8.

Mention any two national development goals of

Subject: - Social Science Class X India.
Chapter- 1: Development Answer: (i) Corruption free society.
(ii) High per capita income.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
9. Which is the most important attribute for national
1. What is development? development?
Answer: National income or per capita income of the
nation.
Answer: It is a comprehensive term which includes
increase in real per capita income, improvement in
living standard of people, reduction in poverty etc. 10. ‘For comparing countries, total income or
national income is not a useful measure. Give
reason.
2. Mention any two developmental goals of a
landless rural labourer.
Answer: Since countries have different population,
comparing total income will not tell us what an
Answer: (i) More days of work and better wages. average person is likely to earn.
(ii) Quality education for his children.

11. What is average income or per capita income?

3. Mention any two developmental goals of a girl.

Answer: When the total national income is divided by

Answer: (i) Gender equality the total population, it is called the per capita income.
(ii) Girls empowerment Per Capita Income = National Income / Population

4. What may be development for one may not be 12. What is the most important component for
development for the other. It may even be comparing different countries?
destructive for other. Give one example. Answer: Per capita income.

Answer: Construction of a dam may be good for an 13. Which criteria is used by the World Bank to
industrialist as he will get more electricity but classify different countries?
construction of dam submerge the land and disrupt Answer: Per capita income.
the lives of people who are displaced.

Q.14. Which countries have been categorised as rich

5. Mention any two developmental goals of people countries according to the World Development
other than income. Report? [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) Equal treatment (ii) Respect of others Answer: Countries with per capita income of US $
12276 per annum and above in 2010 are called rich
6. Mention any two developmental goals of a rural countries.
women.
15. Which countries have been categorised as low
Answer: (i) Dignity in the household. income countries according to World Development
(ii) A safe and secure environment. Report?

7. What is national development? Answer: Countries with per capita income of US $

1005 or less are called low income countries.
Answer: National development is a comprehensive
term which includes improvement in living standard. 16. Under which category India has been placed by
of the people, increase in per capita income, providing the World Bank Development Report?
social amenities like education, medical care, social
services, etc. to the citizens of the country. Answer: Low middle income countries as India’s per
capita income is less than JUS $ 1005. or less.
17. What are developed countries according to Answer: It is a food security programme under which
World Development Report ? government provide foodgrains and other essential
items to the poor at an affordable price.
Answer: All the countries excluding countries of
Middle East and certain other small countries which 26. What is Human Development Index?
have per capita income of US $ 12276 per annum or
above have been termed as developed countries.
Answer: It is an index prepared by the World Bank
Under which all the nations of the world are indexed
18. What is Infant Mortality Rate? or ranked according to their performance in various
parameters like per ‘—’capita income, life expectancy,
literacy rate etc.
Answer: It indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year. 27. What are the three components of human
Development Index?
Answer: (i) Per Capita Income
19. What is Literacy Rate?
(ii) Life Expectancy
(iii) Literacy Rate
Answer: It measures the proportion of literate
population in the seven and above age group.
28. What is India’s rank according to 2013 HDI ?
Answer: 136
20. What is Net Attendance ratio?
29. Mention any two parameters where Sri Lanka
Answer: It is the total number of children of the age has scored over India in HDI.
group 6-10, attending school as a percentage of total Answer: (i) Per capita income
number of children in the same age group. (ii) Literacy rate

21. What is Gross Enrolment Ratio? 30. Define life expectancy.

Answer: Average expected length of life of a person at
Answer: It is the enrolment ratio for primary, the time of birth.
secondary and higher education.
31. What is life expectancy in India?
22. Which Indian state has the lowest Infant Answer: 65.8 years
Mortality Rate ?
Answer: Kerala. 32. What is Sustainable Development?

23. Why Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate ? Answer: Sustainable development is that process of
economic development which aims at maintaining the
Answer: Kerala has low IMR because : quality of life of both the present and the future
(i) It has very high literacy rate and literate people generations without harming the natural resources
take care of their children better as compared to and environment.
illiterate.
(ii) Literate people also have high earning capacity so 33. What are non-renewable resources? Give one
they can afford basic necessities for their children. example.

