ACCUGEO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING

CENTER
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ASTM C702 – STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO

TESTING SIZE

Apparatus:
1. Sample Splitter
a. For coarse aggregates and mixed aggregates
- Not less than 8 chutes
- Min. width of individual chutes to be approximately 50% larger than the largest
particles in the sample to be split.
b. For fine aggregates (dry sample, passing 9.5-mm (3/8 in.) sieve)
- Not less than 12 chutes
- Chutes 12.5 to 20-mm wide shall be used.

Selection of Method:
1. For Coarse Aggregates and Mixtures of Coarse and Fine Aggregates
- Reduce the sample using a mechanical splitter with Method A (preferred method) or
by quartering, Method B.
- The miniature stockpile Method C is not permitted for coarse aggregates or mixture
of coarse aggregates.
2. For Fine Aggregates
- Samples drier than Saturated-Surface-Dry (SSD) use mechanical splitter in
accordance with Method A. (the method of determining the saturated-surface-dry
condition is described in Test Method C128. As a quick approximation, if the fine
aggregate will retain its shape when molded in the hand, it may be considered to be
wetter than saturated-surface-dry.)
- Moist material (wetter than saturated-surface-dry) reduce sample by quartering
Method B, or by treating as a miniature stockpile as described in Method C.

Sampling:

1. Obtain samples of aggregate in the field in accordance with practice D75, or as

required by individual test methods.

Procedure:

Method A
1. Distribute sample uniformly into feeder pan from edge to edge.
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ASTM C117 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MATERIALS FINER THAN SIEVE NO. 200
IN MINERAL AGGREGATES BY WASHING (WASH TEST)

Apparatus:
1. Balance 6. Sieve No. 200
2. Oven 7. Washing Container
3. Spoon 8. Sample Splitter
4. Sieve No. 8 9. Wetting Agent
5. Sieve No. 16

Procedure:
1. Mix sample thoroughly, then reduced according to ASTM 702 to an amount specified
below:

Nominal Max. Size Minimum Mass (gm)

4.75 mm or < 300
> than 4.75 mm to 9.5 mm 1000
> than 9.5 mm to 19.0 mm 2500
> than 19.0 mm 5000

2. Dry test sample to constant mass and determine the mass to the nearest 0.1%.
3. Place sample in a container.
4. Cover sample with water.
5. Agitate sample to separate fine particles from coarse particles. Bring fines into
suspension.
6. Immediately pour wash water over nested sieves.
7. Avoid transfer of coarse particles.
8. Repeat steps 3 through 6 until wash water is clear.
9. Return all particles retained on sieves to washed sample by flushing.
10.Dry the washed aggregate to constant mass and determine the mass to the nearest
0.1%.
11.Calculate the amount of material passing no. 200 sieve.
12.Report all results to nearest 0.1% if less than 10%. Report results to nearest 1.0% if
10% or more.

Calculation:
Calculate the amount of materials passing the no. 200 (75µm) sieve.

A= ( B−C
B )
×100

Where: A = % of materials finer than no. 200 (75µm) sieve by washing

B = original dry mass of sample
C = dry mass of sample after washing
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ASTM C136 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance 6. Mortar and Pestle
2. Oven 7. Set of Sieve Pans
3. Spoon 8. Large Pans (for drying and
4. Bronze Brush handling sample)
5. Paint Brush 9. Mechanical Shaker (optional)

Sampling:
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75. Where no specification,
sample 4 times minimum mas given.
2. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to amount suitable for testing using the
applicable procedures described in Practice C702.
3. For Fine Aggregates – the size of the test sample, after drying, shall be 300 g
minimum.
For Coarse Aggregates – the size of the test sample shall conform with the
following:

Nominal Maximum Size, Test Sample Size,

Square Openings, mm (in.) Min. kg (lb)
9.5 (¾) 1 (2)
12.5 (½) 2 (4)
19.0 (¾) 5 (11)
25.0 (1) 10 (22)
37.5 (1 ½) 15 (33)
50 (2) 20 (44)
63 (2 ½) 35 (77)
75 (3) 60 (130)
90 (3 ½) 100 (220)
100 (4) 150 (330)
125 (5) 300 (660)

For Coarse and Fine Aggregates Mixtures – the size of the test sample of
coarse and fine aggregate mixtures shall be the same as for coarse aggregates.

Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant mass.
2. Nest appropriate sieves in order of decreasing size.
3. Place sample on top sieve.
4. Agitate sieves by hand or mechanical methods.
5. Do not overload any individual sieve – use guard sieves or test sample in
increments.
6. For mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, the number 4 sieve material may be
sieved in increments or a properly split smaller sample may be sieved.
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7. Sieve until not more than 1% by mass of retained particles pass a given sieve with 1
minute of agitation. Typically, 7 to 10 minutes.
8. Determine the mass of material retained on each sieve to nearest 0.1%.
9. Total the mass of all individual increments and check that it is within 0.3% of the
mass of the original sample.
10.Calculate percentages passing for each sieve to the nearest 0.1% on the basis of the
total mass of the initial dry sample.
11.Calculate fineness modulus and report to the nearest 0.01.
12.Report all results to the nearest 1%. If percentage passing the number 200 sieve is
less than 10% report to the nearest 0.1%.

Calculation:
1. Calculate % passing, total % retained, or % in various size fractions to the nearest
0.1% on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample.
2. Calculate fineness modulus if required.
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ASTM C29 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BULK DENSITY (UNIT WEIGHT) AND
VOIDS IN AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Tamping Rod
3. Cylindrical Metal Measure
4. Scoop or shovel
5. Calibration Equipment (Straight-edge)

Sampling:
1. Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75 and reduce test sample in size in
accordance with Practice C702.
2. The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to 200% of the quantity required
to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation.
3. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass.

Calibration of measure:
1. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate
glass.
2. Determine the mass of the water in the measure.
3. Measure the temperature of the water and determine its density.
4. Calculate the volume, calculate the factor for the measure by dividing the density of
the water
by the mass required to fill the measure.

