сейчас гладит свое платье.
4 After playing video games all morning, I was really tired.
5 Посмотрев фильм раньше, я знал, что произойдет.
6 I was reading a book at 4 o’clock yesterday.
 7 Он бросил курить несколько лет назад.
8 Have you finished washing the dishes?
9 Будучи довольно привлекательным, Ральф решил сделать карьеру
модели.
10 They went on talking.

Passive voice
Functions of the passive voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that
experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action.
In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the
sentence.
Examples
 The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive
voice, not in who uses it.)
 The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who
built it.)
 The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the
people who are doing the repairs.)

Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not

want to express who performed the action.
Examples
 I noticed that a window had been left open.
 Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
 All the cookies have been eaten.
 My car has been stolen!

The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice
will make your writing clearer and easier to read.
 Passive Active

A great deal of meaning is conveyed by A few well-chosen words convey a

a few well-chosen words. great deal of meaning.

Our planet is wrapped in a mass of A mass of gases wrap around our

gases. planet.

Waste materials are disposed of in a The city disposes of waste materials in

variety of ways. a variety of ways.

If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive
voice, we use the preposition by. When we know who performed the action and
are interested in him, it is always better to switch to the active voice instead.

Passive Active

"A Hard Day's Night" was written by the The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's
Beatles. Night".

The movie ET was directed by Spielberg. Spielberg directed the movie ET.

This house was built by my father. My father built this house.

Forming the passive voice

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements:
the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + past participle
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative
interrogative
The house was The house wasn't Was the house Wasn't the house
built in 1899. built in 1899. built in 1899? built in 1899?
These houses These houses Were these houses Weren't these
were built in weren't built in built in 1899? houses built in
1899. 1899. 1899?

Examples
Subject + to be + past participle + rest of sentence
(conjugated)

Simple present

The is cleaned every day.

house

Present continuous

The is being cleaned at the moment.

house

Simple past

The was cleaned yesterday.

house

Past continuous

The was being cleaned last week.

house

Present perfect

The has been cleaned since you left.

house

Past perfect

The had been cleaned before they arrived.

house

Future

The will be cleaned next week.

 Subject + to be + past participle + rest of sentence
(conjugated)

house

Future continuous

The will be being cleaned tomorrow.

house

Present conditional

The would be cleaned if they had visitors.

house

Past conditional

The would have been cleaned if it had been dirty.

house

Inifinitive

The must be cleaned before we arrive.

house

Passive voice with infinitives

The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs
normally followed by an infinitive.
Modal verb + be + past participle
Examples
 You have to be tested on your English grammar.
 John might be promoted next year.
 She wants to be invited to the party.
 I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
 You may be disappointed.
 Passive voice with gerunds
Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a
gerund.
Examples
 I remember being taught to drive.
 The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
 Most film stars hate being interviewed.
 Poodles like being pampered.

Using "to be born"

"To be born" is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past
tense. However, in some cases, the present or future tense is appropriate.
Examples
 I was born in 1976.
 Where were you born?
 Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
 We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.

Exercises
1. Open the brackets by using the verbs in Present, Past or Future Simple
Passive.
1. Tom always (to ask) at the lessons.  Tom is always asked at the
lessons
2. I (to ask) at the last lesson.
3. Our country house (to finish) next year.
4. The dog (to find) by my sister yesterday.
5. This work (to do) tomorrow.
6. This text (to translate) at the last lesson.
7. These trees (to plant) every autumn.
8. Many interesting games always (to play) at our P.E. lessons.
9. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.
10.We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

2. Change the following sentences from active to passive !

 1. Popov invented radio in Russia.  Radio was invented by Popov in
Russia
2. Every four years people elect a new president in the USA.
3. The police caught a bank robber last night.
4. Sorry, we don’t allow dogs in our safari park.
5. The postman will leave my letter by the door.
6. My mum has made a delicious cherry pie for dinner.
7. George didn’t repair my clock.
8. Wait a little, my neighbor is telling an interesting story.
9. My son can write some more articles about football.
10.You must clean your bedroom tonight.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Breakfast was cooked by our mother.

