System Check

Magnetic Properties of Materials

 Magnetizing field or Intensity of Magnetization Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic Intensity H ԦI ( 𝝌𝒎 )

Bo M I
H= ԦI = χm =
μo V H

unit: A/m unit: A/m unitless

Field in which a material ԦI is induced dipole Tells about the ease with
is placed for
moment per unit volume which a material can be
magnetization, called as
of that material. Tells how magnetized.
magnetizing field.
Tells how strong is the much a material is
external field. magnetized.

Note
The material with more χm , can be changed into magnet easily.
Magnetic Permeability

Bm Total magnetic field inside the material

μ= =
H Magnetising field

Relation between 𝜇 and 𝜒𝑚

μr = 1 + χm
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Based on the observation of how materials respond to external magnetizing field

Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Cause of Orbital Motion of Spin Motion of Domain formation
Magnetism electrons electrons
I Small, negative Small, positive Very large, positive

χm Small, negative Small, positive Very Large, positive

μr 1 > μr > 0 2 > μr > 1 μr ≫ 1

Degree of
magnetization

Examples Cu, Ag, H2O Na, K, Mg Fe, Co, Ni

Classification of Magnetic Materials

Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

χm − T curve χm → small, χm → small, χm → very large,

negative and positive positive
temperature Curie's law Curie-Weiss law
1
independent χm 
T − Tc
1
χm T o χm  Tc = Curie Temp.
T

χm χm χm

T T T
Magnetic Hysteresis
B
When magnetizing field is increased
across a ferromagnetic material

The magnetic field inside the material

H
also increases

Bo
H=
μo
 B
When this magnetizing field is removed,

There is some residual magnetic field

Br
in the material known as Retentivity H

Bo
H=
μo
To remove this residual magnetic field inside the material,
B
External magnetizing field is again
applied but in opposite direction till
net magnetic field inside the material
becomes zero. H
Hc
This magnetizing field required to
destroy residual magnetic field is
known as Coercivity.
As external magnetizing field is further
B
increased, a magnetic field is also
developed in the material.

H
Hc
Magnetizing field again becomes zero and
B
then it is again applied in forward direction.

Due to lagging behind of B with H this

curve is known as hysteresis curve.
[Lagging of B behind H is called H
Hc
hysteresis]
Hysteresis Loss

The area of hysteresis loop is equal to the energy B

loss per cycle per unit volume.

Its value is different for different materials. Br

H
Hc

Total energy loss in material = WH

WH = volume of material × area of hysteresis curve × frequency × time.

WH = V × A × n × t joule
V×A×n×t
WH = calorie
J
 Example The coercivity of a certain permanent magnet is 4.0 × 104 Am−1 . The magnet
is placed inside a solenoid 20 cm long and having 800 turns and a current is
passed in the solenoid to demagnetize it completely. Find the current.
Solution

Ans. 10 A
Soft and hard magnetic materials

Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic materials

B B

H H

Low retentivity High retentivity

Low coercivity High coercivity

Small hysteresis Loss Large hysteresis Loss
e.g. Soft Iron e.g. Steel
Chapter Introduction

JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 01

Chapter Introduction
Let's Rewind
Pre-Requisites

Differential and integral calculus

Dealing with differential element
Application of area Vector
Basic trigonometry
Equation of SHM
Combination of Spring
Real Life Applications of EMI

Electricity Generation

Transformers

Induction Cooktops

Wireless Charging

Induction Motors

Power Adapters

Metal Detectors

Wireless Communication

Inductive Heating
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is a measure of magnetic field lines through an area.

dA

θ : Angle between dA and B

Magnetic flux for Uniform Magnetic Field
 Example Calculate magnetic flux through the given square plate.

Solution

30°
𝐀 𝟐𝐦
𝟐𝐦

Ans. (i) 0, (ii) 4B, (iii) 2 3B

 Example Calculate magnetic flux through given area
a
Solution s r

B
b

p q
L

Note

ϕ = B(A)

A is the area of that part of the loop where the magnetic field is present

Ans.  = –Bab
 Example A uniform magnetic field in given region is (2iƸ + 3jƸ − 4k)
෠ T and a square
frame of side 2 m is placed in the x-y plane as shown in the figure. The flux
through coil is (Consider A along -z axis)
x 2m
(A) 16 T-m2 (B) 20 T-m2
(C) 4 T-m2 (D) 10 T-m2
2m
Solution
y

Ans. (A)
 Example Find magnetic flux through the given square loop is
µ0 Ib b µ0 Ib a+b
(A) ln (B) ln
2π a 2π a
µ0 I b µ0 I a+b
(C) ln (D) ln
2π a 2π a

Solution

I
dx

Ans. (B)
 Example Find the change in flux through the ring of area A, if it is rotated by 180° in
uniform magnetic field (B) as shown:
(A) Zero
(B) BA
(C) 2BA
(D) Data insufficient
Solution

Ans. (C)
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-1
A conducting loop is placed in the magnetic field created by a bar
magnet as shown. No current flows in circuit when the loop and magnet
is stationary. When we move the magnet is brought close to and away
from the loop.

Changing magnetic field leads to the current in the conducting loop.

Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-2 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
magnetic field is kept constant.
No current flows through the loop when
loop is also fixed. When we change the
area of loop, current flows in the circuit.

If area of the loop changes, it leads to current flow in the conducting loop.
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-3
The loop is rotated in the magnet field about two axes of rotation as
shown below.

B = constant B = constant
ω

Area = Constant Area = Constant

i=0 i≠0
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Conclusion
Current flows in the conducting loop in the magnetic field in
the following conditions:

Current flows
ϕ = නB dAcosθ
Magnetic field (B) changes
Area (A) changes
Angle between magnetic field (B) and area (A) changes.

When the flux through the loop changes, the current flows in the
conducting loop..
Faraday’s Law of Induction
When magnetic flux linked with a coil changes with time then EMF is
induced.
Magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.

dϕ
|∈|= ∈ ∶ Induced EMF
dt
LENZ's Law

The direction of induced current is such that it oppose the change that
has induced it.
dϕ
∈= −
dt

The –ve sign show that fact of opposition given lenz’s law.

G
LENZ's Law

The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change that
has induced it.

S N
0

G
Direction of Current in Circular Loop
 Example Find the direction of induced current in the loop as shown.

Solution B(Increasing)

i i
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example Find the direction of induced current in the loop as shown.

Solution B(Decreasing)

i i
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example Current is increasing in an infinite current carrying straight wire as shown.
Find the direction of induced current in the closed loop.
Solution ∞

𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example If the current increases in the loop of radius b in anticlockwise direction as
shown, then find the direction of induced current in the loop of radius a.
Solution

𝑖 𝑖 𝑎 𝑖 𝑖

Ans. Clockwise direction

 Example If the current increases in the loop of radius a in anticlockwise direction as
shown, then find the direction of induced current in the loop of radius b.
Solution

𝑖
b
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 a
𝑖
𝑎 𝑏
𝑖

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example If the current increases in the infinite straight wire as shown, then find the
magnitude of the induced current in the loop.
∞
Solution

Ans. Zero
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