UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

S.Y. 2021-2022

CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Prepared by:

EROVITA TERESITA B. AGUSTIN, DME

JENALYN M. CRAYO, LPT

KASTIN JOYCE D. IBAY, LPT

JAYLORD PAUL S. PADILLA, LPT

JOVIE JANE D. SABIANO, LPT

Subject Teacher

Reviewed by:

ROMNICK D. MAGUSIB, LPT

Subject Area Head

Recommended by:

CLAIRE T. GUMARANG, MAEd

Principal

Approved by:

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

Vice President for Academics
 MIDTERM FIRST SEMESTER
School Year 2021-2022
Week 1
January 10-14 2022

THE LOUISIAN PRAYER

O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one Louisian
community. The graces You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine providence have
sustained our beloved University throughout the years of mission and excellence.

Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You
keep us committed and dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the Church and the
society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel values proclaimed by Jesus. For if we are
steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will bring success not only to ourselves
but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve.

Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him to love
You above all things, may we also live believing that we are born for a greater purpose and
mission as we dwell in Your presence all the days of our life.

Grant all these supplications through the intercession of

Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen.

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 THE VISION, MISSION, EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY, AND CORE VALUES OF THE
UNIVERSITY

VISION
University of Saint Louis is a center of 21st century education advancing in MISSIO ET
EXCELLENTIA through relevant instruction, dynamic research, responsive community
engagement, global partnership, sustainable operation and jubilating faith.

MISSION
Inspired by the wisdom of God, USL as a CICM Catholic academic community is committed to
integral human formation for the building of the Church and the society.

USL QUALITY POLICY

Devoted to Mission. Committed to Excellence.

As we uphold the Catholic identity in faithfulness to the Gospel of Christ, as we carry on

the CICM mission in the integral human formation and social transformation, and as we
stand committed to continual quality improvement to provide client satisfaction, We, at
the University of Saint Louis, commit to work towards providing high quality instruction,
research, community engagement, and Christian Formation to produce globally
competitive graduates.

EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND CORE VALUES

The University of Saint Louis upholds the philosophy that education is for building of self and
persons for the Church and the Society. Wisdom builds. To these ends, the following are
University of Saint Louis’s core values integral in the formation of every member of the Louisian
community.

a. Christian Living. We are witnesses to the Gospel values as taught and lived by Christ
thus making God’s love known and experienced by all.

b. Excellence. We seek and maintain uncompromising standard of quality in teaching,

learning, service, and stewardship of school resources.

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 c. Professional Responsibility. We are committed to efficiently and responsibly apply the
learned principles, values and skills in the chosen field of discipline, taking initiative and
command responsibility in one’s professional advancement.

d. Social Awareness and Involvement. We engage ourselves with society by listening to

the prevailing issues and concerns in the society, thereby initiating and participating in
constructive and relevant social activities for the promotion of justice, peace and integrity
of creation and for people’s wellness and development consistent with the CICM charism.

e. Innovation, Creativity and Agility. We keep ourselves relevant and responsive to the
changing needs of our stakeholders by being flexible, solution oriented, and having
cutting-edge decisions and practices.

VISION, MISSION, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

VISION
USL- SHS is a choice pre- collegiate school in a 21st Century learning environment.

MISSION
USL Senior High School commits to provide secondary education towards holistically developed
graduates with strong foundation in the pursuit of desired college degree to serve the Church
and the society.

GOAL
To form adolescents with strong religious foundation, relevant skills and constant passion for
excellence in their curricular, co- curricular and extra-curricular endeavors akin to their
respective track and strand in pursuit of the degree desired in college and the profession with
which to serve the church and the society

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 OBJECTIVES

Christian Formation
Promote Christian faith and deeper sense of community engagement among stakeholders.
Form students to be goal- oriented- empowered and mature (GEM attributes).

Excellence
Offer a relevant and comprehensive Science and Technology enhanced curriculum with the use
of excellent school facilities.

