WEEK 1:

i) Sum and average of 3 numbers

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f %f", &num1, &num2, &num3);
float sum = num1 + num2 + num3;
float average = sum / 3;
printf("Sum: %.2f\n", sum);
printf("Average: %.2f\n", average);
return 0;
}

ii) Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float temperature;
char scale;
printf("Enter temperature: ");
scanf("%f", &temperature);
printf("Enter scale (C or F): ");
scanf(" %c", &scale);
if (scale == 'F' || scale == 'f') {
float celsius = (temperature - 32) * 5 / 9;
printf("Temperature in Celsius: %.2f\n", celsius);
}
else if (scale == 'C' || scale == 'c') {
float fahrenheit = (temperature * 9 / 5) + 32;
printf("Temperature in Fahrenheit: %.2f\n", fahrenheit);
}
else {
printf("Invalid scale. Please enter 'C' or 'F'.\n");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

iii) Simple interest calculation Program

 #include <stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main() {
float principal, rate, time;
printf("Enter principal amount: ");
scanf("%f", &principal);
printf("Enter rate of interest: ");
scanf("%f", &rate);
printf("Enter time in years: ");
scanf("%f", &time);
float simpleInterest = (principal * rate * time) / 100;
printf("Simple Interest: %.2f\n", simpleInterest);
return 0;
}

WEEK - 3
i) Finding the square root of a given number
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int N ;
float sqroot;
printf("Enter any Number");
scanf("%d",&N);
sqroot=sqrt(N);
printf("%f ", sqroot);
return 0;
}
ii) Finding compound interest
#include <stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float Amount,principal,rate,time,CI;
printf(“Enter principal,rate ,time”);
scanf(“%f%f%f”,&principal,&rate,&time);
Amount = principal * ((pow((1 + rate / 100), time)));
CI = Amount - principal;
printf("Compound Interest is : %f",CI);
return 0;
}
iii) Area of a triangle using heron’s formulae
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(){
float a,b,c, s, area;
printf("Enter the length of three sides of triangle\n");
scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
s = (a+b+c)/2;
area = sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
printf("Area of triangle : %0.4f\n", area);
return 0;
}
iv) Distance travelled by an object
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
float u, a, d;
int t;
printf("\nEnter the value of a : ");
scanf("%f", & a);
printf("\nEnter the value of u : ");
scanf("%f", & u);
printf("\nEnter the value of t : ");
scanf("%d", & t);
d = (u * t) + (a * t * t) / 2;
printf("\n The Distance : %.2f", d);
return 0;
}
WEEK-4
Simple computational problems using the operator’ precedence and
associativity
i)Evaluate the following expressions.
a. A+B*C+(D*E) + F*G
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int A,B,C,D,E,F,G,result;
printf("Enter A,B,C,D,E,F,G");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d%d",&A,&B,&C,&D,&E,&F,&G);
result=A+B*C+(D*E)+F*G;
printf("Result of Expression is=%d",result);
}

b. A/B*C-B+A*D/3
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int A,B,C,D,result;
printf("Enter A,B,C,D values");
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&A,&B,&C,&D);
result=A/B*C-B+A*D/3;
printf("The result of Expression is=%d",result);
}

c. A+++B---A
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int A,B,result;
printf("Enter A,B Values");
scanf("%d%d",&A,&B);
result=A+++B---A;
printf("The result of the expression is =%d",result);

d. J= (i++) + (++i)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,J;
printf("Enter value for i");
scanf("%d",&i);
J=(i++)+(++i);
printf("The result of the Expression is=%d",J);
}

ii) Find the maximum of three numbers using conditional operator

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,max;
printf("Enter values for a,b,c:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
max=a>b?a>c?a:c:b>c?b:c;
printf("result=%d",max);

}
iii) Take marks of 5 subjects in integers, and find the total, average in float
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
float m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,total, average;
printf("Enter marks of five subjects: :- ");
scanf("%f%f%f%f%f", &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5);
total = m1+ m2 + m3+ m4 + m5;
average = total / 5;
printf("Total marks = %.2f\n", total);
printf("Average marks = %.2f", average);

