Answer Sheet

Number Answer Problem ID

1 8 BDB44
2 44√times 02524
27 3
3 2 square inches 0B121
4 1/2 10A01
5 540 51531
6 70 B3141
7 28 % 35CC2
8 8 square units A2A21
9 144 14141
10 26/9 A5B44
11 12 units 2A414
12 1/9 54A21
13 8 chords AD253
14 9/16
√ 135A1
15 8 2 3A253
16 16π cubic inches B35
17 25 square centimeters A5B11
18 18 0A02
19 3
√lengths 3B121
20 6 035D1
21 5/11
√
535
14 3
22 3 centimeters B3A4
23 1/128
√ 31A01
24 2 3√square cm 15315
2
25 125
√ 12 B5A21
26 2 13 units 45CC2
27 25 √ 2A253
28 −1 + 2 A3A21
29 4/3 4C551
30 24 04141

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 Solutions

(1) 8 ID: [BDB44]

The triangle shares a vertex with the square and has the other two vertices on sides of the square. Let the
square be ABCD and the triangle AEF . Letting the side length of the triangle be x, we can set up an equation
√ √
using 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangle relationships. Diagonal AC has length 2 but is also equal to x2 + x 2 3 .
√
2 √2
√ √
Solving for x, we find that x = 1+ 3
= 6 − 2.
2
√ √ √ √
The area of an equilateral triangle with side length x is x 4 3 , so the area is 43 (6 − 2( 6)( 2) + 2) =
√ √ √
3(2 − 3) = 2 3 − 3. The value of a + b + c is then 2 + 3 + 3 = 8 .

D F C
x
2

√ 1
x 3 x
2 2
E
x

A B

(2) 44 times ID: [02524]

Let a(t) be the angle that the minute hand makes relative to the hour hand. Let T1 be midnight, when both
hands point to 12, so a(T1 ) = 0◦ . Let T2 be 24 hours later. The minute hand has made 24 revolutions or moved
24 × 360◦ , and the hour hand has made 2 revolutions or 2 × 360◦ . So a(T2 ) = (24 − 2) × 360◦ = 22 × 360◦ .
We want to count the number of times that a(t) = 90◦ + 180◦ k for some integer k between times T1 and T2 .
The lowest such angle is 90◦ at k = 0. The highest such angle is 22 ◦ 360◦ − 90◦ = 90◦ + 180◦ · 43 when k = 43.
So the hour hand and minute hand are perpendicular 44 times.

√
27 3
(3) 2 square inches ID: [0B121]
No solution is available at this time.

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(4) 1/2 ID: [10A01]
First we draw diagonal BD, and let the diagonals intersect at T , as shown:

A B

D M C

Since CT and BM are medians of △BCD, point O is the centroid of △BCD, so OC = (2/3)CT . Since T is
the midpoint of AC, we have CT = AC/2, so OC = (2/3)CT = (2/3)(AC/2) = AC/3. Since OC is 13 of AC,
2
we know that OA is the other 3 of AC, which means OC/OA = 1/2 .

(5) 540 ID: [51531]

No solution is available at this time.

(6) 70 ID: [B3141]

No solution is available at this time.

(7) 28 % ID: [35CC2]

The formula for the volume of a right cylinder is given by πr2 h, where r is the radius and h is the height of
the cylinder. If the diameter is increased by 25%, then the radius is increased by the same percentage. Let h′
be the new height of the large cylinder. Then,
 2
5
2 · (πr2 h) = π · r · (h′ ),
4

42 32 h′ 32 128
so 2 · 52 ·h= 25 h = h′ . It follows that h = 25 = 100 = 128%, so h′ has to increase by 28% .

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 (8) 8 square units ID: [A2A21]

M
P

B N C

Drawing the three medians of a triangle divides the triangle into six triangles with equal area. Triangle AP C
consists of two of these triangles, so [AP C] = [ABC]/3 = (6 · 8/2)/3 = 8 .

(9) 144 ID: [14141]

No solution is available at this time.

(10) 26/9 ID: [A5B44]

Since the semicircles with diameters P N and P R are congruent, imagine that we take the shaded semicircle
with diameter P R and rotate it about P such that it exactly fills the unshaded area occupied by the semicircle
with diameter P N . The shaded region is now a circular sector measuring 360 − 100 = 260◦ . This sector has
260 13 26
area 360 π(2)2 = 18 (4π) = 26
9 π, so k = 9 .

