ELECTRONICS

IIS-2024

Basics of Electricity.
 Historical Profiles
Electronics
Alessandro Volta Andre-Marie Ampere Georg Simon Ohm Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

(1745–1827), an (1745–1827), a French a German physicist, in a German physicist,

Italian physicist, mathematician and 1826 experimentally stated two basic laws
invented the physicist, laid the determined the most in 1847 concerning the
electric battery— foundation of basic law relating relationship between the
which provided electrodynamics. He voltage and current currents and voltages in
the first continuous defined the electric for a resistor. Ohm’s an electrical network.
flow of current and work was initially Kirchhoff’s laws, along
electricity—and developed a way to denied by critics. with Ohm’s law, form the
the capacitor. [V] measure it1820s [A]. [Ohm] basis of circuit theory.

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 Atom: The Starting Point

After the gold foil

experiment (Rutherford),
Last time we some conclusions were
mentioned one of taken.
the most famous 1. There is a heavy mass
models of an in the center that
atom 1897. In deflect the particles.
which the particles 2. There are rounding
were considered particles that affects
to be little amount the direction of the
of mass with a emitted particles
charge.

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 Atom: The Starting Point

The most updated

model is known as
Even if the Bohr’s quantum mechanical
atomic model is not fully model, in which the
describing, is still electrons are described
accepted in the in terms of probabilities
cientific community due and probability waves
to its simplicity. where the electron is
described as electronic
cloud.

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 Particles

Now, we have seen that all matter is composed by (at least) those three particles, neutrons, electrons and
protons. Let us see some intriguing characteristics of them.

Electron: The minimum Proton: The minimum amount Neutron: The minimum amount
amount of negatively of positively charge is known as of neutral charge is known as
charge is known as electron. Rutherford in 1911 neutron. Chadwick in 1932
electron. Thomson in 1897 measured with better precision measured with better precision
measured by first time the the mass of proton. the mass of proton.
mass of the electron. 𝑚𝑝 = 1,672 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑝 = 1,675 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑒 = 9,1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔

First calculation: How many electrons can represent 1 proton?

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 Basic Electricity

Some definitions for electric

circuit:
- An electric circuit is an
In electrical engineering, is interconnection of
indispensable to look for electrical elements.
transferring energy from - An electric circuit is a
one point to another. closed pathway or loop
through which electric
To do this requires an current flows. It consists of
interconnection of various electrical
electrical devices. Such components, such as
interconnection is referred resistors, capacitors,
to as an electric circuit, and inductors, switches, and
each component of the power sources like
circuit is known as an batteries or generators,
element.
connected by
conductive wires.

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 Basic Electricity

Each electric component can be represented in symbols or labels as follows:

Vs.

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 Charge and Current
The concept of electric charge is the Flow of charges
underlying principle for explaining all Considerations in electric
electrical phenomena. charge.

Charge is an electrical
property of the atomic The coulomb is a large unit
particles of which matter for charges.
consists, measured in In 1 C of charge, there
coulombs (C). Are
#𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝑪
𝟏𝑪
All matter is made of =
fundamental building 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪/𝒆
blocks known as atoms and = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒆/𝒑
that each atom consists of When a conducting wire is
electrons, protons, and The law of conservation of connected to a battery, the
neutrons. (extreme conditions: charge states that charge charges are compelled to
neutrinos, mesons, kaons) can neither be created nor move; positive charges
destroyed, only transferred. move in one direction while
The symbol of charge is “q” Thus the algebraic
and the value of proton negative charges move in
sum of the electric charges the opposite direction.
and electron´s charge is in a system does not
𝑞 = ±1.602 × 10 −19 𝐶 change.
What is the reason why an Convention: Direction of current is the
atom is neutrally charged? same as positive charges. (Note)

