1.

Sociological perspective means

(A) Understanding human behavior in broader context of society
(B) Understanding human behavior in narrower context of society
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
2. Social Location is the group membership that people have because of their
(A) Status in society
(B) Location in history and society
(C) Location in a town
(D) None of these
3. Which of the following shape our ideas more than the other
(A) Hereditary traits
(B) Social groups interaction
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
4. Sociology is a
(A) Social science
(B) Natural science
(C) Behavioral science
(D) None of these
5. Which of the followings are included in primary goals of a social science?
(A) Experimentation
(B) Generalization
(C) Prediction
(D) All of these
6. Positivism was first proposed by
(A) Augustus Comte
(B) Emily Durkheim
(C) Herbert Spencer
(D) None of these
7. Positivism is applying which method in social world?
(A) Natural method
(B) Non-scientific method
(C) Scientific method
(D) None of these
8. Who is credited as founder of sociology?
(A) Herbert Spencer
(B) Augustus Comte
(C) Max Weber
(D) None of these
9. The concept of Social Darwinism was coined by
(A) Herbert Spencer
(B) Augustus Comte
(C) Max Weber
(D) None of these
10. Karl Marx gave the sociological concept of
(A) Social Darwinism
(B) Positivism
(C) Class conflict
(D) None of these
11. Those who cannot compete have no right for higher learning and must be refused accordingly who
believed in the above thesis? (Social Darwinism)
(A) Augustus Comte
(B) Spencer
(C) Karl max
(D) None of these
12. Cultural Shock is caused by
(A) Playing is different role and getting role strain
(B) finding values, norms and customs against ones cultural socialization usually opposite to what one
has been socialized in and they turn out to be dysfunctional
(C) Both (a) and (b)
(D) None of these
13. Society as a complex organization of parts that functions to fulfill the requirement a..‟1d promote the
needs of the whole, is a concept of
(A) Structural Functionalism
(B) Interaction School of thought
(C) Phenomenology
(D) None of these
14. The concepts of “Protestant” and “Bourgeoise” were presented by
(A) Talcat parson
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Max Weber
(D) Emile Durkheim
15. In “The Division of Labor in Society”, Emile Durkheim presented the idea of
(A) Mechanical & organic solidarity
(B) Social & psychological solidarity
(C) Physical & social solidarity
(D) Psychological & mechanical solidarity
16. The phenomena when educated and highly skilled people emigrate to a new country, their home
country loses, is referred as
(A) Chain migration
(B) Life-time migration
(C) Brain Drain
(D) Mover
17. A social condition in which values are conflicting, weak or absent is called
(A) Assimilation
(B) Hawthorne effect
(C) Invasion
(D) Anomie
18. The item alien to the concept of mass is
(A) Vastness
(B) Anonymity
(C) Responsibility
(D) None of these
19. The exception to the typical application of endogamy is
(A) Tribe
(B) Kinship
(C) Race
(D) None of these
20. One of the following is alien to the concept of culture
(A) Religious ritual
(B) Changelessness
(C) Idealized ways of thinking and doing
(D) None of these
21. In theoretical field social research aims at
(A) finding problems of human being
(B) identifying delinquent behaviour
(C) reducing social conflict
(D) None of these
22. WID approach believes in
(A) Gender mainstreaming
(B) Gender Segregation
(C) Incorporating women in development activities
(D) None of these
23. Is Pakistan a signatory of CEDAW?
(A) Yes
(B) No
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
24. Human Rights pertain to caring for the rights of
(A) Women
(B) Men
(C) Minorities
(D) All of these
25. The essential function of punishment in society is
(A) Reform
(B) Revenge
(C) Affirmation of moral standards
(D) None of these
26. The most pervasive of the social processes are
(A) Cooperation
(B) Overt Conflict
(C) Competition
(D) None of these
27. The trend toward urbanization is most advanced in
(A) America
(B) England
(C) Japan
(D) None of these
28. In a highly intra-competitive situation, individual can guarantee the trust of peers by
(A) Self modesty
(B) Genuine goodwill
(C) Withholding praise of superior
(D) None of these
29. A counter culture
(A) Has to be against the existing cultural ethos/values
(B) May not be against the existing cultural ethos/values
(C) If different from the existing culture may never succeed to survive
(D) None of these
30. Family Laws Ordinance was passed for the first time in
(A) 1961
(B) 1973
(C) 1985
(D) None of these
31. Immigration means
(A) Going out of home country
(B) Going out of home district
(C) Going out of home village
(D) None of these
32. Life span means
(A) Passing form one year to next year
(B) Maximum number of years that one can live
(C) Average life that one can life
(D) None of these
33. Within the year group, the major emphasis is upon
(A) Achievement
(B) Conformity
(C) Individual conviction
(D) None of these
34. “Brain washing” consists of extreme and intensive
(A) Reciprocal roles
(B) Identification
(C) Disorientation
(D) Re-socialization
35. The sociogram is best described as a sociological
(A) Concept
(B) Fact
(C) Theory
(D) Technique
36. A caste system as a pure theoretical type is based upon
(A) Ascribed status
(B) Social status
(C) Achieved status
(D) Both Achieved and Ascribed status
37. Social class position in a true “open class” structure is based upon
(A) Ascribed criteria
(B) Race
(C) Family position
(D) Achieved criteria
38. A close connection between religion and economic forces was presented by
(A) Max Weber
(B) Karl Max
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Wright Mill
39. A large kinship group whose members inhabit one geographic area and believe they are descendant
from a common area is known as
(A) Clan
(B) Tribe
(C) Kin group
(D) Class
40. A social condition in which values are conflicting, weak or absent is
(A) Assimilation
(B) Hawthorne effect
(C) Invasion
(D) Anomie
41. Position occupied by someone in society is recognized as his
(A) Status
(B) Post
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
42. Things used to identify one‟s social status are called
(A) Status determinants
(B) Social indignation
(C) Status symbols
(D) None of these
43. The behavior attached to social status is described as
(A) Role
(B) Performance
(C) Duties
(D) None of these
44. People of society who share commonness in several things form
(A) Cluster
(B) Gathering
(C) Group
(D) None of these
45. Social integration is level to which members of a society feel
(A) United
(B) Alienated
(C) Separated
(D) None of these
46. Specifying a task for a person is
(A) Social integration
(B) Social alienation
(C) Division of labor
(D) None of these
47. Stereotype is an
(A) Habit
(B) Assumption
(C) Custom
(D) None of these
48. Stereotype is an assumption that is
(A) Always true
(B) Always false
(C) Either true or false
(D) None of these
49. Collaboration of two or more people in a work is called
(A) Teamwork
(B) Division of labor
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
50. Dyad is
(A) Social custom
(B) Norm
(C) The smallest possible group
(D) The largest possible group
51. By Penology we mean
(A) Studies of social structure
(B) Study of Punishments
(C) Alternative methods of social control
(D) None of these
52. Mills, C.Wright wrote the book
(A) White Collar
(B) The Language of Social Research
(C) Value in Social Theory
(D) None of these
53. The sex ratio is
(A) The number of women per hundred men
(B) The number of children a woman has
(C) The number of men per hundred women
(D) The number of children biologically possible for a woman
54. The term used to refer to the biological maximum number of birth is
(A) Sex ratio
(B) Fertilitys
(C) Fecundity
(D) Natural increase
55. From the stand point of its role in society, one of the great potential capability of religion is
(A) Lessening confusion by providing a system of beliefs
(B) Taking over the socialization process of children
(C) Strengthening the other institutions in society
(D) The promotion of group cohesion
56. Children assumed to have raised by animals are called
(A) Abnormal children
(B) Feral children
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
57. The case of „Jack & Oscar‟ was helpful in studying
(A) Impact of environment on socialization
(B) Impact of hereditary on socialization
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
58. Children reared in special centers of care are
(A) Feral children
(B) Institutionalized children
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
59. A social position inherited by an individual is a status called
(A) Achieved Status
(B) Ascribed Status
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
60. A social position earned in life shapes
(A) Achieved Status
(B) Ascribed Status
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
61. A Stimulus-Response Condition between two persons is called
(A) Exchange
(B) Dialogue
(C) Interaction
(D) None of these
62. Polyandry is a form of marriage in which
(A) Many women marry one man
(B) Many men are husbands of one woman
(C) One man marries a woman
(D) None of these
63. A verified and verifiable proposition is
(A) Hypothesis
(B) Design
(C) Fact
(D) None of these
64. Who strongly believed in social DARWINISM particularly the “survival of the fittest”?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Spencer
(C) Ibn-i-Khaldun
(D) George Hegel
65. Fact may be defined as
(A) A commonly shared reality
(B) What everyone knows as true
(C) That speaks itself
(D) Verified and verifiable statement
66. Research design is
(A) The developing of techniques of data collection
(B) An overall outline of the procedures and operations that includes methods, techniques and tools of