Procedure:
Rodding Procedure:
1. Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers.
2. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed
over the
surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.
4. Fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned.
5. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge.
6. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure
alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.

Jigging Procedure:
1. Same as Rodding Procedure except that here in jiggling procedure, each layer is
compacted by
placing the measure on a firm base, raising the opposite sides alternately about [50
mm]
allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow.
2. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times in the manner described, 25
times on
each side.
3. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge
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4. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure
alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.

Shoveling Procedure:
1. Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop from a height not to
exceed 2 in.
[50 mm] above the top of the measure.
2. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge.
3. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure
alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.

Calculation:
G−T
M=
V
Or

M =( G−T ) x F

Where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, (kg/m³)
G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, (kg)
T = mass of the measure, (kg)
V = volume of the measure, (m³)
F = factor for measure, (mˉ³)
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ASTM C127 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Oven
3. Suspended Apparatus
4. Water Tank
5. Thermometer
6. Wire Basket (No. 6 Wire Mesh)
7. Sieve No. 4
8. Absorbent Towels

Sampling:
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75.
2. Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity
needed
using the applicable procedures in Methods C 702.
3. Reject all material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve by dry sieving and thoroughly
washing.

Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight
2. Cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (1 ½ in.)
nominal
maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a
temperature that is
comfortable to handle.
3. Subsequently immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of
24 hours.
4. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all
visible films
of water are removed.
5. Weigh the test sample in the saturated surface-dry condition.
6. After weighing, immediately place the saturated surface-dry test sample in the
sample container
and determine its weight in water at 23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3°F).
7. Dry the test sample to constant weight.
8. Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to a
temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C), and weigh.

Calculations:
A
Bulk Specific Gravity=
B−C
B
Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry)=
B−C
A
Apparent Specific Gravity=
A−C
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Where:
A = weight of oven-dry test sample in air, g
B = weight of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) test sample in air, g
C = weight of saturated test sample in water, g

ASTM C128 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
OF FINE AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance 7. Metal Mould (in the form of a
2. Oven frustum of a cone, for
3. Large Pans determining SSD through slump)
4. Spoon 8. Metal Tamper
5. Pycnometer 9. Sieve No. 4
6. Glass Cover Plate 10.Temperature-controlled Water
Bath (optional)
11.Small Fan (optional)

Sampling:
1. Sampling shall be accomplished in general accordance with Practice D 75.
2. Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate from the sample using the
applicable
procedures described in Practice C 702.
3. Dry the test specimen in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight.
4. Allow it to cool to comfortable handling temperature, cover with water, either by
immersion or
by the addition of at least 6 % moisture to the fine aggregate, and permit to stand
for 24 ± 4 h.
5. Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines.
6. Spread the sample on a flat nonabsorbent surface exposed to a gently moving
current of warm
air and stir frequently to secure homogeneous drying.
- Cone Test for Surface Moisture (to determine whether or not surface moisture is
present on
the constituent fine aggregate particles).

Procedure:
1. Make and record all weight determinations to 0.1 g.
2. Partially fill the pycnometer with water.
3. Immediately introduce into the pycnometer 500 ± 10 g of saturated surface-dry fine
aggregate
prepared.
4. Fill with additional water to approximately 90 % of capacity.
5. Manually roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer, or mechanically agitate the
pycnometer, to
eliminate all air bubbles.
6. Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and water.
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7. Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to constant weight at a
temperature of
110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F), cool in air at room temperature for 1 ± 1⁄2 h, and weigh.
8. Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity with water
at 23 °C.

Calculations:
A
Bulk Specific Gravity=
B+ S−C
S
Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated Surface Dry)=
B+S−C
A
Apparent Specific Gravity=
A +B−C

Where:
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, g
B = weight of pycnometer filled with water, g
S = weight of the saturated-surface-dry specimen, g
C = weight of the pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration mark, g
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CENTER
175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
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ASTM D4318 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT AND
PLASTICITY INDEX DETERMINATION

Apparatus:
1. Balance 7. Grooving Tool
2. Oven 8. Graduated Cylinders (for
3. Mixing Dish measuring distilled or
4. Spatula demineralized water)
5. Moisture Cans 9. Plastic Limit Rolling device
6. Liquid Limit Device 10.Glass Plate

Sampling:
1. Samples may be taken from any location that satisfies testing needs. However,
Practices C 702,
D 75, and D 420 should be used as guides for selecting and preserving samples
from various
types of sampling operations.
2. Obtain a representative portion from the total sample sufficient to provide 150 to
200 g of
material passing the 425-µm (No. 40) sieve.
3. Dry the specimen at room temperature or in an oven at a temperature not
exceeding 60°C until
the soil clods will pulverize readily.
4. Pulverize the material in a mortar with a rubber tipped pestle or in some other way
that does not cause breakdown of individual particles.
5. Separate the material on a 425-µm (No. 40) sieve, shaking the sieve by hand to
assure thorough separation of the finer fraction.

Procedure:
Liquid Limit
MULTI-POINT LIQUID LIMIT – Method A
1. Thoroughly remix the specimen (soil) in its mixing cup, and, if necessary, adjust its
water
content until the constancy requires about 25 to 35 blows of the liquid limit device
to close the groove.
2. Using a spatula, place a portion(s) of the prepared soil in the cup of the liquid limit
device at the point where the cup rests on the base
3. Squeeze it down and spread it into the cup to a depth of about 10 mm at its deepest
point, tapering to form an approximately horizontal surface.
4. Form a groove in the soil pat by drawing the tool, beveled edge forward, through
the soil on a line joining the highest point to the lowest point on the rim of the cup.
5. Verify that no crumbs of soil are present on the base or the underside of the cup.
6. Lift and drop the cup by turning the crank at a rate of 1.9 to 2.1 drops per second
until the two halves of the soil pat come in contact at the bottom of the groove
along a distance of 13 mm (1⁄2 in.).
7. Record the number of drops required to close the groove.
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8. Remove a slice of soil approximately the width of the spatula, extending from edge
to edge of the soil cake at right angles to the groove and including that portion of
the groove in which the soil flowed together.
9. Place in a container of known mass, and cover.
10.In preparation for the next trial. Remix the entire soil specimen in the dish adding
distilled water to increase the water content of the soil and decrease the number of
blows required to close the groove.
11.Repeat the above procedures for at least two additional trials producing
successively lower numbers of blows to close the groove.
12.One of the trials shall be for a closure requiring 25 to 35 blows, one for closure
between 20 and 30 blows, and one trial for a closure requiring 15 to 25 blows.
13.Determine the water content of the soil specimen from each trial.
ONE-POINT LIQUID LIMIT METHOD B
14.Proceed as described above except that the number of blows required to close the
groove shall be 20 to 30.