2. The new rule was explained to us at the English lesson.
3. The story was written by Chekhov.
4. Yesterday the sports centre was visited by lots of people.
5. This sports game is often played at P.E. lessons.
6. Меня часто приглашают в кино
7. Моей сестре всегда помогают в школе
8. Почему эти правила всегда забывают?
9. Меня всегда хвалят дома
10.Нас часто вспоминают в деревне

Homework

1. Go through the sentences given below and identify the voice used.

1. Shreya Ghoshal sings beautiful songs.

2. The Sun sets in the West.
3. The boy was being beaten by his teacher.
4. Bucky is helped by Steve.
5. The carpenter is building the desk.
6. The woodcutter cut down the tree.
7. The man dropped his axe into the river.
8. The bird was shot by the naughty boy.
9. The bag was found by me.
10.Natasha lost the money.
2. Change the following sentences from active voice to passive voice.
 1. The dog chased the cat.
2. The dog bit the boy.
3. The peon rang the bell.
4. Ram played hockey.
5. Miss Mary teaches us English.
6. Raj caught the ball.
7. Children like sweets.
8. Rita will take a photograph.
9. Who taught you this poem?
10.The police arrested the smuggler.
3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Остров был открыт в 1878 году.

2. Мою машину сейчас моют.
3. Собака была оставлена в машине ее владельцем около часа
назад.
4. Им задали три трудных вопроса.
5. Детей оставили дома одних.
6. The deer was shot by the hunter.
7. The zebra was attacked by the lion.
8. The ball was thrown by Virat.
9. Zara is loved by everyone.
10.This portrait has been drawn by my sister.

Homonyms

Homonyms are words which sound alike or are spelled alike but have different
meanings. In a strict sense, a homonym is a word that both sounds and is spelled
the same as another word. Think of the word “lie” which can mean “not true” or
“horizontal or resting position.” They are written and pronounced the same.
Likewise, “train” is a mode of transport or could mean physical/mental exercise.

In loose terms, both homographs and homophones are a kind of homonym

because they either sound the same (homophone) or are spelled the same
(homograph).

Homophones
What is a homophone?
The word homophone comes from the Greek word homos (=same) and phone
(=voice). Homonyms can be words that sound the same but have different
meanings.

List of homophones

Try to read the following words aloud and then look at their meaning. They
should sound identical but have different meanings.

 ad (advertisement) / add (increase)

 ate (past tense of eat) / eight (number 8)
 be (verb) / bee (the yellow/black flying animal)
 blew (past tense of blow) / blue (the colour)
 buy (purchasing) / by (proposition or adverb) / bye (farewell)
 cell (small room where a prisoner is kept) / sell (hand over in exchange
for money)
 hear (listening to something) / here (in, at, or to this place or position)
 hour (time) / our (something that belongs to you and others)
 its (belonging to or associated with a thing) / it’s (contraction of “it is”)
 know (knowing something) / no (opposite of yes)
 meet (getting together with someone) / meat (animal product as food)
 one (number 1) / won (past tense of win)
 their (belonging to or associated with people) / there (here or nearby) /
they’re (contraction of they are)
 theirs (belonging to or associated with people) / there’s (contraction of
there is)
 to (motion or direction) / too (as well or in addition) / two (number 2)
 who’s (contraction of who is or who has) / whose (belonging to or
associated with which person)
Examples of homophones in a sentence

Let’s take a couple of words from the list provided above and put them in a
sentence. As an exercise, you could try to put the other words in a sentence.

Hour/our
 The appointment at the dentist will take about one hour.
 Our house was built 20 years ago.
Bye/by
 “Are you leaving already?” … “Yes, I need to catch the train. Bye!”
 You need to be in class by 1pm at the latest.
To/too/two
 I have to go to the dentist.
 Do you want me to come too?
 If there are two of us, we should take the car.

Homographs
What is a homograph

The word homograph comes from the Greek word homos (=same)
and grapho (=write). So, homographs are words that are written/spelled the same
but have different meanings and are sometimes pronounced (how we say words)
differently. When the words are the same for a noun and a verb, the
pronunciation is often just a shift in the stressed syllable, from the first syllable
(noun) to the last syllable (verb). For example, record/noun, to record/verb.
List of homographs

Try to read the following words aloud when you look at their meaning. Even
though they are spelled the same, some of them sound different.