the study
(C) The decisions that a researcher makes/takes to verify the data
(D) The way to participate in an ongoing research project
67. Social Mobility Means
(A) Traveling of groups from one place to another
(B) Participation in the cultural activities of modern age
(C) Migration from rural to urban areas
(D) Movement of people between positions on different levels
68. Monotheism refers to
(A) The worship of one God
(B) The worship of many gods
(C) The followers of a magician
(D) None of these
69. By Sorcery we mean
(A) General practice to cure sick
(B) Magic in a more neutral term
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
70. Who coined the term “residues”?
(A) Robert K. Merton
(B) V.F.D. Pareto
(C) A.R. Radcliffe Brown
71. „Folkway‟ is an example of
(A) Social Norm
(B) Social value
(C) Social sanction
(D) None of these
72. Which is from the following is the least strictly enforced?
(A) Folkway
(B) Mores
(C) Taboos
(D) None of these
73. Which one of the following is most strictly enforced?
(A) Folkway
(B) Mores
(C) Taboos
(D) None of these
74. A group which has its values contradicting with the broader culture forms
(A) Subculture
(B) Counterculture
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
75. A society with different cultural values is
(A) Pluralistic
(B) Singular
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
76. Values shaped together from a larger whole forms
(A) Value Group
(B) Value Cluster
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
77. Values that run opposite to each other forms
(A) Value contradictions
(B) Value clusters
(C) Value groups
(D) None of these
78. Ideal culture is
(A) Norms being manifested
(B) Norms ought to be manifested
(C) Norms violation
(D) None of these
79. The way in which people actually follow norms is
(A) Manifest culture
(B) Ideal culture
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
80. The spread of cultural traits and patterns in space is called
(A) Assimilation
(B) Acculturation
(C) Diffusion
(D) None of these
81. „Clothes‟ being wore in a society is an example of
(A) Material culture
(B) Non-material culture
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
82. Non-Material culture is also called
(A) Apparent culture
(B) Implicit culture
(C) Symbolic culture
(D) None of these
83. Taking one‟s own culture as standard of judging others‟ cultures is
(A) Ethnocentrism
(B) Xenocentrism
(C) Cultural shock
(D) None of these
84. People face cultural shock when they
(A) Practice old customs
(B) Come in contact with different culture
(C) Don‟t practice norms
(D) None of these
85. Judging another‟s culture can lead a person to
(A) Ethnocentrism
(B) Xenocentrism
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
86. Language is an example of
(A) Material culture
(B) Symbolic culture
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
87. Which one of the following is not an example of material culture?
(A) Buildings
(B) Cars
(C) Arts
(D) Norms
88. Which one of the following is not an example of symbolic culture?
(A) Norms
(B) Gestures
(C) Clothes
(D) Language
89. Sanction is the way to enforce
(A) Values
(B) Norms
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
90. A sanction can be
(A) Positive
(B) Negative
(C) Only negative
(D) Both positive and negative
91. Emily Durkheim is known for his work on
(A) Socialization
(B) Politics
(C) Suicide
(D) All of these
92. Which one of the following sociologists worked on religion in sociology?
(A) Max Weber
(B) Durkheim
(C) Augustus Comte
(D) None of these
93. „Replication‟ in sociological research means
(A) Repetition of study to test the findings
(B) Cancelling the old findings
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
94. Durkheim‟s term of „Social Facts‟ means
(A) Factors determining socialization
(B) A group‟s pattern behavior
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
95. In which university Sociology was first taught as a discipline?
(A) University of Cambridge
(B) Oxford University
(C) University of Kansas
(D) Punjab University
96. What jeopardized the work of women sociologists in history?
(A) Sexism
(B) Racism
(C) Feudalism
(D) None of these
97. Which of the following sociologist was victim of racism?
(A) Hebert Spencer
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Augustus Comte
(D) W. E. B. Du Bios
98. Use of sociology to solve the problems of society is
(A) Basic sociology
(B) Applied sociology
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
99. Public Sociology is the sociology used for
(A) Public good
(B) Private good
(C) Individual good
(D) None of these
100. Identify the type(s) of culture
(A) Material Culture
(B) Non-Material Culture
(C) Both „a & b‟
(D) None of these
101. Which of the following used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of
our social interactions with other people?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. Harry Harlow
102. The conscious and rational part of the self is______________?
A. id
B. ego
C. Superego
D. None of these
103. Freud divided self into three parts the id the superego and the______________?
A. ego
B. sub-ego
C. le
D. None of these
104. Mead presented the idea that each individual is a composite of expectations one believes others hold
toward one Mead named it as_____________?
A. looking glass self
B. Self-perception
C. generalized other
D. None of these
105. Socialization is the process through which an individual internalizes ?
A. Cultural norms
B. Social processes
C. Sense of interaction
D. None of these
106. Cooley presented the idea of”looking glass self” a personality type in which self is discovered
through ?
A. Persons,s own image about himself/herself
B. Reactions of others
C. Mixture of both
D. None of these
107. Basic personality characteristics of the individual are formed within______________?
A. family
B. Friends
C. Classroom
D. None of these
108. Sorokin emphasizes that the group difference is mainly affected by differences in_______________?
A. biological factor
B. Physical environment
C. Culture
D. None of these
109. totality of behavior of an individual with a given tendency system interacting with a sequence of
situations” is termed as____________?
A. Behavior
B. Role
C. Personality
D. None of these
110. In the middle teens the most important reference group is__________________?
A. Family
B. Peer group
C. Teachers
D. None of these
111. We all for most of the time try to be a model personality A model personality is one that represents
?
A. All possible cultural traits
B. Most of the cultural traits
C. None of the cultural traits
D. None of these
112. Biological inheritance physical environment culture and group experience are various factors
which play a role in the development of_______________?
A. Personality
B. Society
C. Community
D. None of these
113. Once formed the self is________________?
A. interactive
B. proactive
C. rigid
D. None of these
114. Authority generated by the personality or personal appeal of an individual is referred
as______________?
A. traditional authority
B. charismatic authority
C. rational domination
D. Patrimonialism
115. According to Piaget the phase at which children master abstract logical notions are able to grasp
causality and can recognize false reasoning is the ?
A. sensorimotor stage
B. preoperational stage
C. concrete operational phase
D. formal operational stage
116. Social constructionism studies the processes which create and sustain ?
A. social structures
B. social space
C. social reality
D. social
117. The third age of the life course is said to involve ?
A. active non-work and independence after retirement
B. full time employment family-building and adult responsibility
C. illness isolation and increasing dependence on others
D. the transition from education to work and distinctive youth cultures
118. According to __________ a variety of life experiences can come to be viewed as illnesses or not?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labelling theory
119. Jean Piaget found that although newborns have no self in the sense of a looking glass image they are
quiet ?
A. ethnocentric
B. self-centered
C. other-directed
D. deterministic
120. The process of looking glass self consists of __________ steps?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. None of these
121. The internet rearranges our experience of space-time by making it possible to_______________?
A. communicate instantly with people far away
B. experience what its like to be a different gender
C. interact in an unreal and alienated way
D. communicate without non-verbal cues
122. The tourist gaze is socially organized by professional experts and puts the tourist in search
of_____________?
A. the familiar
B. the exotic
C. the historic
D. the amusing
123. Weber said that the spirit of capitalism could be traced back to______________?
A. the movement towards religious pluralism
B. inspirational Protestant groups who revived religious ideas
C. new religious movements who rejected traditional forms of labor
D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to gain signs of salvation
124. Which of the following can be classified as a charismatic leader ?
A. Joan of Arc
B. Malcolm X
C. Adolf Hitler
D. all of the above
125. Which sociologist distinguished between significant others and generalized others ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. W.I. Thomas
126. Erik Erikson a German scholar trained in Freudian psychoanalysis presented a theory of life-cycle
socialization through ?
A. five stages
B. Seven stages
C. Eight stages
D. None of these
127. The part which is the complex of social ideals and values which one has internalized, and which
form the conscience is______________?
A. id
B. Superego
C. ego
D. None of these
128. Freud saw self and society in basic conflict not in harmony He named this self
as_________________?
A. Antisocial self
B. Generalized other
C. looking glass self
D. None of these
129. Wallflowers are people who came to believe early in life that they can_____________?
A. make conversation
B. not make conversation
C. Sometimes they are good speakers
D. None of these
130. Charismatic leaders build a following based upon which of the following ?
A. traditional authority
B. rational argument
C. personal qualities
D. collective wealth
131. Which of the following was the earliest example of an international organization ?
A. the Pan-Arab League
B. the Hanseatic League
C. the Football League
D. the League of Nations
132. The emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership is most compatible with which
ideal-type of capitalism ?
A. family capitalism
B. managerial capitalism
C. welfare capitalism
D. institutional capitalism
133. Meyer and Rowan,s assertion that roman rules are often myths means ?
A. that the rules were written down a long time in the past
B. that the rules never in fact existed in the first place
C. that the rules have little actual substance in reality
D. that rules are a hindrance in large organization
134. The four principles of McDonaldization are_______________?
A. efficiency calculability affordability consistent décor
B. efficiency calculability uniformity automation
C. efficiency dehumanization automation high calories
D. efficiency Big Mac large fries‟ milkshake
135. Which of these aspects of organization is most associated with the work of Michel Foucault ?
A. surveillance
B. meritocracy
C. bureaucracy
D. transnational organization
136. Which of the following is not one of Perlmutter,s (1972) types of transnational corporations ?
A. polycentric
B. ethnocentric
C. heliocentric
D. geocentric
137. In the late eighteenth century what was Jeremy Bentham,s Panopticon ?
A. an army barracks
B. a prison
C. an asylum
D. a school
138. Which of the following did Max Weber see as a potentially serious problem with the advance of
modern bureaucracies ?
A. bureaucratic organization could become prohibitively expensive to run
B. social organization could become too efficient
C. democracy could become a sham if bureaucrats held real power
D. bureaucratic officials may be able to abuse their power
139. The creative potential of personality is accounted for by______________?
A. Stimulus-response psychology
B. Drive psychology
C. Trait psychology
D. None of these
140. The form of transnational organization where overseas subsidiaries are managed by local firms in
each country is called ?
A. polycentric
B. egocentric
C. geocentric
D. ethnocentric
141. The number of intonational non-governmental from less than 200 at the start of the twentieth
century to how many in 2006 ?
A. 5,164
B. 8,898
C. 51,509
D. 123,305
142. Who thought that within organizations there exists an iron law of oligarchy ?
A. Max Weber
B. Zygmunt Bauman
C. Michel Foucault
D. Robert Michel‟s
143. When workers organized unions and forced management to recognize that they were not objects
theorists of formal organizations began to revise the________________?
A. classical theory
B. scientific management approach
C. human relations approach
D. both A and B
144. Which of the following have expressed particular concern about the longevity of union leaders who
are not always responsive to the needs and demands of membership ?
A. functionalists
B. conflict theorists
C. interactionists
D. classical theorists
145. Which pioneer of sociology first directed researchers to the significance of bureaucratic structure ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. Ferdinand Tonnies
146. Which of the following statements about small groups is correct ?
A. All small groups are primary groups
B. All small groups are secondary groups
C. Many small groups differ from primary groups in that they do not necessarily offer the intimate
personal relationships of primary groups
D. both b and c
147. The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups are stressed by ?
A. functionalists
B. conflict theorists
C. interactionists
D. classical theorists
148. Close friends who have known each other since childhood would be an example of a(n) ?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. out-group
D. formal organization
149. The adage that its not what you know its who you know emphasizes the importance of connections
This is most relevant the concept of________________?
A. de-differentiation
B. network economy
C. political corruption
D. social capital
150. Which concept has the work of Robert Putnam helped to popularize in the social sciences ?
A. cultural capital
B. economic capital
C. social capital
D. symbolic capital
151. purpose of a reference group is to serve a(n) ?
