Practical Research 2
CHAPTER I
IM
ResearchIM
Questions/
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions/
Statement of the Problem
IM
A research question pinpoints exactly what
you want to find out in your work. A good
research question is essential to guide your
research paper
Research Questions should be…
1. Focused on a single problem or issue
2. Researchable using primary and/or secondary
sources
3. Feasible to answer within the timeframe and
practical constraints
4. Complex enough to develop the answer over the
space of a paper
5. Relevant to your field of study and/or society more
broadly
6. S-M-A-R-T
The way you frame your
question depends on what
your research aims to
achieve.
Objectives Research Question
Formulation
Describe
Compare
Establish Cause-effect
Correlate
Evaluate
Problem Objective Research Question
Teachers in an 1. What are the levels of skills
identified school lack Describe of teachers in LNCHS in
recognizing and guiding gifted
skills to recognize or children?
properly guide gifted
children in the 2. Is there a significant
classroom difference on the levels of
Compare skills of teachers when
grouped according to
demographic profile?
Problem Objective Research Question
Reports on the 1. What is the level of
To implement awareness of selected minors
increasing cases of
a symposium on HIV before and after the
HIV among minors in
and evaluate symposium?
a certain locale are
its 2. Is there a significant
recorded. This
effectiveness difference on the level of
phenomena is
awareness of selected minors
attributed by the lack on HIV before and after the
of awareness on Compare symposium?
causes of Human Pre-post
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV).
Problem Objective Research Question
Reports on the 1. What is the level of
To implement effectiveness of the
increasing cases of
a symposium symposium in enhancing the
HIV among minors in
and evaluate respondents’ awareness on
a certain locale are HIV?
its
recorded. This
effectiveness
phenomena is 2. To what extent does the
attributed by the lack symposium enhance
of awareness on Determine respondents’ awareness on
causes of Human effect HIV ?
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV).
Statement of the Problem
Types of Quantitative
Research Questions
Descriptive Comparative Correlational Causal
Source: Lund Research Ltd (2012)
http://dissertation.laerd.com/types-of-quantitative-research-question.php
Experimental
• One-Shot case study
• One-Group Pre-test Post-test
• Static Group Comparison
• Quasi-experimental
Introduction
o
• It establishes the context of the research to be
conducted by summarizing current understanding and
background information about the topic, explaining
the rationale, methodological approach, highlighting
the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and
describing the remaining structure of the paper.
Introduction
• Road map that o
may answer these
questions:
1.What am I studying?
2.Why is this topic important to investigate?
3.What do we know about this topic before I
do this study?
4.How will this study advance our
knowledge?
Introduction
• Phases associated:
o
1.Making general statements about the topic
2.Presenting an overview of the topic
3.Outlining the key characteristics of your study,
4.Describing important results
5.Presenting/Opposing existing assumptions
6.Revealing a gap in existing research
7.Stating the intent of your study,
Introduction
• STEPS:
1.Introduce your topic
o
The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what
your topic is and why it’s interesting or important. This is
generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.
The hook is a striking opening sentence that clearly
conveys the relevance of your topic. Think of an
interesting fact or statistic, a strong statement, or a brief
anecdote that will get the reader wondering about your
topic.
Introduction
• STEPS:
1.Introduce your topic
o
Ex:
The rise of social media has been accompanied
by a sharp increase in the prevalence of body image
issues among women and girls.
Introduction
• STEPS:
o
2. Describe the background
Provide only the most relevant background information.
This should be informed by genuine engagement with the
literature. Your search can be less extensive than in a full
literature review, but a clear sense of the relevant
research is crucial to inform your own work.
Begin by establishing the kinds of research that have been
done, and end with limitations or gaps in the research
that you intend to respond to.
Introduction
o
• STEPS:
3. Establish your research problem
What research gap do you intend to fill?
What limitations in previous works do you want to
address?
What contribution to knowledge do you want to make?
Introduction
o
• STEPS:
4. Specify your objectives
Introduction
o the following
• The introduction may contain
❑Background about your topic
❑Related literature
❑Current Situation within the locale/ ststistics
❑Problems related to the topic of interest
❑Purpose/ Aims
Hypothesis
• Research Hypothesis- considered as an
educated guess
• Hypothesis- assumed answer to a question
Hypothesis
• Research Hypothesis- considered as an educated
guess
-testing point which you may fail to reject or reject
Hypothesis- assumed answer to a question
Kinds:
❑ Null (Ho)- the negative statement
❑ Alternative (Ha)- the positive statement
Hypothesis
Significance level or Alpha Level
-the cut off telling when to reject or fail to reject the Ho
0.05 level of significance- good to show that there is
a 95% chance that the result is true and 5% chance
that the result is false
• p-value – it where the significance level will be
compared
Decision on Ho
p-value < 0.05 = reject Ho
p-value > 0.05 = fail to reject Ho
Hypothesis- base from your
comparative and relationship based
SOP ( hypothetical questions)
SOP: Is there a significant difference on the impacts
of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Financial
management of the respondents when they are
grouped into profile?
Ho: There is no significant difference on the
impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Financial
management of the respondents when they are
grouped into profile
Scope and Delimitation
• Scope- the extent of the study which contains measurements; the
depth at which the research area will be explored
- Specify much or what aspects of the problem or relevant subject
matter is to be tackled
• Purpose of the study
• Subject matter, important
What are included? variables
• Design, Respondents
• Locale
• Period of the study
Scope and Delimitation
• Delimitation- the boundaries imposed deliberately by the
researcher
What are not included?
• Limitation- influences that researcher cannot control. The
shortcomings, conditions, or influence that placed restrictions
Significance of the Study
• Why is your study be conducted?
• What benefits will be obtained when your study
will be conducted? What output will it develop?
• Who will benefit from the conduct of the
study?
Definition of Terms
For the readers to have clear understanding of the
significant terms used in the study, the research paper
includes the definition of terms.
• Conceptual Definition
-the type of definition that is taken from reliable sources
-when using conceptual definition, the researcher must
cite the source
• Operational Definition
-the type of definition that is constructed by the
researcher/s
Definition of Terms
How to do the Definition of Terms?
• Define only the important variables and terms that
need to be defined.
• Arrange the terms in alphabetical order.
• Common words that that readers could already
understand don’t have to be defined
Example: students, sex, age, school
Research Paper Format
• Research Title: Bold and Capitalized
• Font Style: Times New Roman
• Font Size: 12
• Spacing: 2.0 Not in Italics
Figure 1. Title of the figure
Bold and in Italics In Italics
Table 1. Title of the figure