}
WEEK-5
Problems involving if-then-else structures.
i) Write a C program to find the max and min of four numbers using if-else.
ii) Write a C program to generate electricity bill.
iii) Find the roots of the quadratic equation.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
float a, b, c, determinant, root1, root2, realPart, imaginaryPart;
printf("Enter the coefficients a, b and c: ");
scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
determinant = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if (determinant > 0) {
root1 = (-b + sqrt(determinant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(determinant)) / (2 * a);

printf("The roots are real and different.\n");

printf("Root 1 = %.2f\n", root1);
printf("Root 2 = %.2f\n", root2);
} else if (determinant == 0) {
root1 = root2 = -b / (2 * a);

printf("The roots are real and equal.\n");

printf("Root 1 = Root 2 = %.2f\n", root1);
} else {
realPart = -b / (2 * a);
imaginaryPart = sqrt(-determinant) / (2 * a);
 printf("The roots are complex and different.\n");
printf("Root 1 = %.2f + %.2fi\n", realPart, imaginaryPart);
printf("Root 2 = %.2f - %.2fi\n", realPart, imaginaryPart);
}

}
iv) Write a C program to simulate a calculator using switch case.
v) Write a C program to find the given year is a leap year or not.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int year ;
printf("Enter any year");
scanf("%d",&year);

if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0) {

printf("%d is a leap year\n", year);
} else {
printf("%d is not a leap year\n", year);
}
return 0;
}

WEEK-6
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
float x, sum, t;
printf(" Enter the valueof x");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf("Enter the value of n");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=x*3.14159/180;
t=x;
sum=x;
/* Loop to calculate the value of Sine */
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
t=(t*(-1)*x*x)/(2*i*(2*i+1));
sum=sum+t;
 }
printf(" The value of Sin(%f) = %.4f",x,sum);
}
COSINE SERIES
//cosine series
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n;
float x, sum=1, t=1;
printf(" Enter the value for x ");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf(" Enter the value for n :");
scanf("%d",&n);
x=x*3.14159/180;
/* Loop to calculate the value of Cosine */
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
t=t*(-1)*x*x/(2*i*(2*i-1));
sum=sum+t;
}
printf(" The value of Cos(%f) is : %.4f", x, sum);
}
5. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,j,k=9,m;
for(i=1; i<=9; i++){
for(j=1; j<=k; j++){
printf(" ");
}
for(m=1; m<=i; m++){
printf("%d",i);
printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
 k=k-1;
}
return 0;
}
WEEK-7
1. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,max=0,min=0,a[20];
printf("Enter array size");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter array elements");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
//max
max=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>max)
{
max=a[i];
}
}
min=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]<min)
{
min=a[i];
}
}
printf("Maximum of 1-D array is=%d\n",max);
printf("Minimum of 1-D array is=%d",min);
}
2. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],n,i,pos=-1,ele;
printf("Enter array size");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter array elements");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Enter element to search");
scanf("%d",&ele);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]==ele)
{
pos=i;
break;
}
}
if(pos==-1)
printf("%d is not found",ele);
else
printf("%d is found at %d position",ele,pos+1);
}
3. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],n,i;
printf("Enter array size");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
 printf("%4d",a[i]);
}
}
4. #include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 8
int main()
{
char binary[SIZE + 1], onesComp[SIZE + 1], twosComp[SIZE + 1];
int i, carry=1;
printf("Enter %d bit binary value: ", SIZE);
/* Input 8-bit binary string */
gets(binary);
/* Find ones complement of the binary number */
for(i=0; i<SIZE; i++)
{
if(binary[i] == '1')
{
onesComp[i] = '0';
}
else if(binary[i] == '0')
{
onesComp[i] = '1';
}
}
onesComp[SIZE] = '\0';