Offer comprehensive student programs to develop the students’ critical thinking, research
competencies and effective communication skills.

Provide opportunities to make career choices to prepare students’ college career path.

Linkage and Partnership

Build strong and effective partnership with stakeholders and the local community in the
implementation of school programs and projects.

Indicate a deep sense of nationalism and appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of the
country.

--------

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 Midterm First Semester
School Year 2021-2022
Week 1
January 10 - 14, 2022

Descriptive Title: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Credit Units: 4 units

Core Subject Description: At the end of the course, the students must know how to find the
mean and variance of a random variable, to apply sampling techniques and distributions, to
estimate population mean and proportion, to perform hypothesis testing on population mean and
proportion, and to perform correlation and regression analyses on real-life problems.

INTRODUCTION

Hello Math Enthusiast! Welcome to the new school year 2021-2022! You are enrolled in the
Correspondence Learning Modality. Your subject for this term will allow you to explore the
significance of Statistics in our life.

For queries, please feel free to contact us through the following:

Name : Erovita Teresita B. Agustin, DME

CP No. : (+63) 9175647744
E-mail : [email protected]
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/vitzbacudagustin
Academic Advising Time: Friday 10:30-12:00
Name : Jenalyn M. Crayo, LPT
CP No. : (+63) 906 832 7440
E-mail : [email protected]
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/jhen.crayo
Academic Advising Time: Tuesday 10:00-12:00 Friday 2:15-3:15
Name : Kastin Joyce D. Ibay, LPT
CP No. : (+63) 936 279 1426
E-mail : [email protected]
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/kastinjoycedaroniibay
Academic Advising Time: Friday (1:15-4:15)
Name : Jaylord Paul S. Padilla, LPT
CP No. : (+63) 926 233 8699
E-mail : [email protected]
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/jaylordpaul.padilla
Academic Advising Time: Monday 10:00-11:00 & Friday 7:30-9:30
Name: : Jovie Jane D. Sabiano, LPT
CP No. : (+63) 936 193 2967
E-mail : [email protected]
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/joviejane.dumlao.3
Academic Advising Time: Tuesday 1:15-3:15, Wednesday 3:15-4:15

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 As we are heading to a meaningful journey together, we are recommending three tips for an
effective learning of the subject.

1. Review the basics. It is surprising that most of the solving errors of the students are
resulted from poor foundations of the basic Math concepts. Know your weaknesses
and start refreshing your mind from these basics by scanning your old notes.

2. Start solving with the simple tasks. Start with easy problems to gain good foundation
in Math. Make it a routine to read, solve, and analyze as many problems from books
and other reliable learning resources. Enhance your Math skills by getting used to
solving with varied level of difficulties.

3. Connect with experts. Good students are those who do not hesitate to consult experts.
You are best guided by your teachers and others who are knowledgeable of the
subject.

To widen your learning experiences on this subject, we have prepared items for you to explore.
These will add up your interest on our subject.

Essential Guide Questions Trivia and Facts Reliable Learning Resources

Enrichment Activities and Graded Assessments

Real-World Connection Exercises (Your ultimate goal)

GET INVOLVED.
USL expects you to do the following:

• The soft copy of the module will be sent to you every Monday.
• Send back your accomplished lessons/learning tasks as we send the copy of the next
module.
• Contact me through the contact details provided for any query that you want to make about
your lessons or procedures in school.
• Comply with all requirements (written outputs, projects/performance tasks examinations,
and the like.) Turn in learning tasks on time to avoid backlogs. Be guided by the grading
system.

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 NETIQUETTE

With the advent of social media platforms of this century, messages and feedbacks
became more accessible and convenient. With this, most of us communicate at our own pace
and availability. Anent this, it now easier to approach your teacher/s when such troubles in all
aspects of module occur. May you be guided with the proper ethics and conducts when you
make some clarifications and queries to your teachers.