A. normative function by enforcing standards of conduct and belief
B. comparison function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and other
C. elimination function by dissolving groups that no longer have a social purpose
D. both a and b
152. __________ groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings
about their occupation ?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. out-groups
D. formal organizations
153. Which of these is not a feature of an ideal type bureaucracy according to Weber ?
A. a clear-cut hierarchy of authority
B. co-ownership among all workers of the material resource with which they operate
C. fixed salaries associated with each role
D. written rules governing conduct
154. Which of these is a feature of the Japanese style of management arrangements ?
A. merging of work and private lives
B. job security
C. group-oriented production
D. all of the above
155. The iron law of oligarchy refers to_____________?
A. regimes that use repression against their population
B. the exclusion of women from the highest levels of politics
C. the tendency for power inevitably to flow towards top
D. the legal system of the former communist countries
156. Who is most closely associated with the view that the equal and impartial treatment of each case is a
strength of bureaucracies ?
A. Michel Foucault
B. Paul Gay
C. Zygmunt Bauman
D. Robert Michels
157. Which one of these would not be regarded as a dysfunction of bureaucracy according to Merton ?
A. the rules could be upheld at all cost even in the face of a better solution
B. people know they should be guaranteed fair and consistent treatment
C. adherence to the rules takes precedence over organizational goals
D. workers are not encouraged to be flexible in making decisions
158. De Gournay coined the phrase an illness of bureau mania to describe ?
A. the chaos of informal organizations
B. the compulsion to work in offices
C. the developing power of officials
D. politicians abuse of power and influence
159. Paul du Gay‟s (2000) In Praise of Bureaucracy makes two important points in defense of
bureaucratic forms of organization Which two points are they? A bureaucratic ethos ?
A. is compatible with private sector values and includes impartial and equal treatment for all
B. ensures administrative responsibility for the public interest and includes impartial and equal treatment for
all
C. ensures that politicians goals can be met even against opposition and ensures administrative responsibility
for the public interest
D. is compatible with private sector values and ensures that politicians goals can be met even against
opposition

161. Socialist theory was defined in the writings of Karl Marx and ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Adam Smith
C. Friedrich Engels
D. the Marx Brothers
162. Which one of the following is an economic system that is typically found in contemporary societies ?
A. socialism
B. feudalism
C. slavery
D. all of these
163. Which one of these statements is NOT a definition of the knowledge economy ?
A. much of the workforce in now involved in physical production of goods
B. the economy is dominated by the constant flow of information and opinions
C. this is a phase of development beyond industrialism
D. investment in public education and software development is more significant
164. Which of these types of industrial conflict is the odd one out ?
A. sabotage
B. strike
C. overtime ban
D. work to rule (working only ones contracted hours noting more or less)
165. The term informal economy is used to describe ?
A. work where no money changes hands
B. the activities of small businesses
C. transactions outside the sphere of regular employment
D. organizations with less rigid rules and procedures
166. There are some important gender inequalities in paid employment and the chapter identifies three
of these Which one of the following is not one of the three ?
A. the division of household labor
B. occupational segregation
C. the wage gap in favor of men
D. women‟s concentration in part-time jobs
167. How do industrial sociologists characterize Fordism and Taylorism ?
A. high risk systems
B. high trust systems
C. low trust systems
D. low risk systems
168. Which of the following is not a term for work that takes place outside the formal paid employment
sector ?
A. the casual economy
B. the parallel economy
C. the black economy
D. the informal economy
169. The president of the United States need not be a good typist a surgeon need not be able to fill a
cavity This is because of the bureaucratic characteristic of___________?
A. division of labor
B. impersonality
C. employment based on technical qualifications
D. written rules and regulations
170. Which of the following can be classified as a charismatic leader ?
A. Joan of Arc
B. Malcolm X
C. Adolf Hitler
D. all of the above
171. The principle of laissez-faire was expounded and endorsed by the British economist ?
A. John Maynard Keynes
B. Adam Smith
C. Paul Samuelson
D. Arthur Scargill
172. Two basic types of economic systems distinguish contemporary industrial societies ?
A. capitalism and communism
B. capitalism and socialism
C. socialism and communism
D. capitalism and dictatorships
173. Which of these key early figures in sociology had an interest in issues of labor and the economy ?
A. Karl Marx
B. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim
C. Karl Marx and Max Weber
D. All three of them
174. Occupational gender segregation is used to explain ?
A. the belief that women control the private sphere
B. women increasing labor market participation
C. the allocation of men and women to different types of job
D. relations between men and women in the workplace
175. Which statement below most accurately describes the global unemployment rate ?
A. the unemployment rate has decreased significantly since the 1970s
B. the unemployment rate remains historically low
C. the unemployment rate remains historically high
D. the unemployment rate in not known
176. In the developed countries more people are employed in the service sector than manufacturing with
a tiny percentage working in agriculture Globally which sector now employs the fewest people ?
A. services
B. industrial manufacture
C. agriculture
D. none of the above
177. What is the concept used by Karl Marx to explain workers loss of control over their labor power in
capitalist societies ?
A. anomie
B. pauperization
C. de-skilling
D. alienation
178. By the year 2020 it is projected that less than 2 percent of the entire global labor force will be
engaged in ?
A. farming
B. service jobs
C. factory work
D. high-tech jobs
179. While predictions are not always reliable sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce
increasingly composed of ?
A. women
B. racial minorities
C. ethnic minorities
D. all of the above
180. Which sociological perspective points out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the
economy of the United States competition is much more restricted than one might expect in what is
called a free enterprise system ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labeling theory
181. Cultural restructuring has involved ?
A. regenerating cities in economic decline
B. turning industrial landscapes into tourist attractions
C. selling sites and images through the symbolic economy of media advertising
D. all of the above
182. The ecological approach to urban sociology involved studying ?
A. how social groups colonized different areas of the city and competed for resources
B. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could be found on the edges of the city
C. the way in which people organized collective protests about environmental issues
D. how men and women used the city‟s public spaces differently
183. The trend toward urbanization is most advanced in ?
A. America
B. England
C. Japan
D. None of these
184. In comparison with industrial cities preindustrial cities had ?
A. relatively open class systems
B. extensive social mobility
C. a much more rigid division of labor by gender
D. all of the above
185. Urbanization Causes many Social problems as___________?
A. Inflation
B. Poverty
C. Unemployment
D. All of the above
186. Urbanization is a ______ process ?
A. Straight lined
B. Cyclical
C. Social
D. None of these
187. Pakistan with a population of 160 million stands as the _______ largest population country?
A. Fifth
B. Sixth
C. Seventh
D. None of these
188. The systematic widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as
factories and plants are called ?
A. deindustrialization
B. downsizing
C. post industrialization
D. “banana time”
189. There are three basic sources of power within any political system ?
A. force influence and authority
B. force influence and democracy
C. force legitimacy and charisma
D. influence charisma and bureaucracy
191. Supporters of sustainable development are arguing for________________?
A. more resources to be directed towards economic growth
B. more resources to be put into Third World development
C. growth that minimizes resource depletion and pollution
D. fewer resources to be directed towards economic growth
192. According to Sassan which of these is NOT a necessary trait of a global city ?
A. they are centers of direction and policy-making for the global economy
B. they are visited by large numbers of tourists from across the world
C. they are the key locations for financial and specialized service firms
D. they are markets for the exchange of the products of financial service
193. Who described urbanism as a way of life ?
A. Park
B. Hawley
C. Wirth
D. Burgess
194. The decentralized city can be identified by____________?
A. the shift of employment and services away from the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller towns
and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above
195. Urbanization in preindustrial cities was restricted by___________?
A. reliance on animal power as a source of energy
B. the high levels of surplus produced by the agricultural sector
C. the ease of migration to the city
D. all of the above
196. The current level of urbanization 32% in Pakistan is in SAARC Countries ?
A. Lowest
B. Normal
C. Highest
D. None of these
197. In past Pakistanis population had relatively ________ growth rate?
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. None of these
198. North America and Europe have less than 12% of the world‟s population but their share of the
worlds private consumption is approximately ?
A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 60%
199. Urban recycling is shorthand for______________?
A. encouraging existing residents to move out of an area
B. introducing local environmental strategies to an area
C. the refurbishment or replacement of old buildings and land
D. providing incentives for urban dwellers to use public transport
200. According to Castells Which of the following is a world city ?
A. Frankfurt
B. Madrid
C. Buenos Aires
D. Moscow
201. The concept of collective consumption is most closely associated with______________?
A. Harvey
B. Moloch
C. Castells
D. Saunders
202. The Frankfurt School built upon the work of Marx but the importance of which of the following
did its members argue that he under emphasized ?
A. globalization
B. work
C. economics
D. culture
203. When was the World Wide Web invented at a Swiss physics laboratory ?
A. 1980
B. 1985
C. 1990
D. 1995
204. Which term does John Thompson use to describe the sort of social relations created by the mass
media ?
A. face-to-face interaction
B. mediated interaction
C. mediated quasi interaction
D. mediated multiple -interaction
205. Among which occupational group are infant mortality rates the lowest____________?
A. professional
B. managerial and technical
C. skilled non-manual
D. skilled manual
206. A highly conformist culture is less prone to_______________?
A. Change
B. Cultural diffusion
C. both a and b
D. None of these
207. The Green revolution resulted in 1970s in the establishment of____________?
A. Light engineering industry
B. Heavy industry
C. Medium
D. None of these
208. With the exit of the Hindus and Sikhs Pakistan became a_____________?
A. Uni-religious state
B. Multi-ethnic state
C. Multi-lingual state
D. None of these
209. Social and economic change in Pakistan has been so enormous that it can be termed as
Revolutionary The process of change began with_____________?
A. Green Revolution
B. Migration after Independence
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
210. The decentralized city can be identified by______________?
A. the shift of employment and services away from the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller towns
and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above
211. Learning behavior in a social institution or developing social skills is called________________?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Developmental socialization
D. None of these
212. The process of learning one‟s culture and how to live within it is called________________?
A. Culture
B. Socialization
C. Association
D. None of these
213. In Hagerman‟s account where did the public sphere as an arena of public debate first
develop?in____________?