Plastic Limit:
1. Select a 20-g or more portion of soil from the material prepared for the liquid limit
test. Reduce the water content of the soil to a consistency at which it can be rolled
without sticking to the hands by spreading or mixing continuously on the glass plate
or in the mixing/storage dish.
a. From this plastic-limit specimen, select a 1.5 to 2.0 g portion
b. Form the selected portion into an ellipsoidal mass.
c. Roll the soil mass by Hand Method or Rolling Device Method.
d. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm, break the thread into
several pieces.
e. Squeeze the pieces together, knead between the thumb and first finger of
each hand, reform into an ellipsoidal mass, and re-roll.
f. Continue this alternate rolling to a thread 3.2 mm in diameter until the thread
crumbles
under the pressure required for rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled
into a 3.2-mm diameter thread.
g. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place in a container
of known mass. Immediately cover the container.
h. Select another 1.5 to 2.0-g portion of soil from the plastic–limit specimen and
repeat the
operations until the container has at least 6 g of soil.
i. Repeat the procedure to create another sample with 6 g specimen.

Calculations:
For Liquid Limit:
1. Multi-point Liquid Limit:
a. Plot the relationship between the water content and the corresponding number
of drops of the cup on a semilogarithmic graph with the water content as
ordinates on the arithmetical scale, and the number of drops as abscissas on a
logarithmic scale. Draw the best straight line through the three or more plotted
points.
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b. Take the water content corresponding to the intersection of the line with the 25-
drop abscissa as the liquid limit of the soil and round-off to the nearest whole
number.

2. One-point Liquid Limit:

n n
¿ =W ¿
or
n n
¿ =k (W )

Where:

¿ = one-point liquid limit for given trial, %

n

N = number of blows causing closure of the groove for given trial,

n
W = water content for given trial, %
k = factor given in table 1

Table 1. Factors for Obtaining Liquid Limit from Water Content

and Number of Drops Causing Closure of Groove

N k
(number of drops) (factor for Liquid Limit)
20 0.973
21 0.979
22 0.985
23 0.990
24 0.995
25 1.000
26 1.005
27 1.009
28 1.014
29 1.018
30 1.022
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ASTM C131 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION BY

ABRASION AND IMPACT IN THE LOS ANGELES MACHINE

Apparatus:
1. Los Angeles Machine
2. Sieves
3. Balance
4. Charge (steel spheres)

Grading Number of Mass of

Spheres Charge, g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

Grading of Test Samples

Sieve Size (Square Openings) Mass of Indicated Sizes, g
Grading
Passing Retained on A B C D
37.5 mm (1 ½ 25.0 mm (1 in.) 1250 ± 25 - - -
in.)
25.0 mm (1 in.) 19.0 mm (¾ in.) 1250 ± 25 - - -
19.0 mm (¾ in.) 12.5 mm (½ in.) 1250 ± 10 2500± 10 - -
12.5 mm (½ in.) 9.5 mm (⅜ in.) 1250 ± 10 2500± 10 - -
9.5 mm (⅜ in.) 6.3 mm (¼ in.) - - 2500± 10 -
6.3 mm (¼ in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) - - 2500± 10 -

4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) - - - 5000 ± 10

Total 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10

Grading of Test Samples

Sieve Size, mm (in.) (Square Openings) Mass of Indicated Sizes, g
Grading
Passing Retained on 1 2 3
75 (3) 63 (2 ½) 2500± 50 - -
63 (2 ½) 50 (2) 2500± 50 - -
50 (2) 37.5 (1 ½) 5000± 50 5000± 50 -
37.5 (1 ½) 25.0 (1) - 5000± 25 5000± 25
25.0 (1) 19.0 (¾) - - 5000± 25
Total 10000 ± 100 10000 ± 75 10000 ± 75

Sampling:
1. Obtain the field sample in accordance with Practice D 75.
2. Reduce the field sample to adequate sample size in accordance with Practice C 702.
3. Wash and oven dry the reduced sample to substantially constant mass
4. Separate into individual size fractions.
5. Recombine to the grading of the table above most nearly corresponding to the
range of sizes in the aggregate as furnished for the work.
6. Record the mass of the sample prior to test to the nearest 1 g.
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Procedure:
1. Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles testing machine.
2. Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 r/min for 500 revolutions. (1000
Revolutions for large-size aggregate).
Note:
For Small-size Aggregates; Refer to the table for the no. of spheres to be placed
corresponding to the grading used.
For Large-size Aggregates; The charge shall consist of 12 steel spheres and having a
total mass of 5000 plus or minus 25 g.
3. After the prescribed number of revolutions, discharge the material from the
machine and make a preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser than
the 1.70-mm (No. 12).
4. Sieve the finer portion on a 1.70-mm sieve.
5. Wash the material coarser than the 1.70-mm sieve and oven-dry to substantially
constant mass.
6. Determine the mass to the nearest 1 g.

