Solution

X11B 2ND 33%

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) Sodium chloride
Explanation:
Sodium chloride

2. (a) m and M

Explanation:
M = m(2l)
M' = ml
M
M' = 2

M
So, pole strength will be m and 2
.

3.
(c) zero.
Explanation:
zero.

4.
(d) relative position and orientation of the two coils
Explanation:
The mutual inductance of a pair of coils depends upon the relative position and orientation of the two coils.

5.
(d) become double
Explanation:
−d(N AB cos θ) dθ
εind = = N AB sin θ = N ABω sin θ
dt dt

6. (a) Zero
Explanation:
Power = Vrms × Irms × cos ϕ
Here
π
ϕ = 2
So,
Power = 0
7.
(c) 80 Ω
Explanation:
VR = 1.20 cos(2500t)
Thus, ω = 2500rad/s
−6
C = 5μF = 5 × 10 F

Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = = = 80Ω
ωC −6
2500×5×10

8.
(b) λ m > λv > λx

Explanation:

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 Since of the given regions, wavelength of microwave is highest and that of x-ray is minimum.

9.
(b) 3.43 V/m
Explanation:
3.43 V/m

10. (a) 25
Explanation:
actual depth = H
U= 4

Apparent depth = actual depth/U

= H/4/3 = 3H/4
shift = actual depth- apparent depth
=H- 3H

= H

= h * 100/4/4 = 25%
11.
(d) 32 cm
Explanation:
μ
1 2 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )
f μ1 R1 R2

In air,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − ) = 0.5( − )
f 1 R1 R2 R1 R2

In water,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )= ( − )
′ R1 R2 8 R1 R2
f 4/3

Hence, f' = 4f = 4× 8 = 32 cm

12.
(c) focal length of eyepiece and objective.
Explanation:
Magnification m∝1

fo fe

So, magnifying power of a microscope depends on focal length of eyepiece and objective only.

13.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation:
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

14. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
15.
(d) A is false but R is true
Explanation:
Displacement current is not the current produced due *o charge carriers but it is due to varying electric flux with the tune. It is
the current in the sense that it produces a magnetic field. The displacement current is given by:
dϕ
E
Id = ε0
dt

It will happen when the charge on the capacitor does not remain constant but changes with time.

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16. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Section B
17. Four properties of magnetic field lines.
a. Magnetic field lines always form continuous closed loops.
b. The tangent to the magnetic field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field at that point.
c. The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic field.
d. Magnetic field lines do not intersect.
18. a. Mutual Induction
Mutual induction occurs when an alternating voltage is applied to the primary coil, causing an alternating current that
generates a changing magnetic flux. This flux links with the secondary coil, inducing an electromotive force (emf) in it.
b. Direction of Current in Coil Q
The direction of current through coil Q is determined by changes in resistance in coil P:
i. Clockwise when R is increased: This opposes the decrease in magnetic flux.
ii. Anticlockwise when R is decreased: This opposes the increase in magnetic flux.
19. i. curve A represents Power's consumption over a full cycle.
ii. From the graph, the phase difference between V and i is so device 'X' may be an inductor (L) or capacitor (C) but since
π

current (graph C) leads the voltage (graph B), the device is a capacitor.
20. When an electromagnetic wave interacts with matter, its electric and magnetic fields set in oscillation the charges present in the
matter. The charges thus acquire energy and momentum from the e.m. wave showing that it carries energy and momentum. (i)
When the sun shines on our hands, the energy absorbed from the e.m. waves warms our hands, (ii) An e.m. wave carries
momentum. When it falls on surface, it exerts pressure called radiation pressure.
21. Focal length of mirror: When rays of light parallel to the principal axis of a mirror is incident on it, the rays after reflection,
either converge at a point or appear to diverge from a point. The distance of this point from the pole of the mirror is known as the
focal length of the mirror.
Relation between focal length and radius of curvature:
A ray of light BP' travelling parallel to the principal axis PC is incident on a spherical mirror PP'. It reflects along P'R.
For concave mirror, it passes through the focus. For convex mirror while extending the ray backward, it appears to pass through
the focus.
P is the pole and F is the focus of the mirror.
PF = f.
C is the centre of curvature.
PC = Radius of curvature = R
P'C is the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence P'.
For concave mirror,

∠ BP'C = ∠ P'CF= θ (alternate angles)

and ∠ BP'C = CP'F = θ (law of reflection, ∠ i = ∠ r)
Hence ∠ P'CF = CP'F
∴ ΔFP'C is isosceles.