/*
* Add 1 to the ones complement
*/
for(i=SIZE-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if(onesComp[i] == '1' && carry == 1)
{
twosComp[i] = '0';
}
else if(onesComp[i] == '0' && carry == 1)
{
 twosComp[i] = '1';
carry = 0;
}
else
{
twosComp[i] = onesComp[i];
}
}
twosComp[SIZE] = '\0';
printf("Original binary = %s\n", binary);
printf("Ones complement = %s\n", onesComp);
printf("Twos complement = %s\n", twosComp);
return 0;
}
/*Enter 8 bit binary value: 01101100
Original binary = 01101100
Ones complement = 10010011
Twos complement = 10010100*/
5. #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],n,i,c[10],count,j;
printf("Enter array size");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Array elements before deleting duplicates\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%4d",a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c[i]=-1;
}
 for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{ count=0;
for(j=0;c[j]!=-1;j++)
{
if(c[j]==a[i])
{
count++;
}
}
if(count==0)
{
c[j]=a[i];
}
}
printf("\nArray elements after deleting duplicates\n");
for(i=0;i<=j;i++)
{
printf("%4d",c[i]);
}
}

WEEK-9
9.1 Write a C program to find the sum of a 1D array using malloc()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *ptr;
int n, i,sum=0;
printf("Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
printf("Enter values into array");
for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
scanf("%d",&ptr[i]);
}
 printf("The sum of elements of the array is: ");
for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
sum+=ptr[i];
}
printf("%d",sum);
}
9.2 Write a C program to find the total, average of n students using
structures
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{ int marks[5],total,rno;
char sname[10];
float avg;
};
void main()
{
struct student s[10];
int i,n,j;
printf("Enter number of students");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter student number");
scanf("%d",&s[i].rno);
printf("Enter student name");
scanf("%s",&s[i].sname);
printf("Enter student-%d marks in 5 subjects",i+1);
for(j=0;j<5;j++){
scanf("%d",&s[i].marks[j]);
}}
//calculation of total and average
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{s[i].total=0;
for(j=0;j<5;j++){
s[i].total+=s[i].marks[j];
}
s[i].avg=s[i].total/5;
}
//Display result
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\t*Students Records*\n");
printf("\nStudent's Roll no. – %d", s[i].rno);
printf("\nStudent's Name – %s", s[i].sname);
printf("\nStudent's Total Marks – %d", s[i].total);
printf("\nStudent's average Marks – %f", s[i].avg);
}
}
9.3 Enter n students data using calloc() and display failed students list
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct Student {
char name[50];
int marks;
};
int main()
{
int n,failedCount=0,i;
printf("Enter the number of students: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
struct Student *students;
// Dynamically allocate memory for n students using calloc
students = (struct Student*)calloc(n,sizeof(struct Student));
if (students== NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1;
}
printf("Enter data for %d students:\n", n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("Student %d\n", i+1);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s",students[i].name);
printf("Marks: ");
 scanf("%d", &students[i].marks);
if (students[i].marks < 40)
{
failedCount++;
}
}
printf("Failed students list:\n");
for (i=0; i < n; i++)
{
if(students[i].marks<40){
printf("%s\n", students[i].name);
}
}
// Free dynamically allocated memory
free(students);
return 0;
}
9.4
#include <stdio.h>
struct student {
char name[50];
int roll;
float marks[5];
} s;

int main() {
printf("Enter information:\n");
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s", s.name);
//fgets(s.name, sizeof(s.name), stdin);

printf("Enter roll number: ");

scanf("%d", &s.roll);
for (i = 1; i <=5; ++i) {
printf("Enter marks in subject %d : ",i);
scanf("%f", &s.marks);
}
 printf("Displaying Information:\n");
printf("Name: ");
printf("%s", s.name);
printf("Roll number: %d\n", s.roll);
printf("Marks: %.1f\n", s.marks);