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 Introduction
Electric current is the flow of charges over time and it is measured in
Amperes [A]. The way that current
was defined in first
Mathematically: equation suggest that it
The relation between charge q, time t, and current i is: can be constant or not
depending on the
𝑑𝑞 charge. If it is constant
𝑖= over time is like the
𝑑𝑡 figure (a). Whereas if it
So that: varies over time is like
1 Ampere = 1 Coulumb /s (b).
Consider a range of time from t0 to t.
2 definitions:
Then, 1. A direct current
(DC) is a current
𝑡 that remains
𝑞 = න 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 constant with time
𝑡0 (batteries).
Is the charge transferred in an specific amount of time.
2. An alternating
current (AC) is a
current that varyes
sinusoidal with time
(AC circuits).

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 Introduction
Examples:

1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

2. Amount of charge represented by two million

protons.

3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by

q = 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s

4. Determine the total charge entering a terminal

between t = 1 s and t = 2 s if the current passing the
terminal is i = (3t 2 − t) A.

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 Introduction
To move the electron in a Considerations in voltage. Voltage across a and b
conductor in a particular
direction requires some
work or energy transfer.
Voltage (or potential
This work is performed by an difference) is the energy
external electromotive required to move a unit
force (emf) or potential charge through an element,
difference , typically measured in volts (V).
represented by the battery.
𝒅𝒘 The plus (+) and minus
The voltage v_(ab)
𝒗𝒂𝒃 =
𝒅𝒒 (−) signs are used to define
between two points a and reference direction or
b in an electric circuit is the voltage polarity. 𝑉𝐴𝑏 = −𝑉𝐵𝐴
energy (or work) needed to There is a 9-V voltage
move a unit charge from a drop from a to b or
to b. equivalently a 9-V voltage
rise from b to a.

The plus (+) and minus

(−) signs are used to define reference direction or voltage polarity. 𝑉𝐴𝑏 =
− 𝑉𝐵𝐴 -> CAPITAL V (DC Voltage) and lower v(AC voltage)

Make Current and Voltage: River analogy

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 Introduction
Ohm´s Law
• Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting the flow of electric charge.
This physical property, or ability to resist current, is known as resistance and is represented by
the symbol R.

• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.

• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow

of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).

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Ohm’s Law

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 Ohm’s Law
• Since the value of R can range from zero to infinity, it is important that we consider the two
extreme possible values of R. An element with R = 0 is called a short circuit. In the other case
if the resistance is infinity, the circuit is an open circuit.
Approximately
Excessive Current: A short-circuit provides a low-
resistance path for electrical current to flow.
Example: you have a short circuit with a
Short resistance of 0.01 ohms and you apply a voltage
circuit of 1 volt across it, the resulting current would be
100 amperes (I = V/R = 1V / 0.01Ω = 100A). This
high current can generate significant heat, pose
safety risks, and potentially damage electronic
components and wiring.
Approximately
Open Circuit in an Intentional Switch: In many
cases, an open circuit is intentionally created
using switches or disconnects.
Unintended Open Circuit or Fault: An
Open unintended open circuit can occur due to a
circuit wiring fault, a broken connection, or a
damaged component. In such cases, it's
typically undesirable and can result in the failure
of the circuit or the malfunction of electronic
devices.

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 Final-Project
Proteus, Protoboard, Resistances, Multimeter, etc.

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 Conductance
• The conductance is a measure of how well an element will conduct electric current. The
unit of conductance is the mho (ohm spelled backward) or reciprocal ohm, the unit is
siemens (S), the SI unit of conductance

Examples:

1. An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find its resistance

2. The essential component of a toaster is an electrical
element (a resistor) that converts electrical energy to
heat energy. How much current is drawn by a toaster
with resistance 12 (Ohm) at 110 V?
3. Calculate the current i, the conductance G, and the
power p.

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 Software for Labs
• During the Laboratory sessions we will use the software called LTSPICE, is free software and
you can download it here (or Proteus):
• https://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators/ltspice-
simulator.html

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¡GRACIAS!