So, here are some friendly reminders when sending a message to your teachers.
First, start with a proper greeting. Greeting your teacher is a sign of respect. Address your teacher
as Ma’am/ Sir or Teacher. Don’t talk to them casually like starting the conversation with “Ma’am/
Sir, I have something to ask”.

Second, introduce yourself by stating your name, section and your subject. Take note that you
are not the only student of your teacher. Your teachers are handling 5-6 sections with more than
40 students in each section. They might not recognize you especially if you are using a different
name in your social media account.

Third, state the purpose of your message. It is important to be straightforward when you message
your teacher. You don’t have to ask other questions like, “How are you, Ma’am/ Sir”? Always be
specific because they have other concerns, too. You may use the following introductory lines.

I would like to ask a question regarding…

I would like to inform you that…
I was informed by my classmates that…
May I request if…

Fourth, be professional. Use formal language and make sure to observe proper capitalization
and correct punctuation. Take note that writing in all CAPSLOCK is like yelling. And the use of
correct punctuation is very important to convey well your message.

And lastly, end the conversation with gratitude like saying “Thank You”. Do not leave your teacher
on seen after he/she responded/attended to your concern.

If you practice good etiquette, there will be a successful communication between you and your
teacher. Again, don’t forget to be respectful and responsible.

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 Attached to this 1st week module are the following:

1. COURSE OUTLINE

Course Outline for the Midterm

Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

Lesson 1: Basic Terms in Statistics

Lesson 2: Measures of Central Tendency
Lesson 3: Measures of Location
Lesson 4: Measures of Variation
Lesson 5: Frequency Distribution Table

Chapter 2: Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Lesson 1: The Normal Distribution and Its Properties

Lesson 2: Areas Under a Standard Normal Distribution
Lesson 3: Areas under a Normal Distribution

Chapter 3: Sampling

Lesson 1: Sampling Techniques

Lesson 2: Sample Determination
Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

-MIDTERM EXAM-

2. GRADING SYSTEM

COMPONENTS MIDTERM GRADE FINAL TERM GRADE

Written Outputs 25% 25%
Performance Tasks 50% 50%
Periodical Examinations 25% 25%
Total 100% 100%

Final Subject Grade = Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade

2

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 3. WEEKLY STUDY AND ASSESSMENT GUIDE

TOPIC ACTIVITIES OR TASKS

Make a self-Introduction and familiarize yourself with the content
• Introduction to the
and nature of the subject.
Course
Read the lesson on Introduction to Statistics.
• Introduction to
Finish the enrichment activity, “Math Checks” (Enrichment
Statistics
Activity)

4. CONTENT GUIDE

For this week of this term, the following shall be your guide for the different lessons and
tasks that you need to accomplish. Be patient, read it carefully before proceeding to the tasks
expected of you.
GOOD LUCK!

Content Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Lesson 1: Basic Terms in Statistics
Learning At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Competencies • define the basic terms in Statistics;
• determine the importance of Statistics in different
fields; and,
• compare and contrast the four measurement scales.
Activities • Math Checks (Enrichment)
Essential Questions • Why is Statistics important in the society?
• How is statistics used in different fields?
Value Statements •Counting builds society. Creating meaningful data
transforms it.
References Textbook:
Alferez, M. S. & Duro, M. C. A. (2018). Statistics and
Probability. MSA Publishing House. Cainta, Philippines.

De Guzman, D. (2017). Statistics and Probability. C & E

Publishing Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Online References:
Emathzone. History of Statistics.
https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/history-
of-statistics.html

Manila Bulletin (2021). Pulse Asia Survey.