return 0;
}
9.5 Write a C program to implement realloc()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int* ptr;
int n, i;
n = 5;
printf("Enter number of elements: %d\n", n);
ptr = (int*)calloc(n, sizeof(int));
if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Memory not allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
else {
printf("Memory successfully allocated using calloc.\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
ptr[i] = i + 1;
}
printf("The elements of the array are: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
printf("%d, ", ptr[i]);
}
n = 10;
printf("\n\nEnter the new size of the array: %d\n", n);
ptr = (int*)realloc(ptr, n * sizeof(int));
printf("Memory successfully re-allocated using realloc.\n");
for (i = 5; i < n; ++i) {
ptr[i] = i + 1;
 }
printf("The elements of the array are: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
printf("%d, ", ptr[i]);
}
free(ptr);
}
}

WEEK-10
10.1 Single linked list using self referential structure
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
}*start,*temp,*t,*n,*l;
int insert_element()
{
n=(struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
printf("Enter elements for inserting into linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&n->data);
if(start->next==NULL) {
l=n;
start->next=l;
l->next=NULL;}
else{
l->next=n;
l=n;
l->next=NULL;
}
}
int delete_element()
{
int pos,i=1;
printf("Enter position of the element for deleteing the element : ");
scanf("%d",&pos);
t=start;
temp=start->next;
while(i<pos) {
t=t->next;
temp=temp->next;
i+=1;
}
t->next=temp->next;
free(temp);
printf("Deleted successfully\n");
}
int display()
{
temp=start->next;
printf("The elements in the linked list are : ");
while(temp!=NULL){
printf("%d ",temp->data);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int count_ele()
{
int count=0;
temp=start;
while(temp->next!=NULL){
count+=1;
temp=temp->next;
}
printf("No of elements in the linked list are : %d\n",count);
}
int main() {
int c=0;
 start=(struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
start->next=NULL;
l=NULL;
printf("Singly Linked List Example - All Operations\n");
while(c<5){
printf("Options\n");
printf("1 : Insert elements into the linked list\n");
printf("2 : Delete elements from the linked list\n");
printf("3 : Display the elements in the linked list\n");
printf("4 : Count the elements in the linked list\n");
printf("5 : Exit()\n");
printf("Enter your option : ");
scanf("%d",&c);
switch(c)
{
case 1: insert_element();break;
case 2: delete_element();break;
case 3: display();break;
case 4: count_ele();break;
case 5: break;
default: printf("Enter options from 1 to 5\n");break;
}
}
}

10.2 Difference between structure and union

#include<stdio.h>
struct ssize{
double a;
int b;
char c;
float d;
};
union usize{
double a;
int b;
char c;
 float d;
};

int main()
{
printf("Size of Structure: %ld\n",sizeof( struct ssize));
printf("Size of Union: %ld",sizeof(union usize));
return 0;
}

10.3 Program to shift/rotate using bitfields

#include <stdio.h>
#define INT_BITS 32

/*Function to left rotate n by d bits*/

int leftRotate(int n, unsigned int d)
{
/* In n<<d, last d bits are 0. To put first 3 bits of n at last, do bitwise or
of n<<d with n >>(INT_BITS -d) */
return (n << d) | (n >> (INT_BITS - d));
}

/*Function to right rotate n by d bits*/

int rightRotate(int n, unsigned int d)
{
/* In n>>d, first d bits are 0. To put last 3 bits of at first, do bitwise or of
n>>d with n <<(INT_BITS- d) */
return (n >> d) | (n >> (INT_BITS - d));
}