24. Mention any two things which money cannot Answer: “Non-renewable resources are the natural
buy. resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a
Answer: (i) Peace (ii) Freedom reasonable time.” Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal
are examples of non-renewable resources. These
25. What is Public Distribution System? resources accumulated over millions of years.
34. Name the region of world which has large crude (iv) Sustainable Development is that process of
oil reserves. economic development which aims at maintaining the
Answer: Middle East. quality of life of both the present and the future
generations without harming the natural resources
and environment.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

1. (i) What is development? Mention any two (v) UNDP :

features of development. (a) Educational level
(ii) What is national income? (b) Health status
(iii) What is per capita income? (c) Per capita income
Or
Define the term, ‘average income.’ 3. (i) Mention any two important aspects of our lives
other than income.
Answer: (i) Development is a comprehensive term (ii) How can we achieve our hopes and possibilities in
which include increase in real per capita income, the present world ?
improvement in living standard of people, reduction (iii) What is ‘Public Distribution System ’ (PDS) ?
in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc. (iv) Mention two developmental goals of landless
Features rural labourers.
(a) Different persons have different developmental (iv) Why has Kerala a higher Human Development
goals. Index than Punjab in spite of low per capita income?
(b) Income is a major component of development.
(ii) National income is defined as the total value of all Answer: (i) Health and Education.
the goods and services produced within a country plus (ii) Through Democratic political process.
net income coming from abroad. (iii) It is a system through which the Government
(iii) When the total national income is divided by the distributes ration to the poor at a reasonable rate
total population, it is called the per capita income. through the ration shops.
Per Capita Income = National Income / Population (iv) (a) More days of work and better wages.
(b) Quality education for the children.
2. (f) State the criteria used to compare the different (v) (a) Because it has low infant mortality rate, (b) It
countries by the Human Development Report has higher literacy rate.
published by the United National Development
Programme (UNDP). 4. Mention any four characteristics of development.
(ii) Which is the new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social
Answer: (i) Different people have different
scientists are working together?
developmental goals.
(iii) What is meant by Human Development?
(ii) What may be development for one may not be
(iv) What is Sustainable Development?
development for the other. It may be destructive for
(v) Which organisation measures HDR? Mention any
the other.
three major indicators of / HDR.
(iii) Income is the most important component of
development, but along with income, people also
Answer: (i) Per capita income, life expectancy at birth, seek equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy,
literacy rate and other basic necessities like clean etc.
drinking water, sanitation etc. (iu) For development, people look at mixed goals.
(ii) Sustainability of development.
5. Describe any three features of developed country.
(iii) It is the process of enlarging people’s choices as
well as raising the level of wellbeing so that they can
Answer: (i) As per the World Bank Report 2012 any
lead a purposeful and a creative life. Though the
country with per capita income of US$ 12,276 per
national income and the per capita income are the
annum and above is termed as rich or developed
indicators of human development, but it includes
country. ‘
many other elements like consumption, health,
(ii) Such countries have high literacy rate.
environment, education, freedom, security, non-
(iii) Most of the people of these countries are engaged
violent atmosphere, etc.
in service sector.
6. What is PCI? Where it is used? more on social infrastructure which includes
education, health and other social services.
Answer: PCI is Per Capita Income. It is calculated by
dividing the National Income of the country by 10. What contributes to the human
population. development?Answer: There are many economic as
Uses: well as non-economic factors which contribute to the
(i) It is used to compare different countries. human development.
(ii) The World Bank has divided the countries into rich (i) Living a long and a healthy life.
or low income countries on the basis of per Capita (ii) To have education, information and knowledge.
income. (iii) Enjoying a decent standard of living.
(iv) Enjoying basic fundamental rights like freedom,
security, education, etc.
7. What are the development goals of the following :
(v) To have equality and enjoyment of human rights.
(i) Labourer (ii) Rich farmer (iii) Trader