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 https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/29/sara-duterte-still-most-
preferred-2022-presidential-pick-in-pulse-asia-survey/

Statista (2021). Market share of social media platforms

within the social media market in the Philippines as of July
2021, by type
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1139442/philippines-
social-media-platforms-market-share-by-type/

Department of Health(2021). What is the efficacy rate of each

available vaccine?
https://doh.gov.ph/vaccines/what-is-the-efficacy-rate-of-each-
available-vaccine

Asian Development Bank (2021). ADB Maintains 2021

Forecast for Philippine Economy; COVID-19 Vaccination Key
to Growth.
https://www.adb.org/news/adb-maintains-2021-forecast-
philippine-economy-covid-19-vaccination-key-growth

World Health Organization(2021). COVID-19 Confirmed

Cases in the Philippines.
https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/ph

Philippine Statistics Authority (2021). Unemployment rate in

the Philippines in 2021.
https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-october-2021-
estimated-74-percent

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 II. LEARNING CONTENT

In our current situation, have you ever wondered how the data about the COVID-19
Cases, Deaths, Recoveries and Vaccines being gathered and presented? Every day,
each municipality is posting data about these. They are based from the data gathered
and collected by the authorized people. These data being presented are applications of
Statistics.

Let’s explore the world of statistics!

What is statistics?

What are the branches of statistics?

How do we apply statistics in different areas?

HISTORY OF STATISTICS

The word statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” or the Italian word “statista,” and
meaning of these words is “political state” or “government.” Shakespeare used the word statist
is his drama Hamlet (1602). In the past, statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics
was very limited, but rulers and kings needed information about land, agriculture, commerce,
populations of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation and other
aspects of government.

Read more: @ https://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/history-of-statistics.html

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Statistics as a branch of mathematics concerned with the collection, classification,

analysis and interpretation of numerical data with a definite purpose in any study.
Especially as it relates to the analysis of population characteristics by the inference of
sampling. Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a
decision. Hence, it is a tool in decision-making process.

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 What is the importance of statistics in different fields?

Importance of Statistics

Statistics is everywhere. It helps each and every one to use proper methods in collecting
data, how to properly analyze the data collected from each respondent and effectively
present the result to the public. Statistics can also help us to make new discoveries and
fix issues that currently happening in our society, to make decisions based on the data
gathered and to make predictions.

Let us explore the importance of statistics in different fields!

A. POLITICS- The basis of election of candidates depends on the survey made by

pollsters to predict the outcome the records the voter’s preferences. The way we
count and tally the votes is one application of statistics.

The presidential surveys: Showing the pulse of

the nation and the mood of the time.
It’s clearly election season when surveys become news, or hot
topics of casual conversations. Manila Bulletin has gathered the
surveys that have made it to the news weeks before the filing of
the Certificate of Candidacy to officially start one’s campaign up
to the time this story is posted.
Pulse Asia found 20 percent of Filipinos expressing support for
the possible presidential bid of Duterte in the 2022 national and
local elections.
Other possible candidates then who were included in the survey
were former:
Senator Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. who got 15 percent
Manila Mayor Francisco “Isko Moreno” Domagoso, 13 percent
Senator Emmanuel “Manny” Pacquiao, 12 percent
Senator Grace Poe, 9 percent
Vice President Leni Robredo, 8 percent
Senator Panfilo “Ping” Lacson, 6 percent.
The non-commissioned Pulse Asia Survey polled 2,400 people
from Sept.6 to 11 to determine their presidential bets. On Sept.
29, the results were released.
READ: https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/29/sara-duterte-still-most-
preferred-2022-presidential-pick-in-pulse-asia-survey/
SOURCE: https://tribune.net.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/pulse-asia.jpg

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 B. MARKET PLACE- To determine the best brands, surveys provide information in
predicting the choices of consumers.

Example:

Market share of social media platforms within the social media market in the Philippines as of
July 2021, by type:

As of July 2021, Facebook accounted for around 81 percent of the Philippines' social
media market. In addition, the number of users has been rising over the years, thus
reaching a wider audience for social advertising.