/* Driver program to test above functions */

void main()
{
int n,d;
printf("Enter the value for n and d: ");
scanf("%d %d",&n,&d);
printf("Left Rotation of %d by %d is ", n, d);
 printf("%d", leftRotate(n, d));
printf(" Right Rotation of %d by %d is ", n, d);
printf("%d", rightRotate(n, d));
}
10.4 Write a C program to copy one structure variable to another structure
of the same type.
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
float avg;
};
void main()
{
struct student s1,s2;
printf("Enter student roll number,name,average");
scanf("%d%s%f",&s1.rno,&s1.name,&s1.avg);
s2=s1;
printf("\nSTUDENT DETAILS\n");
printf("Student roll number=%d\n",s1.rno);
printf("Student name=%s\n",s1.name);
printf("Student average=%f\n",s1.avg);
printf("Student roll number=%d\n",s2.rno);
printf("Student name=%s\n",s2.name);
printf("Student average=%f",s2.avg);
}

WEEK-11
11.1 Function to calculate NCR value
nCr = n! /((n-r)!r!)
#include <stdio.h>

int fact(int z);

void main()
{
int n, r, ncr;
 printf("\n Enter the value for N and R \n");
scanf("%d%d", &n, &r);
ncr = fact(n) / (fact(r) * fact(n - r));
printf("\n The value of ncr is: %d", ncr);
}

int fact(int z)
{
int f = 1, i;
if (z == 0)
{
return(f);
}
else
{
for (i = 1; i <= z; i++)
{
f = f * i;
}
}
return(f);
}

11.2 Write a C function to find the length of a string.

#include<stdio.h>
int len( char s[])
{
return strlen(s);
}
void main()
{
char s[20],length;
puts("Enter string");
//fflush(stdin);gets(s);
scanf("%s",s);
length=len(s);
printf("Given string length is %d",length);
}
11.3 Write a C function to transpose of a matrix.
#include <stdio.h>

void transpose(int arr[][3], int transposed[][3]) {

int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
transposed[i][j] = arr[j][i];
}
}
}

int main() {
int arr[3][3],i, j; ;
printf("Enter elements into array\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i][j]);
}
}
int transposed[3][3];

transpose(arr, transposed);

printf("Original Array:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

printf("\nTransposed Array:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
 printf("%d ", transposed[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}
11.4 Function to demonstrate numerical integration of differential
equations using Euler’s method
#include<stdio.h>
#define f(x,y) x+y

int main()
{
float x0, y0, xn, h, yn, slope;
int i, n;
printf("Enter Initial Condition\n");
printf("x0 = ");
scanf("%f", &x0);
printf("y0 = ");
scanf("%f", &y0);
printf("Enter calculation point xn = ");
scanf("%f", &xn);
printf("Enter number of steps: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

/* Calculating step size (h) */

h = (xn-x0)/n;

/* Euler's Method */
printf("\nx0\ty0\tslope\tyn\n");
printf("------------------------------\n");
for(i=0; i < n; i++)
{
slope = f(x0, y0);
yn = y0 + h * slope;
printf("%.4f\t%.4f\t%0.4f\t%.4f\n",x0,y0,slope,yn);
 y0 = yn;
x0 = x0+h;
}

/* Displaying result */
printf("\nValue of y at x = %0.2f is %0.3f",xn, yn);
return 0;
}
WEEK-12
12.1Write a recursive function to generate Fibonacci series.
#include<stdio.h>
int fibanocci(int n)
{
if(n==0)
{
return 0;
}
else if(n==1)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
return fibanocci(n-1)+fibanocci(n-2);
}
}
void main()
{
int n,i;
printf("Enter number of terms in fibanocci");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%5d",fibanocci(i));
}
}
12.2 Write a recursive function to find the lcm of two numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
int findlcm(int a,int b)
{
int max;
max=(a>b)?a:b;
while(max%a!=0 || max%b!=0)
{
max++;
}
return max;
}
void main()
{
int a,b,lcm;
printf("Enter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
lcm=findlcm(a,b);
printf("Lcm of two numbers is %d",lcm);
}
12.3 Write a recursive function to find the factorial of a number.
#include<stdio.h>
int factorial(int n)
{
if(n==1||n==0)
return 1;
else
return n*factorial(n-1);
}
void main()
{
int n,fact;
printf("Enter any positive number");
scanf("%d",&n);
fact=factorial(n);
printf("Factorial of a given number is %d",fact);
}
12.4. Ackermann function using recursion
#include<stdio.h>
int A(int m, int n);

main()
{
int m,n;
printf("Enter two numbers :: \n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nOUTPUT :: %d\n",A(m,n));
}

int A(int m, int n)