Calculation:
1. Calculate the loss (difference between the original mass and the final mass of the
test sample) as a percentage of the original mass of the test sample. Report this
value as the percent loss.
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ASTM D698 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LABORATORY COMPACTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL USING STANDARD EFFORT (12,400 ft-lbf/ft³ | 600 kN-
m/m³)

Apparatus:
1. Mold Assembly 5. Oven
2. Rammer 6. Straight Edge
3. Sample Extruder (optional) 7. Sieves – 2 inch, ¾ inch, and No. 4
4. Balance 8. Mixing Tools

Procedure:
METHOD A
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lbs.) or more of the sample
remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the
natural size of individual particles.
4. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when
the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen
it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture
content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform
thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping
free from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-
type rammer is used, or from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of
compacted soil when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used.
10.Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold
assembly in three approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform,
rigid, and stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the
compaction process
11.Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold
by means of the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and
moist soil. Calculate the wet density.
12.Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically
through the center.
13.Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh
immediately. Determine the moisture content.
14.Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass
through a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion
of the sample being tested.
15.Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2
percentage points.
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Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy
clay soils or organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the
water content increments may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16.Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17.When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit
mass of
the compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a minimum
of two
determinations over optimum moisture.
Note: —In instances where the soil material is fragile in character and will reduce
significantly in grain size due to repeated compaction, and in cases where the soil is
a heavy-textured clayey material into which it is difficult to incorporate water, a
separate and new sample shall be used in each compaction test. In these cases,
separate samples shall be thoroughly mixed with amounts of water sufficient to
cause the moisture contents of the samples to vary by approximately two
percentage points. The moisture points selected shall bracket the optimum moisture
content, thus providing samples that, when compacted, will increase in mass to the
maximum density and then decrease in mass. The samples of soil-water mixtures
shall be placed in covered containers and allowed to stand for not less than 12
hours before making the moisture-density test.

Method B
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a
specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in
three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5
in.), each layer being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Method C
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the
19.0-mm [3/4-in.] sieve) particles are removed 5 kg (11 lbs.) or more of the sample
remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the
natural size of individual particles.
4. Sieve soil over the 19.0-mm (¾-in.) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when
the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4 inch)
sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen
it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture
content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform
thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping
free from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-
type rammer is used, or from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of
compacted soil when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used.
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10.Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold
assembly in three approximately equal layer.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform,
rigid, and stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the
compaction process
11.Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold
by means of the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and
moist soil. Calculate the wet density.
12.Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically
through the center.
13.Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh
immediately. Determine the moisture content.
14.Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass
through a 19.0-mm and 90 percent of the soil aggregations will pass a 4.75-mm
sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
15.Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2
percentage points.
Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy
clay soils or organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the
water content increments may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16.Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17.When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit
mass of the compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a
minimum of two determinations over optimum moisture.

Method D
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a
specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in
five approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5
in.), each layer being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Calculation:
1. Calculate Wet Density:
A−B
W 1=
V
Where:

W 1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

A = mass of the mold, base plate, and wet soil
B = mass of the mold, base plate
V = mold volume
2. Calculate Dry Density:

W1
W= x 100
w+100
Where:
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W = dry density, in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

W 1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

w = moisture content (percent) of the specimen
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ASTM D1557 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LABORATORY COMPACTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL USING MODIFIED EFFORT (56,000 ft-lbf/ft³) (2,700 kN-
m/m³)

Apparatus:
1. Mold Assembly 5. Oven
2. Rammer 6. Straight Edge
3. Sample Extruder (optional) 7. Sieves – 2 inch, ¾ inch and No. 4
4. Balance 8. Mixing Tool

Procedures:
Method A
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or more of the sample
remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the
natural size of individual particles.
4. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when
the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen
it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture
content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform
thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping
free from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-
type rammer is used, or from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of
compacted soil when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used.
10.Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold
assembly in five approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform,
rigid, and stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the
compaction process.
11.Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold
by means of the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and
moist soil. Calculate the wet density.
12.Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically
through the center.
13.Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh
immediately. Determine the moisture content.
14.Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass
through a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion
of the sample being tested.
15.Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2
percentage points.
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Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy
clay soils or organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the
water content increments may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16.Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17.When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit
mass of the compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a
minimum of two determinations over optimum moisture.
Note: — In instances where the soil material is fragile in character and will reduce
significantly in grain size due to repeated compaction, and in cases where the soil is
a heavy-textured clayey material into which it is difficult to incorporate water, a
separate and new sample shall be used in each compaction test. In these cases,
separate samples shall be thoroughly mixed with amounts of water sufficient to
cause the moisture contents of the samples to vary by approximately two
percentage points. The moisture points selected shall bracket the optimum moisture
content, thus providing samples that, when compacted, will increase in mass to the
maximum density and then decrease in mass. The samples of soil-water mixtures
shall be placed in covered containers and allowed to stand for not less than 12
hours before making the moisture-density test.

Method B
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following:
Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold
assembly in three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of
about 125 mm (5 in.), each layer being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed
blows from the rammer.

Method C
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the
19.0-mm [3/4-in.] sieve) particles are removed 5 kg (11 lb) or more of the sample
remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the
natural size of individual particles.
4. Sieve soil over the 19.0-mm (¾-in.) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when
the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4 inch)
sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen
it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture
content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform
thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping
free from a height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-
type rammer is used, or from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of
compacted soil when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used.
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10.Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold
assembly in five approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform,
rigid, and stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the
compaction process.
11.Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold
by means of the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and
moist soil. Calculate the wet density.
12.Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically
through the center.
13.Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh
immediately. Determine the moisture content.
14.Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass
through a 19.0-mm and 90 percent of the soil aggregations will pass a 4.75-mm
sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
15.Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2
percentage points.
Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy
clay soils or organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the
water content increments may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16.Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17.When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit
mass of the compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a
minimum of two determinations over optimum moisture.

Method D
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a
specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in
three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5
in.), each layer being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Calculation:
1. Calculate Wet Density:
A−B
W 1=
V
Where:
W 1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
A = mass of the mold, base plate, and wet soil
B = mass of the mold, base plate
V = mold volume
2. Calculate Dry Density:

W1
W= x 100
w+100
Where:
W = dry density, in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
W 1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
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w = moisture content (percent) of the specimen

ASTM D1883 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO) OF
LABORATORY-COMPACTED SOILS

Apparatus:
1. Molds 9. Drying Oven
2. Spacer disk 10.Moisture Content Containers
3. Rammer 11.Mixing Pan
4. Indicators 12.Spoons
5. Surcharge Weights 13.Straight Edge
6. Penetration Piston 14.Filter Paper
7. Loading Device 15.Balance
8. Soaking Tank

Sampling:
1. Prepare samples in accordance with the procedures given in T 99 and T 180 for
compaction in a 6-inch mold.
2. If all material passes a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve, the entire gradation shall be used
for preparing specimens for compaction without modification. If there is material
retained on the 19.0-mm sieve, the material retained on the 19.0-mm sieve shall be
removed and replaced by an equal amount of material passing the 19.0-mm sieve
and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve obtained by separation from portions of
the sample not otherwise used for testing.