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1139442/philippines-social-media-platforms-market-share-by-type/

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 C. MEDICINE- Medical researchers conduct studies to determine the effectiveness
of various medicinal drugs for the treatment of different diseases. Statistics is held
responsible in the accuracy and efficacy rate of proposed medicines or vaccines.

Example:

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, health professionals from different countries had
developed different vaccines for COVID-19. To avoid confusions and hesitancy of the
people to get vaccinated, the Department of Health presented the efficacy rates of the
different vaccines.

WHAT IS THE EFFICACY RATE OF EACH AVAILABLE VACCINE?

At this point, only vaccine efficacy (VE) data is available since “effectiveness” depends on
many different factors and requires a longer observation period.

1. AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]): 70.4% (95% CI 54.8 to

80.6%) overall VE against symptomatic COVID-19, 14 days after 2nd dose

2. Sinovac CoronaVac: 65 to 91% (based on Brazil, Indonesia and Turkey Trials)

3. Gamaleya Sputnik V: 91.6% (95% CI 85.6 to 95.2%) overall VE against symptomatic

COVID-19, 21 days after 1st dose; 100% (96% CI 94.4 to 100.0%) VE against moderate
or severe cases, 21 days after the 1st dose

4. Janssen: 66.9% (95% CI 59.0 to 73.4%) against confirmed moderate to severe/critical

COVID-19, 14 days after vaccination; 66.1% (95% CI 55.0 to 74.8%) against confirmed
moderate to severe/critical COVID-19, 28 days after vaccination; ~77% effective in
preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 14 days after vaccination and 85%
effective in preventing severe/critical COVID-19 occurring at least 28 days after
vaccination.

5. Bharat BioTech: 80.6% (95% CI 78.1 to 82.7%) overall VE against PCR-confirmed

symptomatic COVID-19, after the 2nd dose

6. Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2): 95% (94.7%, 95% CI 90.3 to 97.6%) against

symptomatic COVID-19, 7 days after 2nd dose.

7. Moderna (mRNA-1273): 94.1% (95% CI 89.3 to 96.8%%) overall VE against

symptomatic COVID-19, at least 14 days after the 2nd dose; 100% VE against severe
COVID-19.

Source: Read more @ https://doh.gov.ph/vaccines/what-is-the-efficacy-rate-of-each-

available-vaccine

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 D. ECONOMY- Economist develops prediction formula to predict and forecast the
economy growth of a country.

Example:

ADB Maintains 2021 Forecast for Philippine Economy; COVID-19 Vaccination Key to Growth

MANILA, PHILIPPINES (22 September 2021) — The Philippines’ economic growth in 2021 and 2022 will be
supported by sustained growth in public infrastructure spending, improving consumer confidence, and
progress in the national coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination program, according to a report released
today by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
The report says the country’s current account surplus will narrow to a revised 1.0% of GDP this year and
0.8% in 2022, with a stronger-than-expected rebound in imports, including for capital goods and raw
materials. A pickup in merchandise exports, as well as receipts from business process outsourcing and higher
remittances from Filipinos overseas, will help lift the current account.
Source: Read more @ https://www.adb.org/news/adb-maintains-2021-forecast-philippine-economy-covid-
19-vaccination-key-growth

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 What are the two kinds of statistics?

How do they differ from each other?

TWO KINDS OF STATISTICS:

A. Descriptive Statistics can be defined as a method for organizing, summarizing

and presenting data in descriptive way. These are numbers that are used to
summarize and describe data. Any number we choose to compute also counts as
a descriptive statistic for the data from which the statistics is computed.
Examples:

1. The Philippine Statistics Authority gives a report on the population of different

provinces in Region II from Years 2000-2020.

2. The World Health Organization gives an everyday report on the confirmed cases, number
of deaths, recoveries and vaccinated individuals in the Philippines and the world.

Source: https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/ph

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 Note: If we compute the growth rate for a decade one to another, then it is descriptive
statistics. Descriptive statistics also includes statistical techniques such as measure of
central location, dispersion, and other measures to describe data. The data are
presenting usually in tabular and graphical.