{
if(m==0)
return n+1;
else if(n==0)
return A(m-1,1);
else
return A(m-1,A(m,n-1));
}
12.5 Write a recursive function to find the sum of series.
#include<stdio.h>
float sumofseries(int n)
{
if(n==1)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
return (float)1/n + sumofseries(n-1);
}
}
void main()
{
int n,i;
float sum=0;
 printf("Enter nuber of terms in series");
scanf("%d",&n);
sum=sumofseries(n);
printf("The sum of series is=%f",sum);
}

WEEK-13
13.1Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.
#include<stdio.h>
void swap(int *x,int *y)
{
int temp;
temp=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temp;
}
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf("Enter values for a and b");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("a=%d b=%d",a,b);
}
13.2Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using a C program.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main() {
// 4 bytes of int memory block (64bit compiler)
// allocated using malloc() during runtime
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); // normal pointer
*ptr = 10;
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
// memory block deallocated using free() function
free(ptr);
// here ptr acts as a dangling pointer
printf("%d", *ptr);
 // prints garbage value in the output console
}
13.3Write a C program to copy one string into another using pointer.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main() {
char str1[100],*p,str2[100],index=0;
p=str1;
printf("Enter a string1: ");
scanf("%s",str1);
while(*p!='\0')
{
str2[index]=*p;
index++;
p++;
}
str2[index]='\0';
printf("String2=%s",str2);
}
13.4Write a C program to find no of lowercase, uppercase, digits and other
characters using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main() {
char str[100],*p;
int caps=0, smalls=0, digits=0, specials=0;
p=str;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
while(*p!='\0')
{
if(*p>='A'&& *p<='Z')
{
caps++;
}
else if(*p>='a'&& *p<='z')
{
 smalls++;
}
else if(*p>='0'&& *p<='9')
{
digits++;
}
else {
specials++;
}
p++;
}
printf("Number of capital letters: %d\n", caps);
printf("Number of small letters: %d\n", smalls);
printf("Number of digits: %d\n", digits);
printf("Number of special characters: %d\n", specials);
}

WEEK-14
14.a Write a program to write and read text into a file.
#include< stdio.h >
int main()
{

FILE *fp; /* file pointer*/

char fName[20];

printf("\nEnter file name to create :");

scanf("%s",fName);

/*creating (open) a file*/

fp=fopen(fName,"w");
/*check file created or not*/
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File does not created!!!");
exit(0); /*exit from program*/
}

printf("File created successfully.");

/*writting into file*/
 putc('A',fp);
putc('B',fp);
putc('C',fp);

printf("\nData written successfully.");

fclose(fp);

/*again open file to read data*/

fp=fopen(fName,"r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\nCan't open file!!!");
exit(0);
}

printf("Contents of file is :\n");

printf("%c",getc(fp));
printf("%c",getc(fp));
printf("%c",getc(fp));

fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
14.b Write a C program to write and read text into binary file using fread()
and fwrite()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define LEN 50
#define N_STUD 2

typedef struct stud{

char name[LEN+1];
unsigned int id;
float average;
}stud_t;

int main() {
FILE *fp;
stud_t student[N_STUD];
int i;
 char row[LEN+1];
unsigned int n_stud;

strcpy(student[0].name, "Steven");
student[0].id = 120000;
student[0].average = 25.5;

strcpy(student[1].name, "Julia");
student[1].id = 120001;
student[1].average = 28.5;

fp = fopen("out.bin", "w"); /* Open the file for writing */

if (fp == NULL){
printf("Error: file out.bin cannot be opened\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Write in binary all the data contained in the structure */

fwrite(student, sizeof(stud_t), N_STUD, fp);