Procedure:
1. Normally, three specimens must be compacted so that their compacted densities
range from 95 percent (or lower) to 100 percent (or higher) of the maximum dry
density with 10, 30 and 65 blows respectively.
2. Clamp the mold to the base plate, attach the extension collar and weigh to the
nearest 5 g (0.01 lbs.).
3. Insert the spacer disk into the mold and place a coarse filter paper on top of the
disk.
4. Before compaction, mix the sample with sufficient water to obtain the optimum
moisture state.
5. If MDD and OMC is determined by T 99, compact the specimen with 3 equal layers
with the appropriate number of blows; if T 180 is used, compact the specimen with
5 equal layers with the appropriate number of blows.
6. Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the beginning
and end of the compaction procedure.
7. Remove the extension collar. Using a straightedge, trim the compacted soil even
with the top of the mold. Remove the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper on the
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perforated base plate, invert the mold and compacted soil, and place on the filter
paper so the compacted soil is in contact with the filter paper.
8. Clamp the perforated base plate to the mold and attach the collar. Determine the
mass of the mold and specimen to the nearest 5 g (0.01 lbs.).
9. Compact the other two portions in accordance with the procedure written above
with the appropriate number of blows.

During Breaking/Penetration:
1. Place one annular weight on the specimen. Seat the penetration piston with a load
of no more than 44 N (10 lbs.).
2. Place the remainder of the surcharge weights around the piston. The total amount
of surcharge weight placed on the specimen shall be equal to the surcharge weight
used during soaking.
3. Set the penetration dial indicator and the load indicator to zero.
4. Apply the loads to the penetration piston so the rate of penetration is uniform at 1.3
mm (0.05 in.)/min.
5. Record the load when the penetration is 0.64, 1.30, 1.90, 2.50, 3.80, 5.10, and 7.60,
10.00 and 13.00 mm (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125, 0.150, 0.175, 0.200.0.300,
0.400 and 0.500 in.)
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ASTM D1556 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DENSITY AND UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL
IN PLACE BY SAND-CONE METHOD

Apparatus:
1. Sand-Cone Density Apparatus 8. Miscellaneous Equipment
2. Sand Container a. Chisel
3. Sand Cone b. Spoon
4. Base Plate c. Nails
5. Sand d. Containers
6. Balances or Scales e. Brush
7. Drying Equipment

Calibration Procedures:
1. Sand Cone Apparatus:
a. Fill the apparatus with sand. Determine the mass of the apparatus filled with
sand.
b. Place the base plate on a clean, level, plane surface.
c. Invert the container/apparatus and seat the funnel in the flanged center hole
in the base plate.
d. Open the valve fully until the sand flow stops, making sure the apparatus,
base plate, or plane surface are not jarred or vibrated before the valve is
closed.
e. Close the valve sharply, remove the apparatus and determine the mass of the
apparatus and remaining sand.
f. Calculate the mass of sand used to fill the funnel and base plate as the
difference between the initial and final mass.
2. Sand Density:
a. Fill the assembled apparatus with sand. The sand is to be dried and
conditioned to the same state anticipated during use.
b. Determine and record the mass of the calibration container when empty.
c. Invert and center the sand filled apparatus and base plate on the calibration
container.
d. Fully open the valve and allow the sand to fill the container. When the sand
flow stops, close the valve.
e. Determine the mass of the apparatus and remaining sand.
f. Calculate the net mass of sand in the calibration container by subtracting the
mass of sand contained in the cone and base plate and record.

Procedures:
1. Select a location/elevation that is representative of the area to be tested, and
determine the density of the soil in-place.
2. Fill the cone container with conditioned sand for which the bulk-density has been
determined and determine the total mass.
3. Seat the base plate on the plane surface.
4. Secure the plate against movement using nails pushed into the soil adjacent to the
edge of the plate.
5. Dig the test hole through the center hole in the base plate.
6. Place all excavated soil, and any soil loosened during digging, in a moisture tight
container that is marked to identify the test number.
7. Clean the flange of the base plate hole, invert the sand-cone apparatus.
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8. Open the valve and allow the sand to fill the hole, funnel, and base plate.
Note: Take care to avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus while the sand is running.
9. When the sand stops flowing, close the valve determine the mass of the apparatus
with the remaining sand, record, and calculate the mass of sand used.
10.Determine and record the mass of the moist soil material that was removed from
the test hole.
11.Mix the material thoroughly, and either obtain a representative specimen for water
content determination.
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ASTM C40 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

Apparatus:
1. Glass Bottles 4. Balance (0.01 g)
2. Color Chart 5. Stirring Rod
3. Reagent Sodium Hydroxide 6. 450 g of sample (passing 3/8")
Solution 7. Standard Color Solution

Note: Standard Color Solution (Potassium Dichromate – 0.250g)

(Sulfuric Acid – 100 mL)

Procedure:
1. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 130 mL level with the sample of the fine
aggregates.
2. Add the sodium hydroxide solution until the volume of the fine aggregate and liquid,
indicated after shaking, is approximately 200 mL.
3. Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and then allow to stand for 24 hours.
4. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 75 mL level with the fresh standard color
solution.
5. Determine the test sample and compare the color using color chart as follows:

Gardner Color Organic Plate

Standard No. No.
5 1
8 2
11 3 (standard)
14 4
16 5

Interpretation:
When a sample subjected to this procedure produces a color darker than standard
color, or
Organic Plate No.3 (Gardner Color Standard No. 11), the fine aggregate under test shall
be
considered to possibly contain injurious organic impurities. It is advisable to perform
further tests before approving the fine aggregate for use in concrete.
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ASTM C88 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES BY