Content (/kənˈtent/)
 Con-TENT = happy or satisfied (adjective)
 CON-tent = all that is contained inside something (noun)
Desert (/dezət/)
 DE-sert = a hot, arid region (noun)
 DEE-sert = to leave (verb)
Does (/dʌz/)
 DOSE = female deer (plural)/present (noun)
 Does = third person singular form of the verb “do” (verb)

Evening (/iːvn̩ɪŋ/)
 Eav-ning = late afternoon (noun)
 Ev-en-ing = making more even (verb)
Minute (/maɪˈnjuːt/)
 Min-ut = 60 seconds (noun)
 My-nute = extremely small (adjective)
Read (/riːd/)
 Red = past tense of reading (verb)
  Reed = present tense of reading (verb)
Present (/prɪˈzent/)
 PRE-sent = at this moment or right now/a gift (noun)
 Pre-SENT = to give something to someone (verb)
Permit (/pəˈmɪt/)
 Per-MIT = Give permission (verb)
 PER-mit = Official document (noun)

Examples of homographs in a sentence

Let’s take a couple of homographs and put them in a sentence. As an exercise,

you could try to put the other words from the list above, into a sentence.

 I drove down the windy (wine-dy) road on a windy (win-dy) day.

 She will read (reed) the book that her older sister read (red) last year.
 I’d like to present (pre-SENT) you with a birthday present (PRE-sent).
 I wanted to record (re-CORD) the record (REC-ord) on my device.

Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate homonym in the following
sentences.

1. The Queen honoured the brave ______. (knight/night)

2. This dress ____ to be the perfect fit for Mary. (seems/seam)
3. This _____ of the brave Queen goes back to a thousand ages.
(tale/tail)
4. There was a ____ in my shoe. (whole/hole)
5. I can come to your house _____. (later/latter)
6. This perfume has a strong _______ (cent/scent)
7. Will she be able to _______ the pain? (bear)
8. ___ your work, you should do it on your own. (its/it’s)
9. Tina will ____ the prize tomorrow. (except/accept)
10.The dog has been _____ (bark)

2. Complete the sentences with the right word.

 COAL COIL PRAY PREY RING TALL TOLL WERE WHERE
WRING

1. She's been very ill, _____________ for her recovery.

2. They _____________ sleeping when the phone rang.
3. The eagle was too rapid for the unfortunate _____________.
4. That's the place _____________ we used to go after school.
5. It poured, I had to _____________ my wet clothes before getting into
the house.
6. For Valentine’s Day, I offered a golden _____________ to my
beloved.
7. My grandparents used to put _____________ in the stove.
8. When I was young, I used a _____________ of string in my pocket.
9. I have to keep some coins to pay for the _____________ on the
subway.
10. She's rather _____________ for a girl, her brother is smaller.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. When you go to the store to buy some food, swing by Ann’s house
and say bye to her for me.
2. I do not think that he is right in this matter.
3. You write good articles, but the book was unsuccessful.
4. We will have time to finish the new product to the next fair
5. This is not a fair decision.
6. На дворе стояла темная и глухая ночь.
7. Рыцарь слез с коня и начал карабкаться по стене.
8. Многие молодые люди в наши дни отказываются есть мясо.
9. Я каждый день встречаю его в парке.
10.Эти четыре вещи для тебя.

Homework
1. Choose the correct homophone to complete each sentence.
1. Our whole family packed our beach clothes and took a trip to the ___
_________(see/sea).
2. Jimmy’s mom let him ____________________(great/grate) the chees
e for the pizza.
3. I often wished for a ________________________(maid/made) to cle
an my house for me.
4. Melissa has been a _____________________(dear/deer) friend of mi
ne for many years.
5. The _______________(sent/cent/scent) of pancakes filled the air as
we made breakfast.
6. Grandma put some _____________(flower/flour) into the bowl to m
ake some dough.
7. Many of the children were wearing _______________(knew/new) sh
oes for school.
8. After many hours on the computer, I had to take a _______________
____(break/brake).
9. The princess and the ______________________(prints/prince) are ch
ildren of the king.
10.They had to stay in bed for two days when they got the ___________
_____(flu/flew).