A. salons
B. newspapers
C. universities
D. television
214. According to Manuel Castells which is the defining organizational structure of our age ?
A. bureaucracy
B. networks
C. hierarchy
D. conglomerates
215. A decline in which of the following does Putnam link to the spread of television ?
A. rational through
B. social capital
C. cultural capital
D. political awareness
216. The sequence of Rostow‟s stages of economic growth are_____________?
A. traditional take-off drive to maturity high mass consumption
B. traditional drive to maturity high mass consumption take-off
C. traditional state intervention high mass consumption take-off
D. traditional dependency modernization take-off
217. Which of these is a broadly Weberian idea ?
A. the main dynamic of modern development is capitalist economics
B. modern societies are in transition towards a socialist model
C. rationalization is bound to progress further in all spheres of life
D. all history is the history of class struggles
218. In the process of social change new traits appear through_____________?
A. discovery
B. invention
C. diffusion
D. All of the above
219. Ayub Government brought ____ in 1950s and 60s which changed agricultural infrastructure to
greater extent ?
A. agricultural reforms
B. Green Revolution
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
220. Some of hallmarks of socio-economic change in Pakistan can be enlisted as such_____________?
A. Migration after Independence
B. Green Revolution
C. Urbanization and Islamization of Zia ere
D. All of the above
221. A child who is repeatedly criticized as being lazy and lacking intelligence eventually accepts these
criticisms and uses them to justify poor performance in school. This is an example of_____________?
A. the contact hypothesis
B. a self-fulfilling prophecy
C. scapegoating
D. reverse discrimination
222. The institution most closely associated with the process of socialization is the_________________?
A. family
B. peer group
C. school
D. state
223. Harry Harlow conducted study of______________?
A. Isabelle and the impact of social isolation on the socialization process
B. Nell and the impact of social isolation on the socialization process
C. rhesus monkeys that had been raised away from their mothers
D. nature versus nurture that focused on sociobiology
224. The socializer is also called socializing agent and socialize is also called_______________?
A. object of socializing process
B. novice
C. principal
D. None of these
225. Ellis Lee and Peterson developed a research exploring how parents raise their children relative to
their class They viewed that lower class parents were more likely to emphasize____________ in their
children?
A. Creativity
B. Self-reliance
C. Conformity
D. None of these
226. Socialization is extended to every part of human life As a result every one becomes both a socializer
and a socialize in all encounters with others This concept leaves socialization without a social home. This
is the approach of______________?
A. Arnett
B. Long & Hadden
C. Henslin
D. None of these
227. “Self develops as a result of cognitive evaluations of costs and benefits “this is_______________?
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Role theory
C. Reinforcement theory
D. None of these
228. Socialization is a continuous lifelong process and self develops as a result of social interactions this
is_______________?
A. Role theory
B. Reinforcement theory
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. None of these
229. Arnett proposed an interesting distinction of types of socialization_______________?
A. high and low
B. broad and narrow
C. old and new
D. None of these
230. Socialization is a life process generally divided into two parts primary and secondary socialization
Primary refers to_____________?
A. Socialization at primary school level
B. Socialization at home
C. Socialization in early life, as a child
D. None of these
231. Turning points, a which people change direction in the course of their lives are_______________?
A. age norms
B. life events
C. social clocks
D. remarkably similar for men and women
232. The theoretical perspective that views social life as similar to performances staged in a theater is
called_______________?
A. impression management
B. the Thomas theorem
C. the looking -glass self
D. the dramaturgical approach
233. Kaleem walks into the classroom just as another student has told the punchline to a very funny joke
The room explodes in laughter Kaleem quickly checks to see that his shirt is buttoned correctly and that
there is no toilet tissue clinging to her shoe Once he realizes the class isn,t laughing at him he settles
down in his seat and asks the classmate to re-tell the joke This is an example of______________?
A. esoteric social readjustment
B. an egocentric bias
C. the looking -glass self
D. the formation of the self
234. A form of learning in which the consequences of behavior determine the probability of its future
occurrence is called______________?
A. conditioning
B. personal efficacy
C. reflexive behavior
D. egocentric bias
235. Abstract sediments are________________?
A. closer to the center of the self than the moral rules
B. provide a focus for allegiance
C. are compellers of action
D. None of these
236. The most pervasive of the social processes are________________?
A. Religious ritual
B. changelessness
C. idealized ways of thinking and doing
D. None of these
237. Which one of the following does Chodorow NOT argue is a consequence for boys and men of
separating from their early attachment to their mother ?
A. feeling their self-esteem threatened by the lack a close relationship
B. learning that to be a man is to reject being like a woman
C. feeling endangered by close intimate emotional relationships
D. developing a detached and analytical approach to the world
238. Marxist feminists explain patriarchy in terms of_________________?
A. a lack of equal rights and opportunities for men and women
B. sex classes through which men oppress women economically politically and sexually
C. women‟s domestic labor being exploited by the capitalist econorny
D. the dual systems of capitalist and male domination
239. Socialization is______________?
A. the formation of an attachment bond between an infant and its career
B. a tendency of social theorists to explain everything in terms of social causes
C. the process of becoming part of a society by learning its norms and values
D. the historical process by which societies change from traditional to modern
240. What is the name of the process by which we acquire a sense of identity and become members of
society____________?
A. rationalization
B. colonization
C. McDonaldization
D. socialization
241. Socialization is a series of stages in which the individual learns to participate in various levels of
organization of society and internalizes a cognitive frame of reference for interpersonal relations It
is____________?
A. Internalization theory
B. Role theory
C. Symbolic theory
D. None of these
242. The importance of socialization has been drawn upon few cases of children who were through
neglect____________?
A. Not socialized by adults while they were growing
B. Were given extremely protected environment
C. Were over socialized
D. None of these
243. Japanese emphasize on conformity in their culture This is an example of______________?
A. Broad Socialization
B. Narrow Socialization
C. cultural impact
D. None of these
244. Broad socialization is intended to promote_____________?
A. Independence and self-expression
B. Obedience and Conformity
C. both a and b
D. None of these
245. A society which is socially isolated but still provides for all the needs of its members, is
called______________?
A. Total institution
B. Isolated Society
C. Closed society
D. None of these
246. A child learns behaviors values and actions from his family It is_______________?
A. Primary socialization
B. Secondary
C. Developmental
D. None of these
247. The institution most closely associated with the process of socialization is the______________?
A. family
B. Peer group
C. school
D. state
248. Which of the following is considered a total institution ?
A. a university
B. a mental hospital
C. a factory
D. each of the above
249. Which sociologist distinguished between significant others and generalized others ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. W.I Thomas
250. The current debate on sociobiology focuses on the work of Harvard University
zoologist___________?
A. Jean Piaget
B. Edward O.Wilson
C. Erving Goffman
D. Harry Harlow
251. A human being deprived of all communication with other humans from birth would lack all but one
of the following ?
A. Self
B. rudimentary personality
C. Language
D. None of these
252. Sociologists believe that_______________?
A. Biology being the major constraints does not allow any change in human nature hence socialization does
not change much of human individual nature
B. Individual is the product of social group within which he is socialized
C. The nature-nurture controversy has ended in favor of nurture and the bio-sociologists have failed to promote
their thesis
D. None of these
253. The main agent in primary socialization is______________?
A. school
B. family
C. television
D. peer group
254. Judith Butler (1999) suggested that_______________?
A. sexual characteristics are the biological determinants of gender
B. heterosexuality and homosexuality are essential opposing identities
C. the tow-sex model replaced the one-sex model in the eighteenth century
D. gender is performed through bodily gestures and styles to create sex
255. Chodorow (1978) argued that gender socialization occurred through____________?
A. both boys and girls being closely attached to their mothers, but then boys breaking away
B. girls being attached to their mothers but then breaking away
C. boys being attached to their fathers and girls to their mothers
D. both boys and girls being closely attached to their fathers, but girls breaking away
256. The four ideal types of social action that Weber identified were as follows instrumentally-rational,
value-rational traditional and_____________?
A. affectual
B. affective
C. effective
D. infected
257. Which sociological perspective would be especially interested in studying how people communicate
with other and develop relationships through MUDS (multi-user)?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labeling theory
258. In the twentieth century, the family‟s protective function has increasingly been transferred to
outside agencies such as______________?
A. hospitals
B. mental health clinics
C. insurance companies
D. all of the above
259. A person does poorly on a college chemistry test and later tells a friend “The exam wasn‟t fair!
There were trick s and it covered material that we weren‟t assigned “This is an example
of____________?
A. reverse socialization
B. face-work
C. studied nonobservance
D. anticipatory socialization
260. Isabelle was___________?
A. reared in an interracial family
B. kept in almost total seclusion for the first six years of her life
C. subjected to mistreatment in a mental institution
D. a child whose language skills were of genius calibre
261. When planning to do social research, it is better to:
A. Approach the topic with an open mind
B. Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
C. Be familiar with the literature on the topic
D. Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking
262. Which comes first, theory or research?
A. Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
B. Research, because that‟s the only way you can develop a theory
C. It depends on your point of view
D. The question is meaningless, because you can‟t have one without the other
263. We review the relevant literature to know:
A. What is already known about the topic
B. What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
C Who are the key contributors to the topic
D. All of the above
264. A deductive theory is one that:
A. Allows theory to emerge out of the data
B. Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
C. Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
D Uses qualitative methods whenever possible
265. Which of the following is not a type of research question?
A. Predicting an outcome
B. Evaluating a phenomenon
C. Developing good practice
D. A hypothesis
166. What does „sampling cases‟ mean?
A. Sampling using a sampling frame
B. Identifying people who are suitable for research
C. Literally, the researcher‟s brief-case
D Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc.
267. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?
A. Research questions
B. Unstructured interviewing
C. Postal survey questionnaires
D. Participant observation
268. Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?
A. Because far too much data is collected than is required
B Because we need to make sense of the data
C Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires
D.Because the sample size has been exceeded
269. The core ingredients of a dissertation are:
A. Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.
B.Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.
C.Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References.
D Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion.
270. Because of the number of things that can go wrong in research there is a need for:
A. Flexibility and perseverance
B Sympathetic supervisors
C An emergency source of finance
D Wisdom to know the right time to quit
271. While a role is the behavior expected of one in a particular status role behavior is_____________?
A. Actual behavior
B. Supposed behavior
C. Ascribed behavior
D. None of these
272. Role and status are two aspects of same____________?
A. personality
B. Phenomenon
C. Situation
D. None of these
273. The rank and position of a person in a group or of a group in relation to other groups is termed
as_____________?