USE OF SODIUM SULFATE OR MAGNESIUM SULFATE

Apparatus:
1. Sieves
2. Containers
3. Balance (0.1 g)
4. Oven
5. Sodium Sulfate Solution
6. Prepared Sample

Procedure:
1. Immerse the samples in prepared solution from 16 to 18 hours in such a manner
that the solution covers them to a depth of at least 1/2 in. at temperature of 21 + 1
°C.
2. After the immersion, remove the aggregate sample from the solution permit to drain
for 10 to 20 mins. And place in the drying oven at a temperature of 110 + 5 °C for 4
hours.
3. After completion of the final cycle and after the sample has cooled, wash the sample
free from the sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate as determined by the reaction of
wash water with barium chloride.
4. After washing, dry the sample at 110 + 5 °C.
5. After drying, sieve the samples by each sieve and record the weight retained after
test.
6. Calculate the weighted percentage loss.
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ASTM C39 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Upper & Lower Neoprene Rubber
3. Balance
4. Meter

Note: all test specimen for a given test age shall be broken within the permissible time
tolerance prescribed as follows:

Test Age Permissible Tolerance

24 h ± 0.5 h or 2.1 %
3 days 2 h or 2.8 %
7 days 6 h or 3.6 %
28 days 20 h or 3.0 %
90 days 2 days or 2.2 %

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine.
2. Turn on the testing machine and apply the loading rate for compressive test.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock until fracture occur.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).
5. Name what type of fracture it is as figure below:

Sketches of Types of Fractures

Calculation:
2
nd
Areaof Cylinder=
4

1kN = 224.81 lbs.

(maximum load , kn)(224.81lbs .)

Stress ( psi )=
area
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ASTM C78 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

(USING SIMPLE BEAM WITH THIRD-POINT LOADING)

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Loading Apparatus
3. Meter
4. Balance (optional)

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine as a figure below:

2. Turn on the testing machine and set the required loading rate for flexural test.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock until rupture occur.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).

Calculation:
PL
R= 2
bd

Where:
R = modulus of rupture, MPa (psi)
P = maximum applied load indicated by testing machine N (lb-f)
L = span length, mm (in.)
b = average width of specimen, mm (in.), at the fracture, and
d = average depth of specimen, mm (in.), at the fracture
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ASTM C140 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Upper and lower plate
3. Sheets of plywood (for lower and upper part)
4. Meter

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine.
2. Turn on the testing machine.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).

Calculation:
1. Compressive Strength
a. Net Area Compressive Strength – calculate the net area compressive strength of
the specimen as follows:
P max
Net AreaCompressive Strength, psi (MPa)=
An
Where:
Pmax = maximum compressive load, lb (N), and
An , avg = average of the net area values determined for each of the three absorption
specimens, ¿2 [mm 2]

b. Gross Area Compressive Strength - Calculate the gross area compressive

strength of the specimen as follows:
Pmax
Gross Area Compressive Strength , psi( MPa)=
Ag
Where:
Pmax = maximum compressive load, lb (N), and
A g ,avg = average of the gross area values determined for each of the three specimens,
2
¿ [mm ]
2
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ASTM C140 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR ABSORPTION, MOISTURE

CONTENT & DENSITY TEST FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Apparatus:
1. Oven 5. Weighing Scale
2. Dry Towel 6. Marker
3. Water Bath 7. Metal Wire
4. Meter

Procedure:
1. Weigh the received weight (Wr) (3 pcs sample).
2. Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperature of 60 to 80◦F (15.6 to 26.7◦C)
for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire and completely submerged in
water and record the immersed weight (Wi).
4. Remove from the water and allow to drain for 1 min. by placing them on a 3/8" in.
(9.5mm) or coarser wire mesh, removing visible surface water with damp cloth; weigh
and record as saturated weight (Ws).
5. Dry all Specimens in a ventilated oven at 212 to 239◦F (100 to 115◦C) for 24 hours.
6. Record weight of dried specimens as oven dry weight (Wd).
7. Calculate the absorption, moisture content and density test.

Calculation:
1. Absorption – calculate absorption as follows:
lb (W s−W d )
Absorption , =[ ]×62.4
ft
3
(W s−W i )

kg (W s−W d )
Absorption , =[ ]×100
m
3
(W s−W i)

(W s−W d )
Absorption , %=[ ]×100
Wd

Where:
W s = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg),
W i = immersed weight of specimen, lb (kg), and
W d = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb (kg)

2. Moisture Content – calculate the moisture content of the unit at the time it is sampled
(when w r is measured) as follows:
(W r −W d)
Moisture Content , % of total absorption=[ ]×100
(W s−W d)

Where:
W r = received weight of unit, lb (kg),
W d = oven-dry weight of unit, lb (kg), and
W s = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg)
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3. Density – calculate oven-dry density as follows:

lf Wd
Density (D), =[ ]×62.4
ft 3
(W s−W i)

kg Wd
Density (D), =[ ]×100
m3
(W s −W i )

Where:
W d = oven-dry weight of unit, lb (kg), and
W s = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg), and
W i = immersed weight of specimen, lb (kg)
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AASHTO M41/PNS 49 - REINFORCED STEEL BARS

Apparatus:
1. Marker
2. Meter
3. Caliper
4. Weighing Scale
5. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
6. Diameter Pin

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the samples and record the length of sample, weight, average spacing of
lugs, average height of lugs, summation of lugs and mark the initial length for
elongation.
2. Test the rebar sample and record the load @ sudden halt and the maximum tensile
load.
3. After the test, record what type of fracture description.
4. Record the final length.
5. Bend the sample according to its diameter pin used until it reaches at 180°.
6. Check the appearance of sample and record it if it has cracks or no cracks.
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175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
Email: [email protected]