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(11) 12 units ID: [2A414]
Since ∠LM N is an inscribed angle that subtends a diameter of the circle, it is a right angle. If we can find LN
and LM , we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find M N .
Since ∠KP N and ∠LP M are vertical angles, they are congruent. Also, since ∠M KN and ∠N LM are inscribed
angles that subtend the same chord, they are congruent. Since two pairs of corresponding angles in △KP N
and △LP M are congruent, the two triangles are similar. Thus, we know that the ratios between the lengths of
corresponding sides are the same, so we have PPK
L LM
=N K . We can solve this equation to find the length of LM :

PL LM
=
PK NK
8 units LM
=
9 units 18 units
LM = 16 units.

Since O, P, and L are collinear, OL is a radius with length 2 units + 8 units = 10 units. Since LN is a chord
that passes through the center of the circle, it is a diameter of the circle. So the length of LN is two times the
radius, or 20 units. Thus, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of M N :

(LN )2 = (LM )2 + (M N )2
(20 units)2 = (16 units)2 + (M N )2
(M N )2 = 144 units2
M N = 12 units.

(12) 1/9 ID: [54A21]

No solution is available at this time.

(13) 8 chords ID: [AD253]

The longest chord through P is the diameter through Q, which has length 20.
The shortest chord through P is the chord perpendicular to OQ; let the endpoints of this chord be A and B
as shown.

O Q
P

△AOP is right with AO = 10 and OP = 6. Pythagorean theorem on this triangle yields AP = 8, so

AB = 2 · 8 = 16.
Thus, any chord through P has length at most 20 and at least 16. There is one chord with length 16 (AB),
one chord with length 20 (the diameter), and two chords each with length 17, 18, and 19. Hence there are 8
chords in total.

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(14) 9/16 ID: [135A1]
No solution is available at this time.

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 √
(15) 8 2 ID: [3A253]
We create a diagram with the given information from the problem:

O Q P

We draw in radii OT and P S and connect O and P . Then we drop a perpendicular from P to OT that
intersects OT at R:

T
R
S

O P

∠OT S and ∠P ST are right angles as tangents create right angles with radii at points of tangency. RT SP is
a rectangle, and △ORP is√right. We use Pythagorean
√ theorem on △ORP : we have OP = 8 + 2 = 10 and
OR = 8 − 2 = 6, so RP = OP 2 − OR2 = 102 − 62 = 8. Then T S = 8 as well.

T
8
8
S

O P

√ √
Finally, OS is the hypotenuse of right triangle △OT S with OT = T S = 8. Hence OS = 82 + 82 = 8 2 .

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(16) 16π cubic inches ID: [B35]
The volume of the cone is 13 · 4π · 8 = 32
3 π cubic inches, and the volume of the hemisphere is 2
3 · 8π = 16
3 π. The
sum is  
16 32
+ π = 16π .
3 3

(17) 25 square centimeters ID: [A5B11]

No solution is available at this time.

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(18) 18 ID: [0A02]

A B C D E

We divide the arrangement into the five sections shown above. The side view of each section must be contained
within the side view of the entire arrangement, so each section contains at most 6 cubes. Furthermore, sections
B and D have no “upper” cubes, so they can’t have the two upper cubes shown in the side view of the
entire arrangement; hence, they have at most 4 cubes. This means the entire arrangement has at most
6 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 6 = 26 cubes. This is achieved for the following arrangement:

Thus, N = 26.
There are 8 cubes seen in the front view, so an arrangement must have at least 8 cubes. This is achieved for
the following arrangement:

Thus, n = 8. So N − n = 26 − 8 = 18 .

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(19) 3 lengths ID: [3B121]
Using the Triangle Inequality, we see that the third side of a triangle with sides 3 cm and 5 cm must be larger
than 2 cm but smaller than 8 cm. If the third side must be a whole centimeter length, and the triangle is
scalene, that means that the only possible lengths for the third side are: 4 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. That makes
3 possible lengths for the third side.

√
(20) 6 ID: [035D1]
It turns out that the amount of segment passing through a given cube is proportional to the side length of the
cube. To see why this is, let the intersection of the smallest two cubes be plane j, the intersection of the largest
two cubes be plane k, and let AB intersect j and k at X and Y respectively. Imagine dropping perpendiculars
from A and X to planes j and k – these perpendiculars, along with the portions of AB passing through the
cubes, form similar triangles, resulting in the aforementioned proportionality.
The center cube has 2/(1 + 2 + 3) = 1/3 of the three cubes’ total side length. To find the length
√ of AB, let the
front bottom left vertex of the largest cube be C and look at right triangle ACB. CB = 3 2 and AC = 6, so
√ √ √
by Pythagoras, AB = 3 6. Thus, the center cube has (1/3) · 3 6 = 6 of the total length of AB.