2. Choose the right word.

1. I want to go to the party two/too/to!
2. The children lost their/there/they're dog.
3. There was a cat by/buy/bye the tree.
4. I hope that the wound will heel/he'll/heal/
5. What should I ware/where/wear to go to the party tonight?
6. I hope it doesn't reign/rain/rein during our picnic.
 7. For breakfast, I had fore/four/for pancakes.
8. I flu/flew/floo from New York to London.
9. I got all the answers rite/right/write on my test.
10.I like to have a pare/pear/pair as a snack every day.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. The knight took from his back the bow and pulled the string.
2. The lord did not notice the low bow of the peasant.
3. Life is full of surprises, eat dessert at the beginning.
4. The desert is not the best place for a picnic.
5. A huge polar bear jumped down from the mountain.
6. Она думает, что не сможет это вынести.
7. Голыми руками с таким зверем не справиться.
8. Черная лента выделялась на белом рукаве.
9. Новая музыкальная группа стала популярной этим летом.
10.Ночь была холодной и темной.
11.Рыцарь должен быть сильным и смелым.

How to Use Apostrophes: Rules and Examples

Apostrophe use: Contractions and omissions
A contraction is a shortened form of a word or group of words that omits
certain letters or sounds. In a contraction, an apostrophe represents missing
letters. The most common contractions are made up of verbs, auxiliaries,
or modals attached to other words: “He would” = “He’d.” “I have” = “I’ve.” “They
are” = “They’re.” “You cannot” = “You can’t.”

Contraction Uncontracted Examples

-n’t not Isn’t (is not), hasn’t (has not)
-’re are They’re (they are), we’re (we are), you’re (you are)
-’d had, would She’d (she had, she would), I’d (I had, I would)
-’ll will We’ll (we will), you’ll (you will)
-’s is He’s (he is), it’s (it is)
 I’m I am —
let’s let us —

Contractions are usually considered to be relatively casual. If you’re writing

something very formal, you may want to avoid using them except in cases
like o’clock, where the full phrase (of the clock) truly is rare.
Apostrophes and possessive nouns
The rules about forming possessive nouns probably cause the most apostrophe
confusion. They vary a bit, depending on what type of noun you are making into a
possessive. Here are the rules of thumb:
For most singular nouns, add -’s:
 The dog’s leash

For most plural nouns, add only an apostrophe:

 The dogs’ leashes

For plural nouns that do not end in s, add -’s:

 The children’s toys

Apostrophes and possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns, unlike regular nouns, do not use apostrophes to form
possessives.
Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Absolute (Independent) Form
me my mine
you your yours
he his his
her her hers
it its —
we our ours
them their theirs
who whose —

Apostrophes and joint possession

 What do you do with the apostrophe when you’re talking about things that
belong to more than one person? When one thing belongs to two or more people
jointly, make only the final name possessive:
 Bob and Jim’s bait shop (Bob and Jim co-own a bait shop.)
 Ryan, Jessica, and Elinor’s parents (All three have the same parents.)

When you’re talking about separate things that belong to different people
but you’re discussing the things together, make all the names possessive:
 Bob’s and Jim’s bait shops (Bob owns one bait shop, and Jim owns a
different one.)
 Ryan’s, Jessica’s, and Elinor’s parents (Each has a different set of parents)

Using possessive personal pronouns in joint constructions often sounds

awkward (You have their and my gratitude). Usually, the best solution is to
rephrase the sentence to avoid the joint construction (You have our
gratitude or You have their gratitude and mine).
Apostrophes and plurals
Using an unnecessary apostrophe to form the plural of a noun is a very
common mistake. Sometimes, it’s called the grocer’s apostrophe because of how
frequently it is spotted in grocery store advertisements (3 orange’s for $1!). Don’t
do it! With very few exceptions, apostrophes do not make nouns plural.
Exercises
1. Punctuate the following sentences with apostrophes according to the
rules for using the apostrophe.
1. Whos the partys candidate for vice president this year?
2. The fox had its right foreleg caught securely in the traps jaws.
3. Our neighbors car is an old Chrysler, and I told him the other day that its just
about to fall apart.
4. In three weeks time well have to begin school again.
5. Didnt you hear that theyre leaving tomorrow?
6. Whenever I think of the stories I read as a child, I remember Cinderellas glass
slipper and Snow Whites wicked stepmother.
7. We claimed the picnic table was ours, but the Jones children looked so
disappointed that we found another spot.
8. Its important that the kitten learns to find its way home.
9. She did not hear her childrens cries.
10. My address has three 7s, and Tims phone number has four 2s.