ASTM C42 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR OBTAINING AND TESTING CORES AND
SAWED BEAMS OF CONCRETE

Apparatus:
1. Core Drill
2. Saw
3. Balance

Procedures:
1. Samples of hardened concrete for use in the preparation of strength test specimens
shall not be taken until the concrete is strong enough to permit sample removal
without disturbing the bond between the mortar and the coarse aggregate.
2. When preparing strength test specimens from samples of hardened concrete, samples
that have been damaged during removal shall not be used unless the damaged
portion(s) are removed and the lengths of resulting test specimens satisfy the
minimum length-diameter ratio requirement.
3. Samples of defective or damaged concrete that cannot be tested shall be reported
along with the reason that prohibits use of the sample for preparing strength test
specimens.
4. Cores containing embedded reinforcement, excluding fibers, or other embedded
objects shall not be used for determining strength of concrete.
5. If it is not possible to prepare a test specimen that meets the requirements and that is
free of embedded reinforcement or other metal, the specifier of the tests is permitted
to allow testing of cores with embedded metal. If a core tested for strength contains
embedded metal, the size, shape, and location of the metal within the core shall be
documented in the test report.
6. Core Drilling - When a core will be tested to measure concrete strength, the core shall
be drilled perpendicular to the surface and at least 150 mm [6 in.] away from formed
joints or obvious edges of a unit of deposit. This minimum distance does not apply to
the formed boundaries of structural members. Record the approximate angle between
the longitudinal axis of the drilled core and the horizontal plane of the concrete as
placed. A specimen drilled perpendicular to a vertical surface, or perpendicular to a
sloping surface, shall be taken from near the middle of a unit of deposit when possible.
If cores are obtained for purposes other than determination of strength, drill cores in
accordance with the instructions provided by the specifier of the tests. Record the date
core was drilled. If known, record the date when concrete was placed.
7. Slab Removal - Remove a slab sufficiently large to secure the desired test specimens
without the inclusion of any concrete that has been cracked, spalled, undercut, or
otherwise damaged.
8. Measuring the Length of Drilled Cores:
a. Cores for determining the thickness of pavements, slabs, walls or other structural
elements shall have a diameter of at least 94 mm [3.70 in.] when the lengths of
such cores are stipulated to be measured in accordance with Test Method
C174/C174M. When core length for determining the thickness of a member is not
required to be measured in accordance with Test Method C174/C174M, core
diameter shall be as directed by specifier of tests.
b. For cores that are not intended for determining structural dimensions, measure
the longest and shortest lengths on the cut surface along lines parallel to the
core axis. Record the average length to the nearest 5 mm [1⁄4 in.].
9. Cores for Compressive Strength:
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175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
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a. Diameter - the diameter of core specimens for the determination of compressive

strength shall be at least 94 mm [3.70 in.] or at least two times the nominal
maximum size of the coarse aggregate, whichever is larger.
b. If limited member thickness makes it impossible to obtain cores with length-
diameter ratio (L/D) of at least 1.0 or if clear distance between reinforcement is
limited, core diameters less than 94 mm [3.70 in.] are not prohibited. If a core
diameter less than 94 mm [3.70 in.] is used, report the reason.
c. Length - the preferred length of the capped or ground specimen is between 1.9
and 2.1 times the diameter. If the ratio of the length to the diameter (L/D) of the
core exceeds 2.1, reduce the length of the core so that the ratio of the capped or
ground specimen is between 1.9 and 2.1. Core specimens with length-diameter
ratios equal to or less than 1.75 require corrections to the measured
compressive strength. A strength correction factor is not required for L/D greater
than 1.75. A core having a maximum length of less than 95 % of its diameter
before capping or a length less than its diameter after capping, trimming, or end
grinding shall not be tested.
d. If the compressive strengths of cores are to be compared with specified
strengths based on standard concrete cubes, cores shall be tested with L/D, after
end preparation, in the range of 1.00 to 1.05 unless otherwise directed by the
specifier of the tests. If the strengths of cores with L/D =1 are to be compared
with specified concrete cube strength, do not apply the correction factor.
e. Moisture Conditioning - Test cores after moisture conditioning as specified in this
test method or as directed by the specifier of the tests. The moisture
conditioning procedures specified in this test method are intended to preserve
the moisture of the drilled core and to provide a reproducible moisture condition
that minimizes the effects of moisture gradients introduced by wetting during
drilling and specimen preparation.
f. After cores have been drilled, wipe off surface drill water and allow remaining
surface moisture to evaporate. When surfaces appear dry, but not later than 1 h
after drilling, place cores in separate plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers
and seal to prevent moisture loss. Maintain cores at ambient temperature, and
protect cores from exposure to direct sunlight. Transport the cores to the testing
laboratory as soon as possible. Keep cores in the sealed plastic bags or
nonabsorbent containers at all times except during end preparation and for a
maximum time of 2 h to permit capping before testing.
g. If water is used during sawing or grinding of core ends, complete these
operations as soon as possible, but no later than 2 days after drilling of cores
unless stipulated otherwise by the specifier of tests. After completing end
preparation, wipe off surface moisture, allow the surfaces to dry, and place the
cores in sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers. Minimize the duration of
exposure to water during end preparation.
h. Allow the cores to remain in the sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers
for at least 5 days after last being wetted and before testing, unless stipulated
otherwise by the specifier of tests.
i. Sawing of Ends - The ends of core specimens to be tested in compression shall
be flat, and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis in accordance with Test
Method C39/C39M. If necessary, saw the ends of cores that will be capped so
that prior to capping, the following requirements are met:
i. Projections, if any, shall not extend more than 5 mm [0.2 in.] above the
end surfaces.
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CENTER
175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
Email: [email protected]

