B.Sc. Engg.
P-1 Odd Semester Exam 2018
Magnetic Flux: Consider a uniform magnetic field passing through a surface S, as
shown in Figure 1.
Let the area vector be ⃗
A=A n^ , where A is the area of the surface and n^ its unit
normal. The magnetic flux through the surface is given by Φ = ⃗
B B ⋅ A=BAcos θ
⃗
where θ is the angle between B and n^ .
Faraday’s law of induction may be stated as follows:
Figure 1: Magnetic flux
First law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an emf is through a surface
induced which is called inducedemf . If the circuit is closed then an induced current is
also produced in the conductor.
Second law: The induced emf in a coil is proportional to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage.
Explanation: Initial flux linkage ¿ Φ1
Final flux linkage ¿ Φ 2
Change in flux linkage ¿ ( Φ 2−Φ1 ) =∆ Φ B
dΦ B
Rate of change of flux linkage =
dt
According to faraday’s law this rate of change of flux linkage is equal
to induced emf ε . Therefore,
−d Φ B
ε=
dt
For a coil that consists of N turns, the total induced emf would be N
d ΦB
times as large: ε =−N
dt Figure 2: explanation of Len's law
Lenz’s Law: The direction of the induced current is determined by
Lenz’s law. It can be stated as:
An induced electromotive force generates a current that induces a counter magnetic field that opposes the magnetic
field generating the induced current.
Explanation: When a bar magnet is pushed toward a ring type coil as shown in fig-2a, an upward current is
induced in the coil. The induced flux due to the induced current oppose the original flux as shown in fig-2b.
On the other hand, when a bar magnet is pulled away from a
ring type coil as shown in fig-2c, a downward current is
induced in the coil. The induced flux due to the induced
current oppose the original flux as shown in fig-2d.
Direction of induced current andemf :
Figure 3: Direction of induced emf and current
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B.Sc. Engg. P-1 Odd Semester Exam 2018
When a bar magnet is pushed towards a coil as shown in
fig-3, the rate of change of B in the coil induces a current
I. The direction of this induced current can be found
from the right hand rule. The induced current produces a
magnetic field Bind in the coil as shown in the figure
whose direction is opposite to the direction of original
field B. The direction of resultant field ∆ B is also shown
in the figure. The direction of the induced emf can be
determined from the direction of current flow.
Figure 4: Induced emf due to primary current change
Self-inductance: Consider a single conducting circuit
around which a current I is flowing. This current generates a magnetic field B which gives rise to a magnetic flux
Φ B. We expect the flux Φ B to be directly proportional to the current I.
We can write Φ B=L I
The constant of proportionality L is called self-inductance of the coil. If the current flowing in the circuit changes
by an amount dI in time interval dt then the flux linkage change by an amountdΦ .
Therefore,d Φ B=LdI .
According to Faraday’s law, this change of flux induce an emf in the same coil.
−d Φ B dI
∴ ε= =−L
dt dt
The direction of induced current opposes the primary current as shown in fig-4. This opposition rate determines
the value of L
Mutual inductance: The first coil has N 1 turns and carries a current I 1which gives rise to a magnetic field⃗
B1. Since
the two coils are close to each other, some of the magnetic flux due to current I 1pass through coil 1 will also pass
through coil 2. Let Φ 21denote the magnetic flux pass through one turn of coil 2 due to I 1. Now, by varying I 1 with
time, there will be an induced emf associated with the changing magnetic flux in
the second coil is given by
d Φ21
ε 21=−N 2 −−−−−−−(1)
dt
The time rate of change of magnetic flux Φ 21 in coil 2 is proportional to the
time rate of change of the current in coil 1:
d Φ 21 d I1
∴N2 =M 21 −−−−−−(2)
dt dt
where the proportionality constant M 21 called the mutual inductance. Figure 5: Mutual inductance
between two coils
It can also be written as
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B.Sc. Engg. P-1 Odd Semester Exam 2018
N 2 Φ 21
M 21=
I1
Inductor: sending a current through a coil of wire, with or without a core, establishes a magnetic field through and
surrounding the unit. This component is called an inductor. The symbol of an
inductor is shown in fig-6. Figure 6: Inductor symbol
Energy stored in an Inductor: When the current in an inductive circuit changes, the
inductor opposes the current change. Work must be done to overcome this opposition. The work done is equal to
the potential energy stored in the inductor.
If current i through the inductor changes from 0 to I Ampere, the voltage induced across the inductor is
di
|ε|=L
dt
di
Power absorbed by the inductor is given by P=εi=L i
dt
Increment of the potential energy dU =P dt=Li di
Total potential energy stored in the inductor is obtained by integrating dU in the current range i=0 , i=I
I
1
U =L∫ idi= L I 2
0 2
Ohm’s law for magnetic circuits:
Recall the equation of Ohm’s law:
Cause
Effect =
Opposition
For electric circuit, effect is the current, cause is the electric potential difference and opposition is the resistance of
the material.
For magnetic circuit, circuits, the effect desired is the magnetic fluxΦ B. The cause is the magnetomotive force (
mmf ¿ F , which is the external force (or “pressure”) required to set up the magnetic flux lines within the magnetic
material.
The opposition to the setting up of the flux Φ B is the reluctance R .
Substituting, we have
F
Φ B=
R
Since F=¿, clearly reveals that an increase in the number of turns or the current through the Figure 7: mmf due
to current flow
wire as shown in fig-7 results in an increased “pressure” on the system to establish the flux
lines through the core.
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Figure 8: Magnetizing force due to
mmf
B.Sc. Engg. P-1 Odd Semester Exam 2018
Magnetizing force (H): The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the magnetizing force (H). In equation
form,
F
H= = ¿ At /m
l l
It is interesting to realize that the magnetizing force is independent of the type of core material—it is determined
solely by the number of turns, the current, and the length of the core. The relationship between mmf and
magnetizing force is shown in fig-8. The flux density and the magnetizing force are related by the following equation:
B=μ ⃗
⃗ H
Ampère’s circuital law:
If we apply the “cause” analogy to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, we obtain the following equation for magnetic circuit
which, in words, states that the algebraic sum of the rises and drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic
circuit is equal to zero. It is referred to as Ampère’s circuital law.
Explanation:
When it is applied to magnetic circuits, sources of mmf are expressed by the equation F=¿
When compare to Ohm’s law in magnetic circuit, we can write
F=Φ R R.
More useful equation is F=Hl
Consider the magnetic circuit appearing in Fig. 9 constructed of three
different ferromagnetic materials. Applying Ampère’s circuital law, we
have
Figure 9: mmf in a closed magnetic circuit
Flux: If we continue to apply the relationships described in the previous
section to Kirchhoff’s current law, we find that the sum of the fluxes
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the fluxes leaving a junction;
that is, for the circuit in Fig. 10, Figure 10: KCL analogy in magnetic
circuit
Problem-1: For the series magnetic circuit in Fig. 11
a. Find the value of I required to develop a magnetic flux of
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Figure 11: Flux due to current flow
B.Sc. Engg. P-1 Odd Semester Exam 2018
Φ=4 ×10−4 Wb
b. Determine μ and μr for the material under these conditions.
Using the B-H curves, we can determine the magnetizing force H: H (cast steel) = 170 At/m
Applying Ampère’s circuital law yields
b. The permeability of the material can be found using
Problem-2: Determine the secondary current I2 for the transformer in Fig. 12 if the resultant clockwise flux in the
core is 1.5 ×10−5 Wb .
Solution:
And corresponding H from graph
Figure 12: Flux in a transformer core
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