2. Change each underlined noun to the correct possessive form.

1. The girlfriend of her brother drives a trailer truck.

Her _____________________ girlfriend drives a trailer truck.
2. We heard the voices of the children clearly in the lounge.
We heard the_____________________ voices clearly in the lounge.
3. The husbands of the sisters have lunch together every Monday.
The_____________________ husbands have lunch together every Monday.
4. The report, supported by the accounts of two witnesses, proves he did not
commit the crime.
The report, supported by two_____________________ accounts, proves he did
not commit the crime.
5. The flavor of the bread was improved when he put butter on it.
The_____________________ flavor was improved when he put butter on it.
6. The guess of anybody is as good as mine.
guess is as good as mine.
7. I spent all my Thanksgivings at the house belonging to my grandmother.
I spent all my Thanksgivings at my_____________________ house.
8. The votes of four members changed the outcome of the election.
Four_____________________ votes changed the outcome of the election.
9. The wipers on your car need to be replaced.
Your_____________________ wipers need to be replaced.
10. The cat played with the toy belonging to it.
The cat played with _____________________ toy.
3. Translate the following sentences.
1. Я ничего не могу поделать, если вы потеряли деньги на покупке.
2. Несправедливо обвинять Риту. В последнее время ей пришлось нелегко. Я
уверен, что Джонс приложил руку ко всему этому делу.
3. Тормоза машины очень скрипят, мне нужно съездить в гараж.
4. Машинист поезда был арестован после аварии. Боюсь, что он был пьян.
5. Мне это кажется немного смешным, но говорят, что ранние речевые
паттерны младенцев очень значимы. Каково Ваше мнение?
6. Women’s clothes are a lot less conservative than men’s – or so I’m told.
7. It was full days walk to the campsite, and we’d just about had enough.
8. The firm’s business is thriving and they’ve just won a Queens Export Award.
9. Marks new car is a Mini and his dads got his old one, so everyone’s happy.
10. The school’s library annex has been destroyed by the vandals mindless
rampaging. It’s a shame that a few thugs can cause such havoc.

Unit 11
Second Conditional
Formula

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

 The if clause can come first or second. If it comes first, we usually put a
comma before the next clause.
 We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly
done in formal writing.
 Would/Wouldn't is the same for all subjects.
 It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not
going to be true.

1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the
lottery)
2. If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
3. She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
4. She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this
won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is

impossible, because it's not true.

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

Modals
In type 2 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause
instead of "would" to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a
recommendation about the outcome.
Examples
 We might buy a larger house if we had more money
 He could go to the concert if you gave him your ticket.
 If he called me, I couldn't hear.

Exercises

1. Find and correct mistakes in the second condition sentences. Some

sentences are correct.
1. How could mother go on living with him if it were like this!
2. I would be grateful if Jack will distribute this text.
3. I should be grateful if this text would have been circulated as a
document.
4. Even if I remember them, whom could they interest?
 5. If Mike were to challenge you to a duel, what should you do?
6. But if wind energy can be more efficiently stored, wind power could
compete with other types of electricity generation.
7. if Katerina did really come first to Tatyana's lodgings, Marya could
have detain her.
8. If six of us had to die on the way, what was to keep me from crying?
9. I should have ship as a loafer if ever I shipped at all.
10.Montezuma would be very angered, if I were sacrificed in such a far-
off town.

2. Join parts of the sentences to form second conditionals.

1. How could you know that you would fall into the cellar…
2. If the police shut the robber up too soon…
3. They couldn't even hear in the town …
4. If the author were to give an account of it …
5. If the time scale was lengthened …
6. If the consultative process were to be concluded more successfully …
7. If it were impossible to adopt the draft resolutions by consensus …
8. We could hide in a big barn …
9. The dog would start to howl …
10.Even if the whole lady world protested, …
a) if we fired the cannon here.
b) they would all the same receive an overwhelming majority of all
votes.
c) the reader would hardly believe it.
d) Mark wouldn’t stop watching football.
e) if we felt any danger.
f) if you didn't do this on purpose?
g) the effect would be that much more neutrons would decay into
protons.
h) as if it were covered with bees
i) they would deprive themselves of getting more further evidence
against him.
j) much more had to be done

3. Translate the following sentences.

11.If you left the child alone, he would hurt himself.

