… symbols
equations
constants …
Frequently Used Equations
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summary
practice
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Reference
mechanics, thermal physics, waves & optics, electricity & magentism, modern physics
Mechanics
velocity
v = ∆s
∆t
v = ds
dt
acceleration
a = ∆v
∆t
a = dv
dt
equations of motion
v = v0 + at
s = s0 + v0t + ½at2
v2 = v02 + 2a(s − s0)
v = ½(v + v0)
newton's 2nd law
∑F = ma
∑F = dp
dt
weight
W = mg
dry friction
fs ≤ μsN
fk = μkN
centripetal accel.
ac = v2
r
ac = − ω2r
momentum
p = mv
impulse
J = F∆t
J = ⌠
⌡ F dt
impulse-momentum
F∆t = m∆v
⌠
⌡ F dt = ∆p
work
W = F∆s cos θ
W = ⌠
⌡ F ⋅ ds
work-energy
F∆s cos θ = ∆E
⌠
⌡ F ⋅ ds = ∆E
kinetic energy
K = ½mv2
K = p2
2m
general p.e.
∆U = − ⌠
⌡ F ⋅ ds
F = − ∇U
gravitational p.e.
∆Ug = mg∆h
efficiency
η = Wout
Ein
power
P = ∆W
∆t
P = dW
dt
power-velocity
P = Fv cos θ
P = F ⋅ v
angular velocity
ω = ∆θ
∆t
ω = dθ
dt
v = ω × r
angular acceleration
α = ∆ω
∆t
α = dω
dt
a = α × r − ω2 r
equations of rotation
ω = ω0 + αt
θ = θ0 + ω0t + ½αt2
ω2 = ω02 + 2α(θ − θ0)
ω = ½(ω + ω0)
torque
τ = rF sin θ
τ = r × F
2nd law for rotation
∑τ = Iα
∑τ = dL
dt
moment of inertia
I = ∑mr2
I = ⌠
⌡ r2 dm
rotational work
W = τ∆θ
W = ⌠
⌡ τ ⋅ dθ
rotational power
P = τω cos θ
P = τ ⋅ ω
rotational k.e.
K = ½Iω2
angular momentum
L = mrv sin θ
L = r × p
L = Iω
angular impulse
H = τ∆t
H = ⌠
⌡ τ dt
angular i.m.
τ∆t = m∆ω
⌠
⌡ τ dt = ∆L
universal gravitation
Fg = − Gm1m2 r̂
r2
gravitational field
g = − Gm r̂
r2
gravitational p.e.
Ug = − Gm1m2
r
gravitational potential
Vg = − Gm
r
orbital speed
v = √ Gm
r
escape speed
v = √ 2Gm
r
hooke's law
F = − k∆x
spring p.e.
Us = ½k∆x2
s.h.o.
T = 2π√ m
k
simple pendulum
T = 2π√ ℓ
g
frequency
f = 1
T
angular frequency
ω = 2πf
density
ρ = m
V
pressure
P = F
A
pressure in a fluid
P = P0 + ρgh
buoyancy
B = ρgVdisplaced
mass flow rate
qm = ∆m
∆t
qm = dm
dt
volume flow rate
qV = ∆V
∆t
qV = dV
dt
mass continuity
ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
volume continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
bernoulli's equation
P1 + ρgy1 + ½ρv12 = P2 + ρgy2 + ½ρv22
dynamic viscosity
F = η ∆vx
A ∆y
F = η dvx
A dy
kinematic viscosity
ν = η
ρ
drag
R = ½ρCAv2
mach number
Ma = v
c
reynolds number
Re = ρvD
η
froude number
Fr = v
√gℓ
young's modulus
F = E ∆ℓ
A ℓ0
σ = Eε
shear modulus
F = G ∆x
A y
τ = Gγ
bulk modulus
F = K ∆V
A V0
P = Κθ
surface tension
γ = F
ℓ
Thermal Physics
solid expansion
∆ℓ = αℓ0∆T
∆A = 2αA0∆T
∆V = 3αV0∆T
liquid expansion
∆V = βV0∆T
sensible heat
Q = mc∆T
latent heat
Q = mL
ideal gas law
PV = nRT
molecular constants
nR =Nk
maxwell-boltzmann
p(v) = 4v2 ⎛
⎜
⎝ m ⎞
⎟
⎠
3
2
e
− mv2
2kT
√π 2kT
molecular k.e.
⟨K⟩ =
3
2
kT
molecular speeds
vp = √ 2kT
m
⟨v⟩ = √ 8kT
πm
vrms = √ 3kT
m
heat flow rate
P = ∆Q
∆t
P = dQ
dt
thermal conduction
P = kA∆T
ℓ
stefan-boltzmann law
P = εσA(T4 − T04)
wien's law
λmax = b
T
fmax = b′T
internal energy
∆U =
3
2
nR∆T
∆U =
3
2
Nk∆T
thermodynamic work
W = − ⌠
⌡ P dV
1st law of thermo.
∆U = Q + W
entropy
∆S = ∆Q
T
S = k log w
efficiency
ηreal = 1 − QC
QH
ηideal = 1 − TC
TH
c.o.p.
COPreal = QC
QH − QC
COPideal = TC
TH − TC
Waves & Optics
periodic waves
v = fλ
f(x,t) = A sin(2π(x/λ − ft) + φ)
frequency
f = 1
T
beat frequency
fbeat = fhigh − flow
intensity
I = ⟨P⟩
A
intensity level
LI = 10 log ⎛
⎜
⎝ I ⎞
⎟
⎠
I0
pressure level
LP = 20 log ⎛
⎜
⎝ ∆P ⎞
⎟
⎠
∆P0
doppler effect
fo = λs = c ± vo
fs λo c ∓ vs
∆f ≈ ∆λ ≈ ∆v
f λ c
mach angle
sin μ = c
v
cerenkov angle
cos θ = c
nvp
interference fringes
nλ = d sin θ
nλ ≈ x
d L
index of refraction
n = c
v
snell's law
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
critical angle
sin θc = n2
n1
image location
1 = 1 + 1
f do di
image size
M = hi = di
ho do
spherical mirrors
f ≈ r
2
Electricity & Magnetism
coulomb's law
F = k q1q2
r2
F = 1 q1q2 r̂
4πε0 r2
electric field, def.
E = FE
q
electric potential, def.
∆V = ∆UE
q
field & potential
E = ∆V
d
E = −∇V
− ⌠
⌡ E ⋅ dr = ∆V
electric field
E = k ∑ q r̂
r2
E = k ⌠
⌡ dq r̂
r2
electric potential
V = k ∑ q
r
V = k ⌠
⌡ dq
r
capacitance
C = Q
V
plate capacitor
C = κε0A
d
cylindrical capacitor
C = 2πκε0ℓ
ln(r2/r1)
spherical capacitor
C = 4πκε0
(1/r1) − (1/r2)
capacitive p.e.
Uc = ½QV = ½CV2 = ½ Q2
C
electric current
I = ∆q
∆t
I = dq
dt
charge density
ρ = Q
V
current density
J = I
A
J = ρ v
ohm's law
V = IR
E = ρ J
J = σ E
resitivity-conductivity
σ = 1
ρ