ii. The end surfaces shall not depart from perpendicularity to the longitudinal
axis by a slope of more than 1:0.3d [1:8d] where d is the average core
diameter in mm [in.].
j. Calculated Density - If the core will be tested for strength, measure the mass of
the core just before capping or just before testing if bonded caps are not used.
Divide the mass by the volume of the core calculated from the average diameter
and length determined. Record the calculated density to the nearest 20 kg/m3 [1
lb/ft3].
k. Capping - If the ends of the cores do not conform to the perpendicularity
requirements of Test Method C39/C39M, they shall be sawed or ground to meet
those requirements or capped with bonded caps in accordance with Practice
C617/C617M. If the ends of the cores do not conform to the planeness
requirements of Test Method C39/C39M, they shall be sawed or ground to meet
those requirements or capped with bonded caps in accordance with Practice
C617/C617M or tested with unbonded caps in accordance with Practice
C1231/C1231M. If cores are capped in accordance with Practice C617/C617M,
the capping device shall accommodate actual core diameters and produce caps
that are concentric with the core ends. If unbonded caps are used, the gap
between the core and retaining rings shall conform to the requirements of
Practice C1231/ C1231M.
l. Measurement - If the core will be tested with bonded caps, determine the
average length before and after capping, and use the length after capping to
compute the length-diameter ratio (L/D). If the core will be tested with unbonded
caps or with ground ends, determine the average length of the prepared core
before testing. Determine the average length of the core to the nearest 1 mm
[0.05 in.] using the jaw caliper procedure of Test Method C1542/C1542M or the
procedure in Test Method C174/C174M. Determine the average diameter by
averaging two measurements taken at right angles to each other at the mid-
height of the core. Report the average core diameter to the nearest 0.2 mm
[0.01 in.] if the difference in core diameters does not exceed 2 % of their
average, otherwise report to the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.]. Do not test a core if
the difference between the largest and smallest diameter exceeds 5 % of their
average.
m. Testing - Test the specimens in accordance with Test Method C39/C39M. Test
the specimens within 7 days after coring, unless specified otherwise.
n. Calculation - Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen using the
computed cross-sectional area based on the average diameter of the specimen.
i. If the ratio of length to diameter (L/D) of the specimen is 1.75 or less,
correct the result by multiplying by the appropriate correction factor
shown in the following table:

Ratio of Length to Strength

Diameter (L/D) Correction Factor
1.75 0.98
1.50 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.00 0.87

Use Interpolation to determine correction factors for L/D values not given in the
table.
 ACCUGEO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING
CENTER
175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
Email: [email protected]

ASTM C805 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR REBOUND NUMBER OF HARDENED

CONCRETE

Apparatus:
1. Rebound Hammer
2. Abrasive Stone
3. Verification Anvil
Procedure:
1. Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger is perpendicular to the test surface.
2. Record the orientation of the instrument with respect to horizontal to the nearest 45-
degree increment. Use a positive angle if the instrument points upward and a
negative angle if it points downward with respect to horizontal during testing
NOTE: Digital angle gages are available that can be attached to the body of the
instrument to allow quick measurement of the angle with respect to horizontal. The
recorded orientation would be 0 degrees (horizontal), 645 degrees (inclined), or 690
(vertical). For example, if the instrument points vertically down during a test, the
angle would be reported as –90 degrees. If the angle is measured to be 55 degrees
upward from horizontal, the recorded angle to the nearest 45-degree increment
would be +45 degrees.
3. Gradually push the instrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts.
4. After impact, maintain pressure on the instrument and, if necessary, depress the
button on the side of the instrument to lock the plunger in its retracted position.
5. Read and record the rebound number to the nearest whole number.
6. Take ten readings from each test area. The distances between impact points shall be
at least 25 mm [1 in.], and the distance between impact points and edges of the
member shall be at least 50 mm [2 in.].
7. Examine the impression made on the surface after impact, and if the impact crushes
or breaks through a near surface air void disregard the reading and take another
reading.

Calculation
 ACCUGEO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING
CENTER
175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
Email: [email protected]

1. Discard readings differing from the average of 10 readings by more than 6 units and
determine the average of the remaining readings. If more than 2 readings differ from
the average by 6 units, discard the entire set of readings and determine rebound
numbers at 10 new locations within the test area.
2. If necessary, apply the correction factor to the average rebound number so that the
rebound number is for a horizontal orientation of the hammer. Interpolation is
permitted if corrections factors are not given for ±45 degrees.

ASTM C142 – STANDARD PRACTICE FOR CLAY LUMPS AND FRIABLE PARTICLES IN
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Container
3. Sieve
4. Drying Oven
Sampling:
1. Aggregate for this test method shall consist of the material remaining after
completion of testing in accordance with Test Method C 117.
2. Dry the aggregate to substantially constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C
(230 ± 9°F).
3. Test samples of fine aggregate shall consist of the particles coarser than a 1.18-mm
(No. 16) sieve and shall have a mass not less than 25 g.
4. Separate the test samples of coarse aggregate into different sizes. The test sample
shall have a mass not less than indicated in the following table:

Size of Particles Mass of Test

Making Up Test Sample, min, g
Samples
No. 4 to 3/8 in. 1000
3/8 in. to ¾ in. 2000
¾ in. to 1 ½ in. 3000
Over 1 ½ in. 5000
Procedure:
1. Determine the mass of the test sample
2. Spread it in a thin layer on the bottom of the container, cover it with distilled water,
and soak it for a period of 24 ± 4 h.
3. Cover it with distilled water and soak it for a period of 24 ± 4 h.
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CENTER
175 Kamias Rd. Ext., Brgy. Sikatuna Village, Project 2, Quezon City
Email: [email protected]

4. Roll and squeeze particles individually between the thumb and forefinger to attempt
to break the particle into smaller sizes. (Do not use the fingernails to break up
particles, or press particles against a hard surface or each other)
5. Separate the detritus from the remainder of the sample by wet sieving over the sieve
prescribed in the following table:
Size of Particles Size of Sieve for
Making Up Test Removing Residue of
Samples Clay Lumps and Friable
Particles
Retained on No.16 Sieve No.20
No. 4 to 3/8 in. No.8
3/8 in. to ¾ in. No.4
¾ in. to 1 ½ in. No.4
Over 1 ½ in. No.4
6. Remove the Retained particles carefully from the sieve.
7. Dry to substantially constant mass a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F).
8. Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 % of the mass of the test sample.

Calculation:

Calculate the percent of clay lumps and friable particles.

P = ((M -R) / M) x 100

Where:

P= Percent of clay lumps and friable particles

M= Mass of test sample

R = Mass of particles retained on designated sieve