12.We would make nice pictures if Paola brought a camera.
13.If it snowed, the kids would make a snowman.
14.I’d buy this laptop if I had enough money.
15.If our granny put on her glasses, she would see the flowers.
 16.Если бы я был актером, я бы ненавидел это.
17.Я была бы очень признательна, если бы Вы дали мне какую-
нибудь чистую тряпочку, чтобы завязать палец.
18.Билли злился бы еще больше, если бы Моли не заплакала.
19.Если бы даже я и была влюблена в Грега, то вы были бы
последним человеком, которому бы я призналась.
20.У нас было бы даже больше шансов, будь мы на острове

Homework

1. Choose the correct option to form second conditional sentences.

1. No mother would have sent/would send a child to anything so awful
if she is not/ were not in such misery herself!
2. I wouldn’t / mustn’t be surprised if we will turn / turned out to be
ordinary humans, after all.
3. If Maggie looked/ would look out his eyes, would she / did she come
away from the terrifying experience?
4. If the captain was / had shipwrecked, and you wanted/ want to
rescue him in a boat, he would want / will want to know who was
rowing the boat before he would get / got in.
5. The transfer will / would be easier if she would have /had no idea
what was happening.
6. The East India Company can / could break Miguel’s control, if it can
increase / increased the coffee amount on the market.
7. If my brother were / had to blame he will/ would ask your
forgiveness.
8. If this could / was be arranged there will be/ would be nothing left for
Chris to do.
9. It would look / will look as if we were / had been conspiring.
10.If it weren't / wouldn’t be for the pain and disgrace Sue would be /
will be willing to end it all.

2. Make the second conditional

1. If I __ (be) you, I __ (get) a new profession.

2. If Katya __ (not / be) always so late, she __ (be) promoted to the

senior position.

3. If I __ (speak) perfect English, I __ (have) a better paid job.

4. If Roma __ (pass) the exam, he __ (be) able to enter our college.

5. Sveta __ (be) happier if she __ (have) better friends.

 6. We __ (buy) a house if we __ (decide) to live here for good.

7. We __ (come) to the party if we __ (have) time.

8. Tanya __ (call) him if she __ (have) his mobile phone number.

9. Kirill __ (pass) the exam if he __ (study) harder.

10.We __ never __(be) late again if we __ (buy) this new car. I promise.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. If you were too busy, we’d leave you alone.

2. I would plant the tomatoes tomorrow if it rained.
3. If Bob found his relatives, he would live with them.
4. If you did not have a toothache, you would enjoy the party.

5. If I were you, I would read the book.

6. Я бы пошёл на пробежку, если бы не начался ливень.

7. Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы купила квартиру.
8. Он бы ответил на эти вопросы, если бы прочитал эту книгу.
9. Если бы я выиграла в лотерею, я бы купила большой дом.
10.Я бы не покупала новые очки, если бы не разбила старые.

Used to

We use 'used to' to say that an action happened continuously, habitually or

frequently during a period in the past, but no longer occurs.
We can't use used to when we talk about something which happened once.
 I wrote a news article once.
 NOT I used to write a news article once
In negatives and questions, the correct form is 'used to'. To form questions,
use 'did' and to form a negative sentence, use 'didn't use to.'
 My sister and I didn't use to like the television news.
 Did your dad use to read a newspaper at breakfast?
We can use used to to compare the past and the present.
 News programmes used to be more boring than they are now.
 We don't use used to when we talk about a single period of time or the
number of occasions.
 I was on the television five times.
 NOT I used to be on the television five times.
we don't use used to + infinitive when we want to talk about a present action: use
usually.
 I usually get my news online these days.
 NOT I used to get my news online these days

Be Used to
When 'used to' is accompanied by the verb 'be,' it talks about an action that
you're accustomed to doing it and it's no longer strange.
 He's used to the noise from the traffic now. (He is accustomed to the noise
from the traffic now.)
 I'm used to getting up early.
If we use 'used to' to mean we are accustomed to doing something; in this
case, we have to use gerunds (verbs+ -ing) after 'used to'. Remember the
structure is subject + be + used to + gerund.
 She is used to lying. (NOT She is used to lie.)
 He's used to reading at bedtime.