(21) 5/11 ID: [535]

DF ∥BE and DB∥F E by the midline theorem and ∠DBE is right, so DF EB is a rectangle. 2BE = BC =
AB = 2DB, so BE = DB and DF EB is a square. Say it has side length 2x; AB = BC = 4x and
2 2
F G = F H = x. △ABC has area (4x)(4x)
2 = 8x2 , △F GH has area x2 , and △DBE has area 4x2 = 2x2 . The
2 2 2 2
shaded area is thus 2x2 + x2 = 5x2 , and the non-shaded area is 8x2 − 5x2 = 11x
2 . Therefore, the ratio of
shaded to nonshaded area is
5x2
2 5x2 5
11x2
= 2
= .
2
11x 11

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 √
14 3
(22) 3 centimeters ID: [B3A4]
We will calculate the area of the hexagon in two different ways. Let the interior point in the figure be called
P , and let s be the side length of the hexagon. The areas of the triangles AP B, BP C, CP D, DP E, EP F ,
and F P A are 12 (s)(4), 12 (s)(6), 21 (s)(9), 12 (s)(10), 21 (s)(8), and 12 (s)(5), respectively. Also, the area of a regular
√ √
hexagon with side length s is 3s2 3/2. Setting the sum of the triangles’ areas equal to 3s2 3/2 gives
√
1 3s2 3
s(4 + 6 + 9 + 10 + 8 + 5) = =⇒
2 2√
3s2 3
21s = =⇒
√2
14s = s2 3 =⇒
14
s = 0 or s = √
3
√ √
14 3 14 3
=√ ·√ = cm.
3 3 3

B A

4
6 5
P
C 9 8 F
10

D E

(23) 1/128 ID: [31A01]

No solution is available at this time.

√
(24) 2 3 square cm ID: [15315]
No solution is available at this time.

√
(25) 125 122 ID: [B5A21]
No solution is available at this time.

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 √
(26) 2 13 units ID: [45CC2]
Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from F to the line containing AB.

P A B X

F C

E D

Since ∠F AB = 120◦ , then ∠P AF = 180◦ − 120◦ = 60 ◦

√ , and it follows that △P AF is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle.
As AF = 2, it follows that AP = 1 and P F = 3. Also, AB = 2 and so AX = 3AB = 6. Thus,
P X = AP + AX = 7. In right triangle F P X, by the Pythagorean Theorem, it follows that
√
F X 2 = P F 2 + P X 2 = ( 3)2 + (7)2 = 52,
√ √
and F X = 52 = 2 13 .

(27) 25 ID: [2A253]

Let the sides of the rectangle have lengths x and y. Frompthe perimeter statement, we have 2(x + y) = 20 or
x + y = 10. The diagonal of the rectangle has length d = x2 + y 2 , so

d2 = x2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy − 2xy = (x + y)2 − 2xy = 102 − 2xy.

We substitute the area of the rectangle, A = xy, to get d2 = 100 − 2A. Solving for A in terms of d2 gives
1
A = 50 − d2 .
2

Thus we need m = 50 and n = 21 , and so the product mn = 50 · 1

2 = 25 .

√
(28) −1 + 2 ID: [A3A21]
No solution is available at this time.

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(29) 4/3 ID: [4C551]
Form a triangle whose first vertex is the center of the circle and whose other two vertices are the midpoint
and one of the endpoints of a side of the larger hexagon, as shown in the diagram. Since each interior angle
of a regular hexagon is 120 degrees, this triangle is a 30-60-90 right triangle. Let r be√the radius of the circle.
The length of the√longer leg of the triangle is r, so the length of the shorter leg is r/ 3 and the length of the
hypotenuse is 2r/ 3. Since for the smaller hexagon √ the length of the segment connecting a vertex to the center
is r, the dimensions of the larger hexagon are 2/ 3 times larger than the dimensions of the smaller hexagon.
√
Therefore, the area of the larger triangle is (2/ 3)2 = 4/3 times greater than the area of the smaller triangle.

(30) 24 ID: [04141]

No solution is available at this time.

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