B. Inferential Statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing

hypothesis testing, determining relationship among variables and making prediction. It
consists of techniques for reaching conclusions about a population based upon
information contained in a sample. It uses statistical techniques for analysis of data and
testing the reliability of the estimates.
Examples:

1. If you want to know the percentage of unemployed in our country, then a random
sample taken form the population can be used to estimate the population can be
used to estimate the proportion of the unemployed from the sample to make an
inference.

Unemployment Rate in October 2021 is Estimated at 7.4 Percent

Reference Number:
2021-504
Release Date:
Tuesday, December 7, 2021

The unemployment rate of the country in October this year was the third lowest reported in 2021 at
7.4 percent. The lowest reported was in July 2021 estimated at 6.9 percent, followed by 7.1 percent
in March 2021. Unemployment rate was highest this year in September 2021 at 8.9 percent.

Source: https://psa.gov.ph/content/unemployment-rate-october-2021-estimated-74-percent

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 What is data?

What are the types of data?

What are the types of variables?

DATA

These are raw pieces of evidence collected, organized and analyzed by statistician with
the hope of establishing information facts. These are also facts or figures from which
conclusion may be draw. Data set provides data about a collection of elements and
contains for each element, information about one or more characteristics of interest.

TYPES OF DATA

Primary Data These are information collected from an original source of data,
which is first-hand in nature.

Example: Data collected from interviews and surveys

Secondary Data These are information collected from published or unpublished

sources

Example: Data collected on books, newspaper, journals, thesis

class records and etc.

Qualitative Data Data that can be placed in categories like gender, civil status and
educational attainment.

Examples: (Single, Married, Widowed), (Elementary Graduate,

High School Level, High School Graduate, College Graduate)

Quantitative Data can be ordered and ranked. Values of a variable that are
Data recorded as meaningful numbers.

Examples: Weight, Height, Rank

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 VARIABLES

Variables are defined as the characteristics that differentiate one subject from another.
Academic grades, age, height, weight and income are some of the examples of variables.

Types of Variables

❖ Qualitative Variables are variable that consider non-numeric by nature.

Example: Blood type, gender, religious affiliation, eye color and marital status.

❖ Quantitative Variable are variable that can be expressed numerically,

Example: Number of Children in the family, Income of the parents, age and etc.

Types of Quantitative Variables

1. Discrete Variable is a variable that can assume distinct values which

usually result from counting.

Example: Number of students in each section in Mathematics

course, the number cars arriving, and departing from a shopping
mall.

2. Continuous Variable is a variable that can make an infinite number of

values and may not be measured accurately.

Example: weight, height, age, and the time it takes a student to

solve mathematics problem.

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

A. Nominal Scale
It is lowest level of measurement where data collected are simply labels or names
or category without any implicit ordering of the labels. At this level, numbers are
assigned to identify and classify individuals or object. Known also to be the
weakest form of measurement.
Examples: sex, religion, marital status and color, pin code, password, bank
account

B. Ordinal Scale
It is a level of measurement higher than nominal scale where the data collected
are labels or names with an implied ordering of the labels. These are objects or
individuals that are arranged in rank or order.

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 Examples: socio-economic status, difficulty of questions on exam, sibling
position, military rank, class rank, Likert scale indicator

Likert Scale Level

Indicator
Outstanding 1
Very Satisfactory 2
Satisfactory 3
Fair 4
Poor 5

C. Interval
It is a level of measurement in which we can set up inequalities and form difference,
but not multiply or divide. Interval scale is also used to obtain a more precise
measurement by finding the difference between values. Mathematical operation
such as addition and subtraction. The Zero point is arbitrary as it does not mean
the value does not exist. Zero only represents an additional measurement point.
Examples: temperature, IQ scores