Get Used to
In spoken and informal English, you can also say the expression 'get used
to'. It expresses an action or situation that is gradually becoming less strange, or
more familiar.
 It takes time to get used to my new working environment. (Here, we mean;
it takes time to gradually become familiar with my new working
environment.)
 Don't worry, you'll get used to it soon. (In this case, it means, it'll be less
strange soon.)

Exercises
1. Put the words in the right order to make sentences.
 1. used – we – France – in – to – live
2. getting – I’m – to – here – living – now – used
3. gym – get – I’ll – to – used – to – going – the – soon
4. hair – blonde – she – have – to – used
5. neighbor – I’m – used – not – my – to – new
6. quickly – they – countryside – used to – got – in – to – the – living –
very
7. used to – Mel – home – work – walking – from – is
8. can’t – Sam – divorce – used to – living – after – get – alone
9. school - Tom - to - cycling - used - to - is
10.I - swimming – a - to - used lot - go

2. Complete the sentences with correct forms of used to/be used to/get used
to. Use negative forms where necessary.

1. When Kate moved to England, she couldn’t ________________

British accent.
2. I know Mary, we _________________ go to the same cooking class.
3. We _________________ local food, it’s too spicy.
4. It’s difficult for American drivers to ________________ driving on the
left side of the road in Britain.
5. Have you seen Sam’s new car? Before he got it, he’d
________________ get to work by bus.
6. Working overtime isn’t a problem for me. I __________________ it. I
did the same at my previous job.
7. When Tina lived with her parents, she __________________ have a
big house, but now she lives in a small room and she finds it difficult
___________________ it.
8. I _______________ working in this company very quickly, people are
very friendly here.
9. When he was younger, Mike ___________________ go camping a
lot. But now he does it very often and enjoys it so much.
10.I don’t like going to the discos because I __________________ that
kind of music.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Бывало, он разрешал нам приглашать друзей.

2. Бывало, у нее были проблемы в школе.
3. Бывало, они обсуждали свои проблемы.
4. Бывало, мы ездили поездом.
5. Бывало, они проигрывали.
6. People didn’t use to make their own cheese and butter.
7. My sister didn’t use to wear jeans.
 8. I’m not used to rude neighbours.
9. Jill didn’t use to eat raw fish.
10.I used to hate spinach. But now I can eat it.

Homework

1. Write sentences and questions with used to.

1. I / cry / a lot in my childhood.
2. you / have / many toys?
3. we / not / complain / much.
4. your granny / bake / pies?
5. Nick / argue / with his parents.
6. we / get / to work by car.
7. the students / not / do / so much homework.
8. your friend / work / as a flight attendant?
9. they / explain / every mistake to us.
10.Samantha / not / help / people.

2. For each sentence, choose a variety of "used to", "be used to" or "get used
to". Use the verb in the brackets to make the sentence.

1. European drivers find it difficult to (drive) on the left when they visit
Britain.
2. See that building there? I (go) to school there, but now it's a factory.
3. I've only been at this company a couple of months. I (still not) how
they do things round here.
4. When I first arrived in this neighbourhood, I had to (live) in a house. I
had always lived in apartment buildings.
5. Working till 10pm isn't a problem. I (finish) late. I did it in my last job
too.
6. I can't believe they are going to build an airport just two miles from
our new house! I will (never) all that noise! What a nightmare.
7. His father (smoke) twenty cigars a day - now he doesn't smoke at all!
8. Whenever all my friends went to discos, I (never go) with them, but
now I enjoy it.
9. I (drive) as I have had my driving licence almost a year now.
 10.When Max went to live in Italy, he (live) there very quickly. He's a
very open minded person.

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Она привыкла спать после обеда.

2. Раньше мы ходили на прогулку, но теперь не ходим.
3. Она привыкла носить юбки.
4. Я до сих пор привыкаю есть много фруктов и овощей.
5. Раньше мы много путешествовали, когда у нас не было детей.
6. I used to take a taxi to my work.
7. I’m used to working on Saturday, don’t worry.
8. I’ll never be used to living in this city.
9. Don’t worry, you will get used to your new school soon.
10. It’s a bit hard but I’m getting used to driving on the left.