11. What is the significance of Human Development

Answer:
Index? Answer: (i) HDI is used to measure level of
development of a country.
• more days of work better wages (ii) It has been published by UNDP and according to it
• low price food grains countries has been ranked.
• cheap labour (iii) It is a comprehensive approach which cover all the
• less taxes major aspects of life.
• cheap labour (iv) Apart from income, education, health status, life
8. ‘What may be development for one may not be expectancy, etc., are considered for measuring
development for the other.’ Explain by giving economic development of a nation.
examples.
12. ‘Human development is the essence of social
Answer: It is true that development for one may not development.’ Explain.
be development for the other.
(i) More wages means development for a worker, but
Answer: (i) Human development focuses on the
it can go against the entrepreneur.
people.
(ii) A rich farmer or trader wants to sell foodgrains at a
(ii) It is concerned with the well-being of the people,
higher price but a poor worker wants to purchase it
their needs, choices and aspirations. All these help in
for low prices.
building a right kind of society.
(iii) Construction of a dam means more and cheap
(iii) It is all about the enlarging or widening the
power, but people, who will lose their habitat will
choices for the people. It is the building of human
demonstrate.
capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life,
(iu) To get more electricity, the industrialists may
to have education, information and knowledge, to
want more dams. But this may submerge the
have opportunities of livelihood, etc.
agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people.
(iv) Human development focuses on the expansion of
basic choices.
9. What is national development? What are the
aspects covered under the national development?
13. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services
that one needs to live well.’ Explain.
Answer: National development is a comprehensive
term which includes improvement in living standard
Answer: (i) Money or material things that one can buy
of the people, increase in per capita income, providing
with it is one factor on which our life depends. But the
social amenities like education, medical care, social
quality of our life also depends upon non-material
services, etc. to the citizens of the country.
things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect
(i) Under national development, a country uses its
of others, etc.
resources in a fair and just way.
(ii) Money cannot buy us a pollution free
(ii) Under this only those programmes and policies are
environment, unadulterated medicines, peace, etc.
implemented which would benefit a large number of
(iii) There are many facilities like schools, colleges,
people.
parks, hospitals which an individual cannot afford. All
(iii) Under national development, countries focus
these are to be provided by the government/society.
(iv) Money possessed by an individual even can not
provide us a type of government which take decisions number of children that die before the age of one
for the welfare of the common people. year as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in that
particular year. ‘
(ii) Literacy Rate : This measures the proportion of
14. What are the limitations of the per capita income
literate population in the 7 years and above age
criteria of development?
group.
Or
(iii) Net Attendance Ratio : This is the total number of
What is Per Capita Income? Can it be regarded as the
children of age group 6-10 attending school as a
sole indicator of economic development of a
percentage of total number of children in the same
country? Give four valid arguments to support your
age group.
answer.
(iv) Life Expectancy at birth : It denotes average
expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
Answer: (i) Per capita income is the average income of
a country.
17. What is infant mortality rate ? Suggest two
(ii) Per capita income criteria takes into account only
measures to keep the infant mortality rate low.
the economic aspect of life and ignores the social,
Or
aspect of life.
What is the meaning of ‘Infant Mortality Rate ’ (IMR)
(iii) Per capita income criteria ignores education,
? Give two main reasons for low IMR in Kerala.
health, life expectancy, sanitation etc.
(iv) Per capita income criteria also ignores non
material things like peace, pollution free environment, Answer: (1) The number of children that die before
democracy, etc. the age of one year per 1,000 children born alive in a
(v) Though Punjab has higher per capita income as particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate.
compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on (2) Measures to keep Infant Mortality Rate low :
Human Development Index because it is far behind (i) Provision of basic health.
than Kerala in literacy rate and has higher infant (ii) Provision of proper educational facility.
mortality rate than Kerala. (iii) Proper functioning of Public Distribution System.

15. “Average income is an important criterion for 18. Define the following terms:
development.” Explain. (i) IMR (ii) Literacy Rate (iii) NAR

Answer: (i) Average income gives us an idea what an Answer: (i) Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates
average person is likely to get out of the total national the number of children that die before the age of one
income. year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that
(ii) Average income is used to classify the countries particular year.
into rich, poor or developing nations. (ii) Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate
(iii) Average income is used to make economic population in the 7 years and above age group.
policies. (iii) Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of
children of age group 6-10 years attending school as a
percentage of the total number of children in the
16. Besides income, what can be the other attributes
same age group.
to compare economic development?