A. Role
B. Status
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
274. A person does poorly on a college chemistry test and later tells a friend “The exam wasn‟t fair!
There were trick s and it covered material that we weren‟t assigned! “This is an example
of______________?
A. reverse socialization
B. face-work
C. studied nonobservance
D. anticipatory socialization
275. Which of the following used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of
our social interactions with other people ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. Harry Harlow
276. Dying_______________?
A. is one social phenomenon that has changed little over time
B. is less bureaucratic than it was in the past
C. is a biological event with no associated social reality?
D. requires a new definition of self
277. The major development task(s) in middle adulthood include(s)________________?
A. sex
B. love and work
C. socialization
D. preparation for death
278. A person‟s self-esteem – low or high -is mainly a function of________________?
A. introspective rejuvenation
B. self-ethnography
C. social comparisons
D. none of the above
279. The Thomas theorem states that________________?
A. nonverbal communication constitutes the majority of a message in communication
B. verbal communication is more important than touch and touch is more important than artifacts in
communicating a message
C. definitions of the situation differ, and common understanding is impossible
D. if situations are defined as real they are real in their consequences
280. The process of social interaction by which people acquire the knowledge attitudes values and
behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called_____________?
A. culture
B. definition of the situation
C. social communication
D. socialization

281. Which one of these is NOT a version of the sick role as identified by Friedson ?
A. conditional
B. unconditionally legitimate
C. modified legitimate
D. illegitimate
282. Social occasions in which individuals act out formal roles are called___________?
A. front regions
B. back regions
C. public regions
D. social regions
283. The socially defined expectations that a person in given status follows are
called___________________?
A. a position
B. a role
C. a performance
D. an impression
284. In modern societies social status is typically measured by a person_____________?
A. age
B. income
C. verbal fluency
D. occupation
285. Margaret Mead suggested that______________?
A. adolescence and gender roles varied between societies and so were culturally determined
B. gender roles in three New Guinea societies were identical and so must be biologically determined
C. adolescence in the USA is a time of relative calm compared to the experience in Japan and Europe
D. anthropological fieldwork can be problematic because the researcher‟s values affect the way they interpret
their observations
286. Freuds notion of the ego referred to________________?
A. the unconscious mass of instinctive drives that may be repressed
B. the self as a whole an unstable mix of conscious and unconscious elements
C. the conscious part of the mind that regulates emotional drives on a practical rational level
D. the neurotic part of the mind that longs for belonging and may suffer an inferiority complex
287. Role-learning theory suggests that______________?
A. we internalize and take on social roles from a pre-existing framework
B. we create and negotiate our roles through interaction with others
C. social roles are not fixed or stable but fluid and pluralistic
D. roles have to be learned to suppress unconscious motivations
288. The most all-encompassing type of collective behavior is_____________?
A. public opinion
B. social movements
C. rumors
D. crowds
289. Role ascription by merit has also restricted the social statuses to those who has______________?
A. Mental and physical proficiency
B. inherited and good early environment
C. (a)mainly depending on (b)
D. None of these
290. Princess is an _______ status?
A. Ascribed
B. Achieved
C. both a and b
D. None of these
291. Merton‟s term for the hidden or forgotten reason for a particular behavior was_____________?
A. middle-range function
B. consumption function
C. latent function
D. structural function
292. The correspondence principle (Bowles & Gintis) suggests that________________?
A. schools prepare children work by teaching them to be obedient
B. teachers and parents tend to have similar attitudes to learning
C. children who write lots of letters develop a better grasp of language
D. boys‟ and girls‟ educational achievements have recently become similar
293. Bowlby‟s maternal deprivation thesis claimed that_______________?
A. mothers who are living in poverty cannot afford to give their children the resources that other children enjoy
B. children deprived of an early secure attachment to their mother are prone to suffer physically
intellectually and socially in later life
C. mothering is a socially constructed activity identified in the narratives of new mothers
D. deprivation is something children inherit usually through their mothers‟ side
294. In Symbolic Interactionist Theory Mead defined the generalized other as______________?
A. the group of structural theories of society that he was reacting against
B. the overall impression of ourselves that we try to give off to others
C. a significant figure in early childhood who teaches us the general values of society
D. an image of how people in the wider society might perceive our behavior
295. The term feminist standpoint suggests______________?
A. taking a stand on the issues neglected by feminism
B. studying society from the perspective of women
C. the recognition of difference and diversity in women‟s lives
D. a tendency to ignore the gendered nature of knowledge
296. Which of the following is a criticism of the sick role ?
A. Patients judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender age social class and
ethnic group
B. The sick role may be more applicable to people experiencing short-term illnesses than those with recurring
long -term illnesses
C. Even simple factors such as whether a person is employed or not seem to affect willingness to assume the
sick role
D. all of the above
297. Ascribed status as the name explains is one______________?
A. Achieved through effort
B. Ascribed to use by society
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
298. When a status may have many roles to play It is known as______________?
A. Role playing
B. Role sets
C. Role adjustment
D. None of these
299. The behavior expected of one who holds a particular status is usually termed as_____________?
A. Role
B. Status
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
300. Role confusion in modern society is engendered by all but one of the following____________?
A. Broadening of role specification
B. Plurality of moralities
C. Increase in number of achievable positions
D. None of these
301. The emphasis on the relationship between religion and which ONE of the following is distinctive to
Weber‟s study of religion ?
A. social inequality
B. social change
C. social solidarity
D. social conflict
302. Of which of the following according to Marx does religion provide an example ?
A. alienation
B. anomie
C. authority
D. animism
303. What is religious fundamentalism ?
A. strict or literal adherence to basic religious principles and beliefs
B. acceptance and use of violent means to transform secular societies
C. commitment to the fundamental beliefs of charismatic leaders
D. religious beliefs associated with new age sects
304. Which of the following is with 20 million adherents the largest non-Christian faith in Europe ?
A. Judaism
B. Buddhism
C. Islam
D. Hinduism
305. Which is the oldest of the world religions being at least 6,000 years old ?
A. Islam
B. Confucianism
C. Buddhism
D. Hinduism
306. What concept does Durkheim use to explain how religious ceremonies generate social solidarity ?
A. collective consciousness
B. collective interaction
C. collective effervescence
D. class consciousness
307. Durkheim,s famous definition of religion includes three main elements Which of these is not one of
the three ?
A. religion is a form of culture
B. religion involves belief in God
C. religion provides a sense of purpose
D. religion involves beliefs and ritual practices
308. In pre-Communist China the aged were______________?
A. Authority figures
B. Retired in isolation
C. Honored but restrained
D. None of these
309. Meads work is an example of_______________?
A. functionalism
B. symbolic interactionism
C. psychoanalysis
D. cognitive theory
310. A person‟s overall position in society is called______________?
A. achieved status
B. ascribed status
C. master status
D. status set

311. In studying inequalities in education which skills did Bernstein concentrate upon ?
A. reading
B. numeracy
C. emotion
D. speech
312. Which group of learners does the university of the third age serve ?
A. teenagers
B. travelles
C. workers
D. pensioners
313. Which of the following is not likely to explain differences in exclusion rates from school between
pupils from different social class and ethnic backgrounds ?
A. anomie
B. privatization
C. institutional racism
D. ethnocentrism
314. Education is undergoing a transformation in which the boundary between schooling and the
outside world is breaking down allowing for workplace education beyond the confines of the classroom
and at many different times How is this broad change usually described ?
A. lifelong learning
B. extended education
C. e-learning
D. de-schooling
315. According to Bourdieu cultural capital exists in three forms Which one of the following is not one of
the three ?
A. an objectified state
B. an institutionalized form
C. a symbolic form
D. an embodied state
316. What is education ?
A. the process of delivering relevant skills and knowledge
B. a knowledge and understanding of society‟s high culture
C. a social institution promoting the acquisition of skills and knowledge
D. the skills and knowledge required for employment in a relevant field
317. Which of these bests describes Islamic revivalism in the contemporary world ?
A. traditional practices and modes of life have been revived but combined with concerns that relate
specifically to modern times
B. a growing belief in literal interpretations of sacred texts
C. a uniquely political phenomenon associated with introducing Islamic principles into laws and government
D. traditional practices and modes of life have been revived without any reference to recent historical events
involving external non-Islam countries
318. Which term describes the process whereby religion loses its influence over various spheres of social
life ?
A. secularization
B. evangelicalism
C. fundamentalism
D. alienation
319. Charismatic leaders build a following based upon which of the following ?
A. traditional authority
B. rational argument
C. personal qualities
D. collective wealth
320. Which is the most recently established of the greatest world religions ?
A. Judaism
B. Islam
C. Hinduism
D. Christianity
321. Weber said that the spirit of capitalism could be traced back to_________________?
A. the movement towards religious pluralism
B. inspirational Protestant groups who revived religious ideas
C. new religious movements who rejected traditional forms of labor
D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to gain signs of salvation
322. Symbolic interactionists ?
A. view “sickness” as a condition to which we attach socially devised meanings
B. are not interested in how the medical profession defines certain conditions as diseases
C. refer to the rising geriatric prisoner population in need of medical treatment as the “medicalization of
deviance
D. none of the above
323. The interaction between physician and patient ?
A. is rooted in a tradition of equality
B. is based on the physician ability to reduce the “competence gap” between the physician and patient
C. may be evolving into a new type of relationship based on consumerism
D. is governed by the patient who manages the direction of the discussion
324. The statement that “the social relations of work find expression in the social relation of school”
reflects ?
A. the correspondence principle
B. credentialism
C. the hidden curriculum
D. structural dyspepsia
325. Research indicates that effective schools______________?
A. foster the expectation that order will prevail in the classroom
B. leave discipline up to the individual teacher
C. emphasize the “whole student” over academic concerns
D. foster an atmosphere in which students are carefully monitored to ensure that they meet their obligations
326. Karl Marx saw religion as________________?
A. a vehicle by which we reveal to one another that we share a common mental state
B. a vehicle through which we create a shared consciousness that contributes to social bonding
C. creating a pool of individuals with the attitudes and values necessary to function as entrepreneurs
D. producing another-worldly focus that diverts the oppressed from seeking social change in this world
327. Of the two types of religious organizations that have a negative relationship with society which one
accepts pluralistic legitimacy ?
A. a cult
B. a sect
C. a church
D. a denomination
328. The term ______ refers to the socially shared and organized ways of thinking feeling and acting
that concern ultimate meanings about the existence of the supernatural or “beyond” ?