Hence, P'F = FC
If the aperture of the mirror is small, the point P' is very close to the point P, then P'F = PF
∴ PF = FC
1
= PC
2
1
∴ f = R
2

Section C
22. For −1 ⩾ χ < 0 , material is diamagnetic and for 0 < χ < ε , material is paramagnetic.

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 a. Range of relative magnetic permeability of diamagnetic material is 0 ⩽ μ < 1 .
r

Range of relative magnetic permeability of paramagnetic material is 0 < μ < 1 + ε .

r

b. Behaviour of magnetic field lines when diamagnetic material is placed in an external field is shown below. The field lines are
repelled or expelled and the field inside the material is reduced.

Behaviour of magnetic field lines when paramagnetic material is placed in an external field is shown below. The field lines
gets concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced.

23. According to Lenz's law, the direction of the induced current (caused by induced emf) is always such as to oppose the change
causing it.
dϕ
ε = −k
dt

where k is a positive constant. The negative sign expresses Lenz's law. It means that the induced emf is such that, if the circuit is
closed, the induced current opposes the change in flux.
Example: When the north pole of a coil is brought near a closed coil, the direction of current induced in the coil is such as to
oppose the approach of north pole. For this the nearer face of coil behaves as north pole. This necessitates an anticlockwise
current in the coil, when seen from the magnet side [fig. (a)]

Similarly when north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the direction of current in the coil will be such as to attract
the magnet. For this the nearer face of coil behaves as south pole. This necessitates a clockwise current in the coil, when seen
from the magnet side (fig. b).

Thus, in each case whenever there is a relative motion between a coil and the magnet, a force begins to act which opposes the
relative motion. Therefore to maintain the relative motion, a mechanical work must be done. This work appears in the form of
electric energy of coil. Thus Lenz’s law is based on conservation of energy.
24. i. Due to motion, the magnetic flux linked with the loop abcd increases. According to Lenz's law, this increase in flux is opposed
by the induced current. Therefore, the induced current must flow along bcdab.
ii. Due to motion, magnetic flux linked with abc decreases. The induced current is along bacb.
iii. The magnetic flux increases in this case. Therefore, the induced current is anticlockwise.

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 iv. As magnetic flux decreases due to motion, the induced current is along cdabc.
Yes, we would obtain the same answers by considering the magnetic force on the charges inside the loop.
25. To decrease the XC Capacitor must be connected in parallel. The current leads the voltage in phase.
Hence, XC > XL
For resonance, we must have
New value of XC = XL
1
We, therefore, need to decrease XC = ( ωC
)

This requires an increase in the value of C. Hence, capacitor C0 should be connected in parallel across C.
The diagram of the modified circuit is as shown

V = V0 sin ωt
For resonance, we have
1
= ωL
ω(C+ C0 )

1
∴ C0 = [ − C]
ω2 L

26.

Ey = E0 sin (kx - wt)

Bz = B0 sin (kx - wt)
Characteristics of EMWs
i. The ratio of the amplitude of electric field and magnetic fields gives the velocity of EM waves.
ii. EM waves do not get deflected by presence of magnetic or electric fields.
iii. The direction of propagation of electric field vectors, magnetic field vectors and propagation of wave is mutually
perpendicular to each other.
27. i. The ray diagram for the formation of the image of the phone is shown as below. The image of the part which is on the plane
perpendicular to principle axis will be on the same plane. It will be of the same size i.e. B'C = BC.
The mobile phone has many rectangles that are at different positions with different distances from the mirror. As there are
different object distances, so their images and magnification are different.

ii. As the laws of reflection are to be true for all points of the remaining part of the mirror, the image will be that of the whole
object. However, as the area of the reflecting surface has been reduced, the intensity of the image will be low, i.e. half.
28. The image of the objective lens in the eyepiece is known as the 'eyering'. All the rays from the object refracted by the objective go
through the eye ring. Therefore, it is an ideal position for our eyes for viewing. If we place our eyes too close to the eyepiece, we