Answer: (1) Of course, for comparing economic Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
development of countries, their income is considered
to be one of the most important attributes. This is 1. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank
based on the understanding that more income means in classifying different countries? What are the
more of all things that human beings need. That is limitations of this criterion?
why, the World Bank uses Per Capita Income to
compare economic development. Answer: The World Development Report, 2012,
brought out by the World Bank has given the
(2) Apart from income, educational levels of the following criteria in classifying countries :
people and their health status are considered as (i) Rich or High income countries : Countries with the
measures to compare economic development of a per capita income of US $12276 per annum and above
nation. in 2010, are called rich countries.
(i) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) : This indicates the (ii) Poor or Low income countries: The countries with
the per capita income of US $ 1005 or less, are called
low income countries. 5. Why are public facilities needed for the
India comes in the category of low middle income development of the country? Explain four public
countries because its per capita income in 2010 was facilities.
just US $1340.4 per annum. The rich countries,
excluding countries of Middle East and certain other
Answer: Public facilities play very important role in
small countries, are generally called the developed
the development of a country as these include
countries.
education, health, transportation, banking which are
the base for any kind of development.
Limitations : (i) Education : Education is the most important public
(i) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, facility which is required both by the rich as well as
health, environment, education, longevity, etc. the poor.
(ii) The method does not provide us the distribution of (ii) Public Distribution System (PDS) : Public
income. distribution system is another important facility which
plays an important role in providing food security to
the people.
2. Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any
(iii) Transportation : Many transport facilities like
three indicators of the Human Development Index
railway, airways, waterways, banking become
for 2004.
affordable only if they are provided collectively.

Answer: (1) Per capita income : The per capita

6. Explain common, different and conflicting goals by
income of Sri Lanka is higher than that of India. The
giving appropriate examples.
per capita income of India is about $ 3285, whereas it
is around $ 5170 for Sri Lanka.
(2) Life expectancy at birth : Life expectancy at birth Answer: Development goals may be common,
in Sri Lanka is also higher as compared to India. In Sri different or conflicting.
Lanka, the life expectancy is around 75.1 whereas in (i) Common goals : There are some needs which are
India it is about 65.8. common to all like income, freedom, equality,
(3) Literacy rate : Literacy rate in Sri Lanka is also security, respect, friendship, etc.
higher than India. It is 90.6 in Sri Lanka whereas it is (ii) Different goals : Development or progress does not
62.8 in India. mean the same thing for every individual. Each
individual has his own idea of development. For
example, development for a farmer might be better
3. Why are the countries of the Middle East not
irrigation facilities; for an unemployed youth it may
called ‘developed’ inspite of high per capita income ?
mean better employment opportunities, etc.
(ii) Conflicting goals : What may be development for
Answer: (i) These are small countries. some, may become destruction for some others. For
(ii) The gap between rich and poor is very high, example, industrialists may want dams for electricity
(iii) Though per capita income in Middle East countries but such dams would displace the natives of the
is very high but there is unequal distribution of region.
wealth.
(iv) These countries have high per capita income due
7. Mention any four aspects of comparison notions
to oil production. So they have only one major source
of development between different countries.
of income.
(v) The World Development Report brought out by the
World Bank has excluded these countries from the list Answer: Development of a country can generally be
of developed countries. determined by: per capita income; average literacy
level; and health status of its people.
(i) Per Capita Income means average income
4. Highlight any three advantages of public facilities.
generated by each person in a given group of people.
Its limitation is that it does not show the disparities
Answer: (i) Public facilities is the cheapest way to among the people of the group. ‘
provide basic services collectively. (ii) Amount of literacy achieved is also a measure of
(ii) Most of the poor people survive only because of development. Literacy rate measures the proportion
public facilities. of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
(iii) There are many services like police, education, The more the people are educated, the more
transportation, etc., which become affordable only if developed the group is.
they are part of public facilities. (iii) Health indicators are Infant Mortality Rate, Birth
Rate, etc. Lower the amount of Infant Mortality Rate, 11. Explain the importance of sustainable
higher is the rate of people being healthy. , development with reference to groundwater by
(iv) Net Attendance Ratio is also the indicator of giving example.
economic development of a nation. It is the total
number of children of age group 6-10 attending
Answer: (i) Sustainable development is the
school as a percentage of total number of children in
development of a country or world not only at
the same age group,
present, but the development which is to be
(v) Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected
continued and maintained for future generations.
length of life of a person at the time of birth. Higher
(ii) For example, groundwater is a natural resource
the life expectancy at birth, higher is considered the
which is replenished by nature. People of a particular
development of a nation.
generation must use water in such a way that people
of future generation may also be able to use
8. How is BMI used to determine the groundwater. People should not overuse and degrade
undernourishment of a person ? Explain. the quality of water so that water is exhausted or if it
remains, it is contaminated to such an extent that it
becomes unusable for people of future generations.
Answer: (i) One way to find out if adults are
undernourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index or BMI. 12. “Consequences of environmental degradation do
(ii) In order to calculate, first of all the weight of the not respect national or state boundaries.” Justify the
person in kg is taken. Then, the height in metres is statement.
measured. The weight is divided by the square of the
height.
Answer: (i) Consequences of environmental
(ii) If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person
degradation do not respect national or state
would be considered undernourished. However, if this
boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or
BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
national issue.
(ii) Our future is linked together. Sustainability of
9. What is the criterion to determine if adults are development is essential for all the mankind and it is
undernourished? our common responsibility to save the environment.
(iii) These days it is a matter of discussion among
different countries of the world.
Answer: (i) The criterion to determine if adults are
(iv) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be
undernourished is Body Mass Index, popularly known
controlled by one nation. It is a global matter of
as BMI.
thinking and finding the solutions.
(ii) In order to calculate it, first the weight of the
person in kg is taken. Then, we take height in meters.
The weight is divided by the square of the height. 13. Explain the term ‘Development’. How is it linked
(iii) If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person with sustainability ? Explain with example.
would be considered undernourished. However, if this
BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
Answer: (i) Development is a process which has a
notion of going further up and improving the quality
10. What is meant by ‘Overusing a Resource’ ? of life.
Explain with examples. (ii) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be
maintained for future generations.
(iii) Resources need to be used wisely so that they can
Answer: (i) ‘Overusing a Resource’ means more uses
be replenished.
of the resource than it is replenished by the nature.
(iv) Overuse of resources exhaust them. For example,
(ii) Let us consider groundwater. It is an example of
petroleum.
renewable resources. These resources are replenished
(v) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to
by nature. However, even these resources may be
environmental degradation and become a global
overused. In the case of groundwater, if we use more
problem.
than what is being replenished by rain then we would
be overusing this resource.
(iii) This is what Indian states have done. For example, Value Based Questions
farmers of Punjab have overused the groundwater.
This has lead to lowering of the water table. 1.‘The development goals that people have me not
only about better Income but also about other
Important things in life.’ Explain. Mention any two
goals of a student. • Country B : US $ 15,580
• Country C : US $ 12,280