A. animism
B. religion
C. socialization
D. totemism
329. The correspondence principle (Bowles & Gintis) suggests that_______________?
A. schools prepare children for work by teaching them to be obedient
B. teachers and parents tend to have similar attitudes to learning
C. children who write lots of letters develop a better grasp of language
D. boys and girls educational achievements have recently become similar
330. Bernstein though that using restricted codes of language disadvantaged pupils at school
because_____________?
A. this pattern of speech made them the target of bullying
B. they referred to explicit context independent meanings
C. they prevented children from communicating outside of their peer groups
D. they involved short simple sentences with a small vocabulary

331. How has Grace Davie (1994) characterized the general religious position within Western Europe ?
A. religious pluralism with many gods
B. believing without belonging
C. secularization against religion
D. belonging without believing
332. Weber,s famous study The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904/5) was part of a
larger project to study what ?
A. Christianity,s influence in the West
B. the influence of the world religions on social development
C. how salvation beliefs have shaped the modern world economy
D. the impact of capitalism on the world religions
333. Ludwig Feuerbach,s views on the alienation involved in transferring human values and ideas onto
gods and spirits as distinct from human societies influenced the ideas of which classical sociologist ?
A. Max Weber
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Vilfredo Pareto
D. Karl Marx
334. The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with the_______________?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. anomie theory
335. Which one of the following is the most basic manifest function of education ?
A. bestowing status
B. transmitting knowledge
C. promoting social and political change
D. all of the above
336. Religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine These are ___________
functions or religion?
A. manifest
B. latent
C. positive
D. negative
337. Max Weber,s pioneering work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example
of_______________?
A. macro-level analysis
B. macro-level analysis
C. resurgent fundamentalism
D. the interactionist approach to religion
338. Which of the following -perhaps the first sociologist to recognize the critical importance of religion
in human societies stressed the social impact of religion ?
A. Max Weber
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Karl Marx
D. Talcott Parsons
339. The shift form civil religion to common religion means that________________?
A. the increasing bureaucracy of the state has made religion only a marginal part of our lives
B. despite the weakening of traditional authority our everyday lives and common sense remain shaped
by religious beliefs and values
C. religious participation in collective worship may have declined but people still practice their faiths in private
D. people are much more likely to discuss their religious beliefs in public informal settings
340. An ecclesia is___________________?
A. a religious organization that claims total spiritual authority over its members
B. a church organized around voluntary rather than compulsory membership
C. a sect or cult with a very small following
D. a hierarchy of priests or other spiritual leaders
341. Many sociologists argue that older theories of inherited intelligence and IQ tests have been
discredited What concept did Gillborn and Youdell (2001) find had replaced of IQ in many Uk schools ?
A. skill
B. talent
C. capacity
D. ability
342. Which one of the following is not part of Bowles and Ginits,s (1976) Marxist thesis on schooling
under capitalism ?
A. head teachers often encourage working class children to be ambitious
B. the structures of school life correspond to the structures of working life
C. education is a great divider not a leveler
D. schools provide the right kind of future workers for capitalist employers
343. What sociological approach argues that religions can be fruitfully understood as organization in
competition with one another for followers ?
A. religious economy
B. religious culture
C. religious ritual
D. religious polity
344. In Which of these countries is Orthodox Christianity the dominant religion ?
A. Finland
B. Greece
C. Ireland
D. Spain
345. New age movements are an example of which type of religious movement ?
A. world-affirming
B. world-rejecting
C. world-enhancing
D. world-accommodating
346. Which term describes religious organization of a loosely knit and transient kind ?
A. church
B. denomination
C. sect
D. cult
347. Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical religions ?
A. Buddhism
B. Confucianism
C. Hinduism
D. Taoism
348. According to Durkheim religion separates objects and symbols into the sacred and which of the
following ?
A. the profound
B. the profuse
C. the profitable
D. the profane
349. Who theorized that we might be witnessing the clash of civilizations ?
A. Giles Kepel
B. Amartya Sen
C. Samuel Huntington
D. Michel Maffesoli
350. According to Steve Bruce (1996) which of the following was a factor in generating strong religious
commitment in the USA as compared to Europe ?
A. an evangelical strand of Christianity
B. a non-established church
C. a variety of new religious movements
D. late and very rapid industrialization
351. Which of the following is NOT a function of education ?
A. completing socialization
B. social integration
C. research and development
D. procreation
352. _______ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capability that results from experience ?
A. Insight
B. Education
C. Learning
D. Manipulated cognition
353. The secularization thesis______________?
A. states that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over secular considerations
B. considerations trends toward modernization
C. is assumed to accompany the transformation of human societies from simple to complex forms
D. none of the above
354. Simple supernaturalism_______________?
A. is prevalent in industrial societies
B. entails the notion of mana
C. is centered upon the belief in powerful gods interested in human affairs
D. is illustrated by Buddhism
355. One purpose of education is to help students acquire the skills they need to be successful in society
This is an example of a(n) ?
A. constructed reality
B. latent function
C. manifest function
D. entrenched function
356. Bourdieu attributed the reproduction of class to______________?
A. cults of the capital
B. capital culture
C. cultural capital
D. culpable capture
357. What is the process by which schools help to perpetuate social and economic inequalities across the
generation called______________?
A. cultural reproduction
B. passive consumption
C. conceptual abstraction
D. formal communication
358. According to Illich which one of the following is NOT transmitted through the hidden curriculum ?
A. curiosity
B. passivity
C. conformity
D. hierarchy
359. In which of these regions is public education expenditure lowest?
A. Central Asia
B. North America and Western Europe
C. Latin America and the Caribbean
D. Arab States
360. What is an education system in which children achieve their status based on their own worth called
?
A. comprehensive
B. meritocratic
C. selective
D. elitist

361. Which of the following is NOT a function of education ?

A. completing socialization
B. social integration
C. research and development
D. procreation
362. ________ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capability that results from experience ?
A. Insight
B. Education
C. Learning
D. Manipulated cognition
363. The secularization thesis______________?
A. states that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over secular considerations
B. considerations trends toward modernization
C. is assumed to accompany the transformation of human societies from simple to complex forms
D. none of the above
364. Simple supernaturalism_______________?
A. is prevalent in industrial societies
B. entails the notion of mana
C. is centered upon the belief in powerful gods interested in human affairs
D. is illustrated by Buddhism
365. One purpose of education is to help students acquire the skills they need to be successful in society
This is an example of a(n) ?
A. constructed reality
B. latent function
C. manifest function
D. entrenched function
366. Bourdieu attributed the reproduction of class to______________?
A. cults of the capital
B. capital culture
C. cultural capital
D. culpable capture
367. What is the process by which schools help to perpetuate social and economic inequalities across the
generation called______________?
A. cultural reproduction
B. passive consumption
C. conceptual abstraction
D. formal communication
368. According to lllich which one of the following is NOT transmitted through the hidden curriculum ?
A. curiosity
B. passivity
C. conformity
D. hierarchy
369. In which of these regions is public education expenditure lowest?
A. Central Asia
B. North America and Western Europe
C. Latin America and the Caribbean
D. Arab States
370. What is an education system in which children achieve their status based on their own worth called
?
A. comprehensive
B. meritocratic
C. selective
D. elitist
371. The sociological perspective on race_______________?
A. begins with the assumption that race is based on easily classified differences
B. considers race a social construct not an absolute
C. neither nor b
D. both a and b
372. In a society with a (n) ___________ the political and religious institutions often act in harmony and
mutually reinforce each other,s powers over their relative spheres of influence ?
A. denomination
B. ecclesia
C. cult
D. sect
373. Which sociological perspective argues that to whatever extent religion actually does influence social
behavior it reinforces existing patterns of dominance and inequality ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. each of the above
374. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. each of the above
375. World-affirming religions_______________?
A. embrace conventional cultural values but offer new means of achieving them
B. react against the loss of any meaningful religious content in the teachings of churches
C. adopt an attitude of mild disapproval towards mainstream social values
D. reject both the goals and means of conventional society and provide utopian alternatives
376. A sect is organized around_______________?
A. beliefs that can be challenged by members a charismatic leader and openness to new recruits
B. tolerance towards other religions and the separation of church and state
C. voluntary membership democratic leadership and high levels of emotional commitment
D. the idea of the secular world itself as being sacred
377. Secularization involves the two related ideas of__________________?
A. disappointment and disproportion
B. disbelief and disintegration
C. disengagement and disenchantment
D. distribution and distillation
378. in Durkheim,s work the term collective representations refers to______________?
A. effervescent ceremonies that create a feeling o belonging
B. images of gods or totems that are widely recognized
C. shared ideas and moral values often symbolized by an object or figurehead
D. ideological tools used to obscure class divisions
379. Which of the following does NOT account for the rise in the cost of health care ?
A. Classical rules that govern marketplace exchanges have been applied to the health care industry for
decades
B. Labor costs have risen sharply
C. The continual upgrading in the scope and intensity of medical services is costly
D. The concept of “health” has been expanded to include mental and psychological difficulties and “condition”
such as infertility
380. Educational self-fulfilling prophecies_______________?
A. exist where children fail to learn because teachers cannot teach.
B. are unlikely to exist when teachers‟ assessments of students are grounded by the stereotype‟s teachers hold
of various classes and racial groups
C. may result in student alienation and failure
D. none of the above

381. Which equation can be used to represent amalgamation ?

A. A+B+C=A
B. A+B+C=A+B+C
C. A+B+C=D
D. A+B+C=A+B+D
382. A child who is repeatedly criticized as being lazy and lacking intelligence eventually accepts these
criticisms and uses them to justify poor performance in school This is an example of___________?
A. the contact hypothesis
B. a self-fulfilling prophecy
C. scapegoating
D. reverse discrimination
383. Theories of racialized discourse suggest that________________?
A. race is an objective way of categorizing people on biological grounds
B. the idea of race is socially constructed through powerful ideologies
C. race relations in Britain and America can be traced back to colonial times
D. people choose their racial identity, and this becomes fixed
384. Scientific theories in the nineteenth century tried to explain race in naturalistic terms Which of the
following ideas was not considered ?
