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Class Notes 3 - Mathematics - Introduction To Probability

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22 views2 pages

Class Notes 3 - Mathematics - Introduction To Probability

Uploaded by

Matthew Harris
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class Notes 3: Mathematics – Introduction to Probability

Date: August 14, 2025


Topic: Probability Basics

1. Definition

● Probability measures how likely an event is to occur, ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1


(certain).

2. Key Terms

● Experiment: Process leading to outcomes (e.g., rolling a die)

● Sample Space (S): All possible outcomes

● Event (E): A subset of the sample space

3. Probability Formula

● P(E)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(E) = \frac{\text{Number


of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of outcomes}}P(E)=Total number of
outcomesNumber of favorable outcomes

4. Examples

● Coin toss: S = {Heads, Tails}, P(Heads) = 1/2

● Rolling a die: S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, P(even number) = 3/6 = 1/2

5. Types of Probability

● Theoretical Probability: Based on reasoning (like dice rolls)

● Experimental Probability: Based on observation or experiment


● Subjective Probability: Based on opinion or experience

6. Key Rules

● Complement Rule: P(not E) = 1 − P(E)

● Addition Rule (for mutually exclusive events): P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

● Multiplication Rule (for independent events): P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)

7. Summary

● Probability helps predict outcomes in uncertain situations

● Fundamental in statistics, gambling, decision-making, and science

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