LECTURE NO.
13 & 14
Hybrid seed production technology in Rabi crops -Sunflower, Safflower, Castor, Rabi
Sorghum
1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER
Hybrids are produced by employing cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
The male sterile female and male parents are raised in BSH 3, 1:6, KBSH 1, 1:4 ratio
under 400 m isolation.
Seeds are produced by transferring the pollen of male parent to the female parent with the
help of honeybees reared at 5 hives / ha.
HYBRIDS
BSH -1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 274
KBSH 1 = " x 6 DI
MSFH 1 = MHS 71 x MHR 48
MSFH 8 MSFH -17
TCSH 1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 272
Season: June - July, October - November
Isolation distance: Foundation seed Certified seed Hybrids 600 m 400 m
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seeds are sown in ridges and furrows
Seed rate: Female 12 kg /ha and Male 4 kg/ha.
Spacing 60 x 30 cm (hybrids)
Planting ratio : 8:1 or 4:1
Border row : two
Manures and fertilizers
Compost : 12.5 t/ha
NPK : 60:45:45 kg /ha
Supplementary pollination
1. As in varieties In hybrids, the palm is first gently rubbed on the male parent flowers and
then on the female line to transfer the pollen.
2. Keeping of bee hives 5 ha-1 .
ROGUING
Plants are rogued based on plant height, head size and colour of seeds during pre-flowering
stage upto harvest.
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds
Off types 0.1 % 0.2%
Harvesting
The change of head colour from green to lemon yellow is the indication of physiological
maturity.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in female.
Drying, processing and others – as in varieties
Seed standards
The graded seed should possess the following characters for certification and sale as
certified/ truthfully labelled seeds
Parameter FS CS
Physical purity (min) % 98 98
Inert matter (max) % 2 2
Germination (min)% 60 60
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 8
(b) Moisture vapour proof 5 5
Storage
2. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SAFFLOWER
Varieties – Manjira, Sgaramuthyalu (APRR – 3), Parbhani Kusum, Phule Kusum, A-1
(National Check)
Hybrids - DSH – 129, NH – 1 ( Firdt non-spiny hybrid in the world), NARI – 15, NARI –
38, Bhima, Girna, Sharda and Sweta.
LAND PREPARATION:
Safflower requires fairly pulverized seed bed free from clods. Being a deep rooted crop it
requires deep ploughing.
Crop raised for dye purpose require more and fine tilth than oil crop.
One deep ploughing with M.B. plough is sufficient followed by 2-3 harrowings with
planking.
Isolation Distance-
Foundation seed Certified seed Hybrids 600 m 400 m
SEED AND SOWING:
Season – rabi
Time of Sowing –
II. FN September to I. FN of October.
If the crop is delayed, Aphid damage is more common.
Seed Rate – 8-10 kg/ha pure crop.
4-6 kg/ha- Mixed crop/ Border crop.
Spacing - 45×20 cm.
Method of sowing – Broadcasting, behind the plough (pora method) and seed drill.
Depth of sowing – 4-5 cm (Normal). 7.5-10 cm (dry Land).
Thinning – 10-15 DAS.
Very high density of plant population significantly reduces the branching ability.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS:
NPK- 60 - 65kgN, 30 kgP 2O5 and 40 – 45 kg K2O ha
FYM @ 5-10 t/ha
HARVESTING:
The crop comes to maturity within 110-120 days.
As soon as the leaves and most of the bracteoles except a few of last formed become
brown and seeds are dried and easily separated from the head.
The crop is harvested either by uprooting the plant or cutting at the bottom.
Plants are thorny and harvesting is taken up at the early hours of the day and to be
completed before 10.00 am when the spines will be soft.
As the day advanced, spine becomes stiff causing inconvenience to harvesting.
The harvested plants are heaped for a day or two in the field and threshed by beating with
stick, cleaned, dried and stored at 8% moisture content.
Combined harvesters used in wheat could also be used for harvesting and threshing.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in female.
Drying, processing and others – as in varieties
Seed standards
The graded seed should possess the following characters for certification and sale as
certified/ truthfully labelled seeds
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Land requirement
Well drained fertile soil should be selected.