Answer: components of development but there are Answer: (i) Country A with Per Capita Income of US $
other important things, such as : 5,000 comes under Low Income Countries.
(i) People also seek things like equal treatment, (ii) Country B with Per Capita Income of US $ 15,580
freedom, security and respect. lies in the category of High Income Countries.
(ii) Women need safe and secure environment to take (iii) Country C with Per Capita Income of US $ 12,280
up a variety of jobs or run a business. falls in the category of Developing countries.
(iii) People also need political rights.
(iv) People seek a pollution-free environment.
6. Think of any three developmental goals of a boy
Students goal :
from a rich urban family. Describe them.
(i) Better Education.
(ii) Pollution free environment.
Answer: (i) He may think to get quality education and
pursue his studies abroad.
2. What do you mean by public facilities ? Why are
(ii) He may require the availability of vocational
they important ? Name two public facilities available
education and training.
in India.
(iii) He may require capital to start his own business.

Answer: Public facilities are the essential facilities for

7. Apart from salary, what other goals can you have
the community at large and are provided by the
in mind while taking up a new job? Explain. [CBSE
government.
2013]
Important :
They are important because there are many services
like education, health, transportation etc., which have Answer: (i) Security
become cheap and affordable if provided, collectively. (ii) Working Environment
Public facilities : Rail transport and – . government (iii) Opportunity to learn
schools. (iv) Pollution from environment.

3. Why is literacy essential for the economic ‘ 8. How do the women engaged in paid jobs fulfill mix
development ? Explain. of goals? Explain.

Answer: (i) Illiterate people are easily cheated and Answer: (i) Economic independence: If a women is
exploited by the traders, shopkeepers and employers. working she will get economic independency.
(ii) There is shortage of skilled workers in India, this (ii) Equality: As per the law working women need to
shortage can be reduced only through literacy. be treated equally.
(iii) Most of the illiterate people are engaged in (iii) Respected: A working women will get respect not
primary and unorganised sector so their earning is only in the family but in the society also.
very low.

4. ‘Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods

and services that one need’.With reference to the
given statement mention any four things which
money can not buy for an individual.

Answer: (i) Peace

(ii) Pollution free environment
(iii) Good health (iu) Freedom

5. The annual Per Capita Incomes of three countries

are given below. Based on the guidelines set by the
World Bank Report (2012), classify these countries as
high income, low income or developing.
• Country A : US $ 5,000