A. genetics
B. evolution
C. height
D. brain size
385. Which of the following is TRUE of interactionists ?
A. Interactionist believe that groups will experience conflict only if they are of two distinct ethnic groups
B. Interactionists downplay the role of communication in ethnicity
C. Interactionists believe the world we experience is socially constructed
D. all of the above
386. Marxist-oriented theorists_____________?
A. have found that American race and ethnic relations have little connection to global issues
B. contend that racism serves the economic interests of the capitalist class
C. argue that prejudice discrimination and racism operate outside of social structures
D. conclude that racist notions serve the economic interests of people of color world-wide
387. The coexistence of diverse groups is called_______________?
A. gatekeeping
B. pluralism
C. assimilation
D. continued subjugation
388. Which of the following is true regarding discrimination ?
A. In order for a person to discriminate he or she must hold prejudicial attitudes
B. Discrimination is an action
C. Discrimination is not a form of racism
D. none of the above
389. Prejudice_______________?
A. refers to hostile behaviors exhibited by someone who has been offended by a member of a group
B. is an attitude of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong it
C. cannot not exist in someone who does not discriminate
D. is a feeling a minority individual has toward his or her own minority?
390. Which of the following is NOT one of the properties of a minority group ?
A. racial or cultural self-consciousness
B. hereditary membership
C. a high degree of marriage outside of the group (exogamy)
D. oppression at the hands of a dominant group
391. Which model of migration admits immigrants to a country on a temporary basis often for economic
reasons without giving citizenship rights ?
A. classic
B. colonial
C. guest worker
D. illegal
392. What is the approach to ethnic integration which requires immigrants to adopt the culture and
values of the majority called ?
A. assimilation
B. melting pot
C. cultural pluralism
D. multiculturalism
393. What is behavior towards a group or individual which treats them differently from other groups or
individuals called ?
A. prejudice
B. discrimination
C. racism
D. projection
394. What is defined as the cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them
apart from others ?
A. racism
B. ethnicity
C. identity
D. stereotyping
395. What was the system of forced racial segregation in South Africa known as _____________?
A. apartheid
B. ethnic cleansing
C. multiculturalism
D. assimilation
396. Which theoretical approach emphasizes racism not as a deviation from the non-racist norm but
rather as the everyday normal experience for people of color ?
A. critical race theory
B. conflict theories
C. ethnocentrism
D. primordialism
397. What is multiculturalism ?
A. the existence of cultural diversity within a society
B. policies encouraging ethnic groups to live together in harmony
C. new immigrants adopting the values and norms of the host culture
D. ethnic group cultures exist separately within a society
398. What term describes the fixed and inflexible characterizations of social groups ?
A. stereotypes
B. prejudice
C. scapegoating
D. discrimination
399. Why do many sociologists use scare quotes when discussing race ?
A. it,s a complex concept with multiple meanings
B. to reflect the fact that the number of races is disputed
C. the concept has no scientific basis but is still widely used
D. to distinguish the science of race from discussions of ethnicity
400. Which Black person wrote the acclaimed novel Invisible Man ?
A. Malcolm X
B. James Baldwin
C. Alice Walker
D. Ralph Ellison
401. The new racism refers to______________?
A. a subtler form of prejudice masked by nationalist pride
B. a post-modern deconstruction of racist ideas to reveal their lack of depth
C. racist practices found in newly emerging areas of social life such as cyberspace
D. an anti-fascist movement which challenges nationalist politics
402. Ethnic identity refers to_____________?
A. the objective categories of ethnicity used in the census
B. a felt sense of group membership on the basis of religion language or history
C. the imposition of a racial label on a minority by a powerful majority
D. the fragmented and pluralistic nature of ethnicity
403. Both the functionalist and conflict perspectives agree that ?
A. if ethnic stratification continues in a society conflict will decrease as people are socialized into the
stratification system
B. ethnic stratification will persist as long as it is in the best interests of those in power
C. conflicts will be particularly likely and severe if class and ethnic cleavages coincide
D. none of the above
404. A split labor market ?
A. Underlies the development of ethnic tensions
B. results in more well-defined norms and roles
C. divides managerial and line workers
D. none of the above
405. Functionalists argue that even though ethnic conflict is dysfunctional it my still serve some
important functions in society Which of the following is NOT one of those important functions ?
A. Conflict promotes group formation and cohesion
B. Conflict may function as a safety valve for society by enabling hostilities to be channelled toward
permissible targets known as permissible targets known as scapegoats
C. A multiplicity of conflicts between large numbers of differing groups within a society may be conducive to
a democratic as opposed to a totalitarian society
D. Conflict attributable to ethnic stratification problems may reach an unacceptable frequency and
intensity
406. Institutional discrimination ?
A. does not include environmental racism
B. occurs because equality of opportunity causes equality of outcome
C. occurs in part when gatekeepers admit others like themselves to positions of privilege prestige and
power
D. none of the above
407. Symbolic racism_____________?
A. can also be termed racial reconciliation
B. is the same as traditional racial prejudice
C. is a reflection of whites concern that further reductions in racial inequality will result in loss of the
special status that whites in the United States have enjoyed over the years
D. has no impact on whites racial policy attitudes
408. How does racial and ethnic stratification differ from other forms of stratification ?
A. Racial and ethnic groups often have the potential for carving out their own independent nations from
the existing state
B. Racial and ethnic stratification is harder to eliminate than are other forms of stratification
C. All other forms of stratification grow out of racial and ethnic stratification
D. All of the above
409. Ethnic groups_______________?
A. are groups identified on cultural grounds
B. are based solely on nationality
C. occupy a small territory
D. unlike racial groups are socially constructed
410. What is defined as the dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign
areas often in a forced manner ?
A. migration
B. globalization
C. colonialism
D. diaspora
411. What is the idea that racism pervades all of society‟s structures in a systematic way called
____________?
A. new racism
B. cultural racism
C. ethnocentrism
D. institutional racism
412. A minority group is one that is both disadvantaged and______________?
A. has some sense of collective or group solidarity
B. numerically small compared to the main social group
C. identifiably different from others in a society
D. holds views contrary to the social norm
413. Why do sociologists use the category race ?
A. it distinguishes between biological and social factors
B. it denotes something fixed and unchanging
C. it is social category which has real effects on people‟s lives
D. it enables comparisons between groups in different countries
414. Which one of the following is not one of the four migration trends identified by Castles and Miller
(1993) ?
A. acceleration
B. diversification
C. globalization
D. regionalization
E. feminization
415. Approximately what percentage of the global population currently lives outside their country of
birth ?
A. 3%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 40%
416. Prohibiting intermarriage across ethnic groups the physical separation of groups and restrictions
on contact between ethnic groups are examples of______________?
A. resource allocation
B. ethnocentrism
C. discrimination
D. group closure
417. Which of the following is not part of a sociological definition of a minority group ?
A. the minority group is disadvantaged compared to the more powerful and dominant group
B. minority groups are always non-white
C. the minority group has a strong sense of group solidarity
D. the minority group often experiences prejudice and discrimination
418. Which country has the world,s largest concentration of Jews ?
A. Israel
B. Russia
C. USA
D. Poland
419. Which equation can be used to represent pluralism ?
A. A+B+C=A
B. A+B+C=A+B+C
C. A+B+C=D
D. A+B+C=A+B+D
420. Which sociological perspective views race from the macro level and sees the economic structure as a
central factor in the exploitation of minority groups ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labeling theory
421. Which of these ethnic groups has the greatest proportion of its members in the bottom income
quintile ?
A. Whites
B. Indians
C. Black Caribbean
D. Pakistan /Bangladeshis
422. Critics of the concept of relative poverty argue that_______________?
A. it concentrates too much on kinship ties
B. the government should be raising benefit levels
C. in modern affluent societies no one is truly poor
D. it is wrong to make comparisons between countries
423. The term assets refers to_______________?
A. the culturally valued commodities and standards of living that make the poor feel relatively deprived
B. the flow of money a person receives from their salary or wage
C. a stock of economic resources including land shares and bank deposits
D. the slices of the population who own differing amounts of wealth
424. Murray though that the underclass consisted of people who______________?
A. formed an inferior race with low levels of intelligence
B. lived morally unsound lives of crime and squalor
C. were too reliant upon welfare benefits
D. all of the above
425. In 50s and 60s the national affairs of the country were controlled by_____________?
A. Industrialist
B. Feudal
C. Intelligentsia
D. None of these
426. In developed countries the official definition of poverty used for statistical purposes is based
on_____________?
A. Absolute poverty
B. Relative poverty
C. both a and b
D. None of these
427. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than_______________?
A. 1 dollar per day
B. 2 dollars per day
C. 3 dollar per day
D. None of these
428. Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and______________?
A. in a county
B. between countries
C. for a decade
D. None of these
429. Which one of the following is a pull factor in emigration ?
A. political oppression
B. employment opportunities
C. food shortages
D. population pressures
430. What is the systematic elimination of one ethnic group at the hands of another called ?
A. ethnic cleansing
B. institutional racism
C. genocide
D. scapegoating
431. The term feminization of poverty refers to_____________?
A. the critical deconstruction of poverty by feminist theorists
B. women‟s increased chances of being in poverty due to low pay and greater welfare dependency
C. the way in which managing a budget and avoiding poverty tends to be a women‟s responsibility within the
home
D. the disproportionate number of female sociologists who do research on poverty
432. The functionalist theory of inequality suggests that_____________?
A. high rewards and incentives ensure that the most skilled individuals will take the most important
social positions
B. inequality is inevitable, and we are born into poverty or wealth
C. there are no social functions of inequality, so it should be eradicated
D. the idea of a meritocracy is a dangerous ideology
433. The absolute poverty line is drawn to show_____________?
A. the most extreme level of poverty that is found in a society
B. the estimated minimum level of income needed for subsistence
C. households that are poor relative to the norms and values of their culture
D. the areas of a city in which poverty is concentrated
434. Middle classes tend to be the main beneficiaries of social benefits and service aimed at poor This is
called as____________?
A. Class factor
B. Mathew effect
C. Cultural Cause
D. None of these
435. According to World Bank in 2030 larger proportion of poor will be living in_____________?
A. Asia
B. Africa
C. South America
D. None of these
436. The standard food intake for an adult male is_____________?
A. 1000-1500 calories
B. 1500-2000
C. 2000-2500
D. None of these
437. The Bretton Woods institutions are______________?
A. The international Monetary Fund and the World Bank
B. The World Trade Organization and the World Bank
C. The International Monetary Fund and the World Health Organization
D. The United Nations and the World Trade Organization
438. Dependency theorists from low-income countries drew the ideas___________?
A. Walt Rostow
B. Karl Marx
C. Immanuel Wallerstein
D. Bretton Woods
439. Which of these does not include income earned by individuals or corporations outside a country ?
A. Gross National Product
B. Gross Domestic Product
C. Purchasing Power Parity
D. Gross National Income
440. Which of these constitute the three worlds of welfare capitalism ?
A. social democratic socialist communist
B. social democratic corporatist liberal
C. social democratic Christian-democratic nationalist
D. none of above
441. According to the United States Department of Labor about _______ percent of “downsized
“employees find new jabs ?