The crop cannot tolerate alkalinity and salinity.
It performs well with medium to deep sandy loam and heavy loam soils are highly suited
for seed production.
Isolation distance
Foundation seed Certified seed
Varieties and Hybrids 600 m 300 m
Season
Rabi / Winter – Hybrid seed production.
Summer and kharif provide ideal male promoting environment for undertaking seed
production of the variety, male and female parents of hybrids.
Kharif and summer encourages good expression of less productive plant which could be
easily eliminated through timely roguing.
Female parents when raised in male promoting environment produce environmentally
sensitive staminate flowers, which are very essential for self production of the female
parents.
Seed and sowing
Seed rate : 10 kg / ha (varieties)
2 kg / ha male and 5 kg/ ha female for hybrids.
Spacing
Varieties : 90 x 20 to 90 x 60 cm
Hybrids : 90 x 40 to 90 x 60 cm
Planting ratio 3:1 or 4 - 6:1
Fertilizer : Basal 40:60: 40 NPK / ha Top: 1st 20 kg N/ha (40-50 DAS) , 20 kg N/ha. (After
1st picking)
Bloom: Presence of white waxy coating which protects from chilling and jassid attack.
4 types of bloom:
1. No bloom
2. Single bloom - Bloom only on stem
3. Double bloom- On stem, petioles, and lower sides of leaves
4. Triple bloom - On all parts
Stages of inspection
10 days prior to flowering -Stem colour, inter-node length.
During flowering - No. of nodes upto primary raceme
Before 1st picking (Spike and capsule character, reversion to monoecious in second order
raceme)
After 1st picking - Reversion to monoecious or flower initiation in third order raceme.
Irrigation
Critical stages are primordial initiation and flowering stage in differential segmental order
branches.
Moisture stress in sensitive crop growth stages may lead to production of more male
flowers in monoecious varieties.
Harvesting
Castor produces 4 or 5 sequential order spikes, which can be harvested in 3- 4 pickings
starting from 90-120 days at 25-30 days interval.
Premature harvesting leads to reduced seed weight, oil content and germination.
If shattering is not a problem in a variety, harvesting can be delayed until all capsules are
fully dried.
Grading
The seeds are size graded using round perforated metal sieve of 8/64".
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds
Off types (Varieties) 0.1 0.2%
Off types (Hybrids) 0.5 1.0%
Seed storage
Seed treatment with Thiram @ 2 g / kg
Storability in Pervious container - 1 year
Storability in Moisture vapour proof container - 2
Seed standards
The graded seed should possess the following characters for certification and sale as
certified/ truthfully labelled seeds
Parameter Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (min) % 98 98
Inert matter (max) % 2 2
Other crop seed &Weed Seed (max) - -
Other distinguishable variety seeds 5 / kg 10/kg
Germination (min)% 70 70
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 8
(b) Moisture vapour proof storage 5 5
Varieties - SA 1, SA 2, TMV 4, 5, 6, CO 1, Aruna, Bhagya and Sowbaghya.
5. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Breeding technique for Commercial production
Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS)
Seeds produced in different stages
Nucleus seed stage : Maintenance of basic source by seed to row progenies.
Breeder Stage : A (AxB), B and R line are multiplied
Foundation Stage : A (AxB) and R line are multiplied
Breeder and foundation seed stage : Multiplication of male sterile line or maintenance of A
and B line
Certified seed stage : A x R – F1 hybrid produced.
Certified seed stage : Production of hybrid seed
Stages of Seed Production
Breeder seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Foundation seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Certified seed - - -> A x R
Popular hybrids of their parents:
The first hybrid (CSH 1) was released in 1964. In 1969, the Coordinated Sorghum
Improvement Project was established. Now there are more than 30 hybrids.
Some popular are
CSH1 CK 60 A x IS 84
CSH5 2077A x CS3541
CSH9 MS 296 A x CS 3541
COH2 2219A x IS3541(Kovilpatti Tall)
COH3 2077A x CO21
COH4 296A x TNS30
CSH13 R 296 A x RS 29
CSH14 AKMS 14A x AKR 150
CSH16 27 A x C 43
CSH15 (R) 104 A x R 585
CSH17 AKMS 14A x RS 673
Stages of seed multiplication : Breeder seed – foundation seed – certified seed.