fclose(fp); /* Close the file */

fp = fopen("out.bin", "r"); /* Open the file for reading */

if (fp == NULL){
printf("Error: file out.bin cannot be opened\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Read the file */

n_stud = 0;
while( fread(&student[n_stud], sizeof(stud_t), 1, fp) == 1 ) {
n_stud++;
}

fclose(fp); /* Close the file */

/* Print the read records */

for (i=0; i<n_stud; i++) {
printf("%s %d %f\n", student[i].name, student[i].id, student[i].average);
}
return 0;
}
14.c Copy the contents of one file to another
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fptr1, *fptr2;
char ch, fname1[20], fname2[20];
printf("\n\n Copy a file in another name :\n");
printf("----------------------------------\n");
printf(" Input the source file name : ");
scanf("%s",fname1);
fptr1=fopen(fname1, "r");
if(fptr1==NULL)
{
printf(" File does not found or error in opening.!!");
exit(1);
}
printf(" Input the new file name : ");
scanf("%s",fname2);
fptr2=fopen(fname2, "w");
if(fptr2==NULL)
{
printf(" File does not found or error in opening.!!");
fclose(fptr1);
exit(2);
}
while(1)
{
ch=fgetc(fptr1);
if(ch==EOF)
{
break;
}
else
{
fputc(ch, fptr2);
}
}
printf(" The file %s copied successfully in the file %s. \n\
n",fname1,fname2);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
getchar();}
14.d. Write a program to merge two files into the third file
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void main()
{
FILE *fold1, *fold2, *fnew;
char ch, fname1[20], fname2[20], fname3[30];

printf("\n\n Merge two files and write it in a new file :\n");

printf("-------------------------------------------------\n");

printf(" Input the 1st file name : ");

scanf("%s",fname1);
printf(" Input the 2nd file name : ");
scanf("%s",fname2);
printf(" Input the new file name where to merge the above two files : ");
scanf("%s",fname3);
fold1=fopen(fname1, "r");
fold2=fopen(fname2, "r");
if(fold1==NULL || fold2==NULL)
{
// perror("Error Message ");
printf(" File does not exist or error in opening...!!\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
fnew=fopen(fname3, "w");
if(fnew==NULL)
{
// perror("Error Message ");
printf(" File does not exist or error in opening...!!\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while((ch=fgetc(fold1))!=EOF)
{
fputc(ch, fnew);
}
while((ch=fgetc(fold2))!=EOF)
{
fputc(ch, fnew);
}
printf(" The two files merged into %s file successfully..!!\n\n", fname3);
fclose(fold1);
fclose(fold2);
 fclose(fnew);
}
14.e. Find no. of lines, words and characters in a file
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fptr;
char ch;
int wrd=1,charctr=1;
char fname[20];
printf("\n\n Count the number of words and characters in a file :\n");
printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf(" Input the filename to be opened : ");
scanf("%s",fname);

fptr=fopen(fname,"r");
if(fptr==NULL)
{
printf(" File does not exist or can not be opened.");
}
else
{
ch=fgetc(fptr);
printf(" The content of the file %s are : ",fname);
while(ch!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",ch);
if(ch==' '||ch=='\n')
{
wrd++;
}
else
{
charctr++;
}
ch=fgetc(fptr);
}
printf("\n The number of words in the file %s are : %d\n",fname,wrd-2);
printf(" The number of characters in the file %s are : %d\n\
n",fname,charctr-1);
}
fclose(fptr);
}
14.f Write a program to print last n characters of a given file
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
char ch;
// Read last num characters from end
int number = 10;
long length;
fp = fopen("file1.txt", "r");
if (fp == NULL) {
puts("cannot open this file");
exit(1);
}
fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
length = ftell(fp);
fseek(fp, (length - number), SEEK_SET);
do {
ch = fgetc(fp);
putchar(ch);
} while (ch != EOF);
fclose(fp);
return(0);}