A. 75
B. 14
C. 19
D. 28
442. While predictions are not always reliable sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce
increasingly composed of_____________?
A. women
B. racial minorities
C. ethnic minorities
D. all of the above
443. Education of women is the most important step in_____________?
A. coping illiteracy
B. Eradicating poverty
C. Controlling Population
D. None of these
444. Pakistanis population was only_______ million at the time of Independence?
A. 33
B. 40
C. 25
D. None of these
445. One the positive side population also provides ?
A. Low cast labor
B. Work force
C. technological advancement
D. None of these
446. Total inhabitants of an area at a given time is termed as_____________?
A. community
B. Society
C. Population
D. None of these
447. According to the World Bank which of these is a middle-income country ?
A. India
B. China
C. Indonesia
D. Vietnam
448. Global economic inequality refers primarily to_____________?
A. systematic differences in wealth and income between global firms
B. systematic differences in wealth and income between countries
C. systematic differences in wealth and income within countries
D. systematic differences in wealth and income between poorer countries
449. Which of these is not an example of social exclusion ?
A. tax avoidance
B. gated communities
C. homelessness
D. none of the above
450. Median earnings are a better benchmark for poverty than mean earnings because_____________?
A. the mean is distorted by a few people at the very top of the distribution
B. they lead more people to be defined as in poverty
C. the median is a more accurate measurement of earning than the mean
D. all of the above
451. Which of these is NOT an example of target hardening ?
A. anti-social behavior orders
B. Steering locks
C. burglar alrams
D. CCTV
452. Which approach framed their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of this preservation of power
by the ruling class ?
A. New Left Realism
B. Right Realism
C. new criminology
D. interactionism
453. Merton describes types of response to a situation where there are widely socially endorsed values
but limited means of achieving them. Which of his types describes an acceptance of the values but
willingness to use any means to achieve them?
A. Conformists
B. innovators
C. ritualists
D. retrealists
454. What is defined as „non-conformity to a given set or norms that are accepted by a significant
number of people in a community or society ?
A. criminality
B. deviance
C. recidivism
D. degeneracy
455. Which of the following is not a reason why corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute compared
with individual crimes ?
A. victims may not realize that a crime has been committed
B. it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals
C. legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility
D. corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual
456. Which of these is not a concept associated with Left Realist explanations of criminal subcultures ?
A. social exclusion
B. individual pathology
C. political marginalization
D. relative deprivation
457. Robert Merton‟s ideas on crime and deviance make use of the concept of anomie. What does
anomie mean in Merton‟s work ?
A. Normlessness
B. meaninglessness
C. social strain
D. social adaptation
458. The “natural law” approach is essentially concerned with__________________?
A. civil law or torts
B. limiting the powers of wealthy businessmen
C. family law
D. limiting the powers of government
E. the protection of universal human rights
459. The key concept in labelling theory is that of____________________?
A. stigma
B. commitment
C. aspiration
D. motivation
E. acceptance
460. Which of the following was not identified as one of the four major social bonds in Hirschi‟s Social
Control theory ?
A. religiosity
B. commitment
C. involvement
D. belief
E. attachment
461. Sutherland‟s Differential Association theory emphasizes that crime and deviance are
basically______________?
A. due to poor parenting
B. learned
C. psychotic
D. biological
E. the result of being labelled
462. According to Strain theory, retreatants are likely to engage in what type of deviant activity ?
A. Sexual assault
B. terrorism
C. counterfeiting
D. drug abuse
E. robbery
463. The sociologist responsible for the modern-day adaptation of strain theory is______________?
A. Weber
B. Cohen
C. Marx
D. Merton
E. Chambliss
464. Biological positivists have tended to focus on what type of crime ?
A. Violent
B. juvenile
C. drug-related
D. white collar
465. The rise in patriotism following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, is an example of what
function of deviance ?
A. Warning
B. Solidarity
C. Unification
D. Authoritarian
E. Boundary setting
466. According to Quinine, crimes of “domination and repression” are committed by ______________?
A. People who aspire to the upper class
B. The ruling elite
C. white collar businessmen
D. gang members
E. the lower socio-economic strate
467. The classic sociological study of two juvenile groups called the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks” was
conducted by______________?
A. Chambliss
B. Lynch
C. Merton
D. Bentham
E. Turk
468. Punishments, or negative sanctions, are especially important at the _______ level?
A. informal
B. societal
C. traditional
D. formal
E. adolescent
469. Sociological definitions of deviance consist of behaviors, beliefs, and_______________?
A. attributes
B. realities
C. Choices
D. records
E. Conditions
470. Which of the following in NOT associated with functionalism ?
A. Talcott Parsons
B. Ralf Dahrendorf
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Robert Merton
471. The feeling of aimlessness or despair often associated with unsettling conditions
is_______________?
A. alienation
B. amorality
C. anomie
D. ascription
472. Theoretical approaches can only be said to be valid if______________?
A. the theorist has researched the literature thoroughly
B. they have been tested out by means of factual research
C. they are written in such a way as to be impossible to disprove
D. they are shared by a large enough number of theorists
473. The theory of relative deprivation is an example of what ______________?
A. macro sociological theory
B. feminist sociological theory
C. micro sociological theory
D. middle-range sociological theory
474. What does the functionalist perspective see as crucial for the maintenance of social order ?
A. strong class-based identities
B. multiculturalism
C. moral consensus
D. a strong state
475. Which of the following is not part of karl Marx,s theory of capitalism ?
A. capitalist production exploits the working class
B. class conflict is inevitable in capitalist societies
C. industrial workers are the revolutionary class
D. class struggle only occurs under capitalism
476. According to Durkheim the division of labor in industrial societies brings about______________?
A. organic solidarity
B. a loss of social solidarity
C. mechanical solidarity
D. communal solidarity
477. Which of these statements best represents C. Wright-Mills,s idea of the sociological imagination ?
A. understanding the differences between the classical theorists
B. bringing together private troubles and public issues
C. seeing the social world as one made up of Social facts
D. avoiding explanations based on individual psychology
478. Whose theorizing according societal change comes closer to lqbal,s verse. Tujh ko bataoon taqdeer-
e-huma kia hai shamsheer o Sannan Awwal taus o rabab akhir ?
A. Karl Max
B. Ibn-e-Khaldum
C. George Hegel
D. None of these
479. A close connection between religion and economic forces has been presented by____________?
A. Max Weber
B. Karl Max
C. Emile Durkheim
D. C-Wright Mills
480. Secularization involves the two related ideas of__________________?
A. disappointment and disproportion
B. disbelief and disintegration
C. disengagement and disenchantment
D. distribution and distillation
481. In the division of Labor in Society Emile Durkheim presented the idea of______________?
A. Mechanical and organic solidarity
B. Physical and social solidarity
C. physiological and mechanical solidarity
D. None of these
482. Society is a complex organization of parts that function to fulfil the requirements and promote the
needs of the whole is a concept of________________?
A. structural functionalism
B. interaction school of thought
C. Phenom ology
D. None of these
483. Which sociologist introduced the concept of culture lag ?
A. William F. Ogbum
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Auguste Comte
D. Thorstein Veblen
484. The Communist Manifesto was written by____________?
A. Karl Marx and Georg Hegel
B. George Herbert Mead and Jane Addams
C. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
D. Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton
485. Which of the following sociology never wrote a book and about whose thoughts most of our
knowledge is presented in an edited volume of his lectures published by his students after his death ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Karl Marx
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Max Weber
486. Robert Merton,s contributions to sociology include______________?
A. successfully combining theory and research
B. an analysis of deviant behavior that focuses on societal goals and means
C. an attempt to bring macro- and micro
D. all of the above
487. In his study of suicide Emile Durkheim was primarily concerned with________________?
A. suicide rates and how they varied from country to country
B. personalities of individual suicide victims
C. means people used to take their own lives
D. effects of suicide on the families of victims
488. The survival of the fittest was the concept presented by_______________?
A. Marx
B. Durkheim
C. Herbert Spencer
D. None of these
489. The sociology was simply the Science of Social facts is the view of______________?
A. Marx
B. Weber
C. Durkheim
D. All of above
490. According to Marx Capitalism replaced feudalism and itself will be displaced by_____________?
A. Feudalism
B. communism
C. Economic equalitarianism
D. None of these
491. Comte gave the law of_______________?
A. Four phases
B. three phases
C. Two phases
D. All of above
492. Ibne Khaldun in his theories is near to______________?
A. Kurkheim
B. Comte
C. Marx
D. All of above
493. The Muqaddimah is an early Muslim view of______________?
A. society
B. social Change
C. universal History
D. all of above
494. Ibne Khaldun is best known for______________?
A. Muamlla
B. Muqaddimah
C. Muzakira
D. None of these
495. The distribution of power in society is a concern for______________?
A. microsociology
B. interactionism
C. macrosociology
D. ethnomethodology
496. Merton‟s term for the hidden or forgotten reason for a particular behavior was______________?
A. middle-range function
B. consumption function
C. latent function
D. structural function
497. It is useful to have a diversity of theories in sociology because_________________?
A. human behavior is so complicated that no single theory would be adequate
B. sociologists can choose the theory that best fits the data they have collected
C. it removes the need to assess a theory according the empirical evidence
D. innumerable theories have been developed in the many fields of sociology
498. Which one of the following is NOT associated with the materialist conception of history ?
A. the mode of production
B. the motor of history
C. the history of class struggle
D. the spirit of capitalism
499. According to Durkheim social facts are________________?
A. ways of behaving that are external to individuals
B. only things that have been shown to be true
C. social insights into collective behavior
D. information captured by official statistics
500. Sociology has been said to be the product of______________?
A. the French and Industrial Revolutions
B. the Chinese and Agricultural Revolutions
C. the Russian and Scientific Revolutions
D. the American and Democratic Revolutions