D. Ratio
It is a level of measurement in which we can set up inequalities and form difference,
and can multiply or divide. This is the most powerful level of measurement. The
data are compared by multiplication and division. The zero point is very important
Examples: height, weight, age, test scores, electric charge, amount of money

In summary, we have the following levels of measurement:

Level Property
Nominal No order, distance, or origin
Has order but no distance or unique
Ordinal
origin
Both with order and distance but no
Interval
unique origin
Has order, distance and unique
Ratio
origin

NOTE: The levels of measurement depend mainly on the method of measurement, not on the
property measured. The weight of primary school students measured in kilograms has a ratio
level, but the students can be categorized into overweight, normal, underweight, and in which
case, the weight is then measured in an ordinal level. Also, many levels are only interval because
their zero point is arbitrarily chosen.

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 What are the important terms used in statistics?

TERMS IN STATISTICS

Population pertains to the total collection of observations, measurements, individuals

or objects under study.

Sample is a portion that is a representative of the population and it can be small or

large.

Parameter is a number calculated on population data that quantifies a characteristic of

the population. Most common parameter being estimated is the population mean.

Statistic is a number calculated on sample data that quantifies a characteristic of the

sample. Most common parameter being estimated is the sample mean.

Source: https://i.redd.it/898uxgq6edm41.png

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 GENERALIZATION

Let’s have a summary on the first week topics.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is concerned with the collection, classification,

analysis and interpretation of numerical data with a definite purpose in any study.

TWO KINDS OF STATISTICS:

Descriptive Statistics can be defined as methods for organizing, summarizing and

presenting data in descriptive way while Inferential Statistics consists of generalizing
from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationship
among variables and making prediction.

There are two types of data: the Primary data and Secondary data.

Variables can be qualitative or quantitative variable. Under quantitative variables are the
discrete and continuous variables.

There are some terms used in statistics: population, sample, measurement, parameter
and statistic.

There are four known levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, ratio and interval.

--------------------------------------- it is time for --------------------------------------------

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 III. LEARNING TASKS (Drills and Practices Only)

Fill out the table by determining the type of variable and the level of
measurements of the following information

Discrete,
Qualitative or Continuous Level of
Variable
Quantitative or N/A (not Measurement
applicable)
1. COVID-19 Vaccines

2. Gender
3. Score in Pre-calculus Exam
4. Number on a shirt of a Varsity
player
5. Life span of a Powerbank
6. Third place in a contest
7. Number of Stalls in Mall of the
Valley
8. Brand of Perfumes
9. Identification Card Number
10. Years spent in school
11. Intensity of Pain
12. Strand enrolled in Senior High
School
13. Time in hours
14. Eye Color
15. A child’s height

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 Answer Key

Discrete,
Qualitative or Continuous Level of
Variable
Quantitative or N/A (not Measurement
applicable)
1. COVID-19 Vaccines Qualitative N/A Nominal

2. Gender Qualitative N/A Nominal

3. Score in Pre-calculus Exam Quantitative Discrete Ratio
4. Number on a shirt of a Varsity
Qualitative N/A Nominal
player
5. Life span of a Powerbank Quantitative Continuous Ratio
6. Third place in a contest Qualitative N/A Ordinal
7. Number of Stalls in Mall of the
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Valley
8. Brand of Perfumes Qualitative N/A Nominal
9. Identification Card Number Qualitative N/A Nominal
10. Years spent in school Quantitative Continuous Interval
11. Intensity of Pain Qualitative N/A Ordinal
12. Strand enrolled in Senior High
Qualitative N/A Nominal
School
13. Time in hours Quantitative Continuous Interval
14. Eye Color Qualitative N/A Nominal
15. A child’s height Quantitative Continuous Interval

Please accomplish the students' feedback form for Week 1 learning content and
assessment. Click the link below.

STATISTICS and PROBABILITY Midterm Week 1 Feedback Form

-end-

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