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 shall not collect much of the light and also reduce our field of view. If we position our eyes on the eye ring and the area of the
pupil of our eye is greater or equal to the area of the eyering, our eyes will collect all the light refracted by the objective.
The precise location of the eye ring naturally depends on the separation between the objective and the eyepiece and the focal
length of the eyepiece. When we view through a microscope by placing our eyes on one end, the ideal distance between the eye
and the eyepiece is usually built in the design of the instrument.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A lens is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two surfaces and one of these surfaces is essentially spherical. It is used to
converge or diverge the light incident on it. Power of a lens is the measure of its ability to converge or diverge the light incident on
it. Power of a lens depends on the refractive index of the material of lens with respect to the surrounding medium and the radii of
curvature of its two surfaces.
(i) (d) increases when the wavelength of incident light decreases.
Explanation:
The wavelength of incident light does not directly affect the power of the lens. So, this statement is incorrect.
(ii) (b) -2.5 D
Explanation:
f=- 40

100
cm = -0.4 meters
P= 1

P= −0.4
1
= -2.5 D

(iii) (b) 1.8

Explanation:
1.8
(iv) (d) Violet light
Explanation:
Violet light
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When a pure resistance R, pure inductor L and an ideal capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series to a source of alternating
e.m.f., then current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude and is represented as I = I0 sin ω t. However,
voltage across each element has a different phase relationship with the current as shown in graph.
The effective resistance of RLC circuit is called impedance (Z) of the circuit and the voltage leads the current by a phase angle ϕ.

A resistor of 12 Ω , a capacitor of reactance 14 Ω and a pure inductor of inductance 0.1 H are joined in series and placed across
200 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply.
(i) (d) 31.4 Ω
Explanation:
Given R = 12 Ω , XC = 14 Ω , L = 0.1 H
XL = ω L = 2π∪L = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 0.1 = 31.4 Ω ​

(ii) (b) 21.13 Ω

Explanation:
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Impedance, Z = √R 2
+ (XL − XC )
2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
= √(12) 2
+ (31.4 − 14)
2
= 21.13 Ω
(iii) (d) 9.46 A
Explanation:

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 Ev 200 V
lv = Z
=
21.13
= 9.46 A

(iv) (d) 55o 4'

Explanation:
XL − X 31.4−14
tan ϕ = R
C
=
12
= 1.45
ϕ = tan-1 (1.45) = 55o 4'
Section E

31. i.

For quadrilateral AQN R,

∠A + ∠QN R = 180 ...(i) ∘

For triangle QNR

r + r + ∠QN R = 180
1 2 ...(ii) ∘

comparing equation (i) and (ii)

r1 + r2 = A ...(iii)
The angle of deviation
δ = (i − r1 ) + (e − r2 ) ...(iv)
from equation (iii) and (iv)
δ = i + e− A

Graph

ii.

∘
sin 45
= μ
sin θ
1
= μ sin θ
√2

For second surface,

∘
sin( 90 −θ)
1
∘
=
sin 90 μ

1 cos θ
= 1
√2 sin θ

1
tan θ =
√2

From the triangle GEF

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 1
sin θ =
√3
−
−
3
μ= √
2

32.

i. The flux at any instant t is

ϕ = N BA cos θ = NBA cos ωt

From Faraday‟s law

dϕB
ε= −
dt
d
= −N BA (cos ωt)
dt

ε = −N BAω sin ωt
2 −7 2
μ πr 4π× 10 ×π r

ii. M =
0 1 1
=
2r2 2r2
2
−7 −2
2×10× 10 × (10 )

=
−7
100×10

−10
= 2 × 10 H

33. Device - transformer

Δϕ
εp = -Np Δt
...(i)
and emf induced in the secondary coil
Δϕ
= -NS Δt
...(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
εS NS

εp
= Np
...(iii)
VS εS NS

Vp
= εp
= Np
= r (say) ...(iv)
Vpip = VS iS
iS Vp Np
∴
ip
= VS
= NS
= 1

r
...(v)
In step up transformer, Ns > Np → r > 1;
So VS > Vp and iS < ip
i.e., step up transformer increases the voltage.

Two coils on separate limbs of the core

Principle: It is based on the principle of mutual inductance and transforms the alternating low voltage to alternating high voltage
and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil. (i.e., NS > Np).
Efficiency: Assuming no energy losses, the transformer is 100% efficient i.e. IPVP = IsVs

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