Unit 12

Present perfect simple with for and since

We use the present perfect to talk about present activities that started in
the past.
 She has lived here for over 30 years.
 I haven't played tennis since my accident.
 I've known Maya since I was twelve.
 ‘How long has she lived here?’ ‘For over 30 years./Since 1988.’

We can use the present perfect with for and a period of time.
We can use the present perfect with since and a date, day, time or event.
(Point of time)

Positive and negative

auxiliar for/
Subject y past participle since

+ She has lived here for over 30 years.

 since 1988.

for a week.

 last Saturday.
- I haven't played tennis
since  my accident.
 I hurt my back.

Present perfect questions with How long …?

Questions

How
long auxiliary subject past participle

How have you known Maya?

?
long has she lived here?

Short answers with for or since.

 ‘How long have you known Maya?’ ‘For six years./Since I was twelve.’
 ‘How long has she lived here?’ ‘For over 30 years./Since 1988.’

Exercises

1. Fill in for or since into the gaps.

1. Nobody has seen him _____________ last Friday.
2. It has been foggy ___________ some days.
3. He has been fishing ____________ six o'clock.
4. They've been living in France _____________ eight years.
5. The pilots have been on strike _____________ two months.
6. We've had terrible weather _____________ Saturday.
 7. I've known Tom _____________ 1990.
8. We have been waiting for the bus _____________ half an hour.
9. She hasn't lost a match _____________ April.
10.Things have changed _____________ he became the headmaster

2. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect
tense and 'for' or 'since'
1. I _________ (study) English _________ I was at primary school.
2. I _________ (drink) Coke _________ 5 years.
3. Sally _________ (live) in England _________ 2005.
4. William and I _________ (go out) together _________ six months.
5. Kevin _________ (speak) French _________ he moved to France.
6. Laura and Peter _________ (clean) their house _________ half an hour.
7. The teacher _________ (leave) the classroom _________ the students
went wild.
8. President Obama _________ (govern) the USA _________ five years.
9. Stephen and James _________ (not/work) together _________ they
met.
10.The dog _________ (bark) _________ hours.
3. Translate the following sentences.
1. I have lived here for two years.
2. She has lived in London for 3 years.
3. Your son has changed since the time we last met.
4. Miss Jane has been our teacher since last winter.
5. He hasn't smoked since 2010.
6. Я живу во Франции с 1998 года.
7. Мы не виделись несколько лет.
8. Я уже 10 дней нахожусь в отеле.
 9. Они работают вместе 5 лет.
10. Моя мама живет в Лондоне 7 лет.

Homework

1. Fill in for or since into the gaps.

1. I have lived in London _________ three years.
2. Leila has been a nurse _________ 1999.
3. We haven't met _________our last year at high school.
4. I have been teaching _________a long time.
5. The kids have been on vacation _________two weeks.
6. What have you been doing _________you left your last job?
7. He has had his new laptop _________a month.
8. Where have you been working _________you had your master's
degree?
9. The shop has been closed _________Monday.
10. He has known her _________they were five years old.

2. Put the words in the right order and make sentences.

1. I / to / years. / haven’t / for / been / Vice City / two
2. John / Japan / has / 2015. / lived / in / since
3. been / unconscious / a / You have / long / for / time.
4. Christmas. / Liza / written / hasn’t / since
5. weather / We / sunny / have / Monday. / had / since
6. ages. / played / I / for / haven’t / guitar
7. I / June. / worked / have / here / since
8. since / hasn't / John / called / February.
9. left / He / York / he / has / in / worked / New / since / school.
10. ill / He / days. / 2 / been / has / for

3. Translate the following sentences.

1. I have lived in Moscow since I left school.
2. I’ve known her for six months
3. You’ve drunk four cups of coffee since you came home
4. We have taught at this school for a long time.
5. Alice has been married for three months.
6. Они прожили в Чикаго долгое время.
7. Она посещает этот театр 10 лет
8. Я работаю с Джеймсом 3 года.
9. Я нахожусь в отеле уже неделю.
10. Ты не разговаривал с ним с понедельника.