Foundation seed production : A and B line are raised in 4:2 ratio with 4 rows of B line as
border row and allowed for cross pollination. The seeds from A line will be collected as A
line seeds (multiplied).
Certified seed production : Hybrid seed production
Commercial in Hybrid seed production techniques
Isolation distance
FS CS
Normal 200 100
On presence of Johnson Grass 400 400
On Presence of forage Sorghum 400 200
Hybrids 300 200
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seed rate : A line : 8 kg ha-1 R line : 4 kg ha-1
Spacing : A line : 45 x 30cm R line : 45 x solid row spacing.
Planting ratio : Foundation seed stage: 4:2 (A: B)
Certified seed stage : 5.2 (A:R)
Border rows : 4 rows of male (either B or R line) to, supply adequate pollen.
Live markers : • Live plants used for identification of male line live markers are used.
• It should have distinguishable morphological characters.
• Live markers can be sunflower, daincha etc.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Compost : 12.5 t / ha
NPK : 100:50:50 kg ha-1
Basal : 50:50:5 kg ha-1
Top dressing : 25kg N after last ploughing
25kg N after boot leaf stage (45 days)
Synchronization technique
1. Staggered sowing: Sowing of male parent and female parents are adjusted in such a way
that both parents come to flowering at the same time.
CSH-5, MS 2077 A must be sown 10-15 days earlier to the male
CS 3541,CSH 6, the female parent MS 2219 A can be sown simultaneously with CS 3541
CSH 9, the female parent MS 296 A must be sown 7-10 days earlier than male
CS 3541 in November- December season.
2. Spraying growth retardent MH 500 ppm at 45 DAS, delays flowering in advancing
parent.
3. MH wont dissolve in water and hence dissolve it in NaOH and then mix with water.
4. Urea spraying 1% to the lagging parent.
5. Withhold one irrigation to the advancing parent.
6. Spraying CCC 300 ppm will delay flowering.
FIELD STANDARDS
Isolation Distance
FS CS
Offtypes (max) Varieties 0.05 0.10
Hybrids 0.05 0.10
Pollen shedders (max) 0.05 0.10
Designated diseased plants (max) 0.05 0.10
(Ergot and smut)
Designated disease
1. Kernel smut
2. Head smut
3. Sugary disease of sorghum
It is specific to hybrid
Occur due to low seed set
Spray rogor 0.03% (or)
Endosulfan 0.07%
METHOD OF HARVESTING
Male and female lines should be harvested separately.
The male rows are harvested first and transported to separate threshing floor.
Like that female rows are harvested and threshed separately.
Threshing
At the time of threshing the seed moisture content should be reduced around 15-18%.
Threshing can be done by beating the earheads with bamboo sticks.
While using the mechanical threshers, care should be taken to avoid mechanical damage.
Drying
Seed should be dried to 12% for short term storage and 8% for long term storage.
Processing
The sorghum seeds can be processed in OSAW cleaner cum grader using 9/64" round
perforated metal sieve.
SEED TREATMENT AND STORAGE
The seeds are treated with captan or thiram @ 2 g/kg of seed and pack it in cloth bag at
12% moisture content for short term storage and 8% moisture content in 700 gauge poly
ethylene bag for long term storage (or) The seeds can also be treated with halogen
mixture @ 3 g/kg of seeds.
Thehalogen mixture is prepared by mixing CaOCl2 and CaCO3 +Albizzia amara at the
rate of 5:4:1 and this mixture is kept in an air tight plastic container for 1 week.
After one week the mixture is used for seed treatment.
The treated seeds can be stored upto 12 months under open storage and upto 18 months in
moisture vapour proof containers, provided it is not infested by the storage insects.
Seed yield : 3000 kg ha-1
SEED STANDARDS
Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (%) 98 98
Inert matter (%) 2 2
Other crop seed 5 kg-1 10 kg-1
Weed seed 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Other distinguishable variety 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Ergot disease by number 0.020% 0.040%
Moisture content
Moisture pervious container 12 12
Moisture vapour proof container 8 8
