ASTM C702 – STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO TESTING

SIZE

Apparatus:
1. Sample Splitter
a. For coarse aggregates and mixed aggregates
- Not less than 8 chutes
- Min. width of individual chutes to be approximately 50% larger than the largest particles in the
sample to be split.
b. For fine aggregates (dry sample, passing 9.5-mm (3/8 in.) sieve)
- Not less than 12 chutes
- Chutes 12.5 to 20-mm wide shall be used.

Selection of Method:
1. For Coarse Aggregates and Mixtures of Coarse and Fine Aggregates
- Reduce the sample using a mechanical splitter with Method A (preferred method) or by
quartering, Method B.
- The miniature stockpile Method C is not permitted for coarse aggregates or mixture of coarse
aggregates.
2. For Fine Aggregates
- Samples drier than Saturated-Surface-Dry (SSD) use mechanical splitter in accordance with
Method A. (the method of determining the saturated-surface-dry condition is described in Test
Method C128. As a quick approximation, if the fine aggregate will retain its shape when molded
in the hand, it may be considered to be wetter than saturated-surface-dry.)
- Moist material (wetter than saturated-surface-dry) reduce sample by quartering Method B, or by
treating as a miniature stockpile as described in Method C.

Sampling:

1. Obtain samples of aggregate in the field in accordance with practice D75, or as required by
individual test methods.

Procedure:

Method A : MECHANICAL SPLITTER

1. Distribute sample uniformly into feeder pan from edge to edge.
2. Reintroduce the portion of the sample in one of the receptacles into the splitter as many
times as necessary to reduce the sample to the size specified for the intended test .
Method B : QUARTERING
1. Place the sample on hard, clean, level surface.
2. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times. With the last
turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful on top of
the preceding one.
3. Flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex
with a shovel. (diameter should be approximately four to eight times the thickness)
4. Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel or trowel and remove two
diagonally opposite quarters, including all fine material, and brush the cleared spaces clean.
5. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced to the
desired size.

Method C : MINIATURE STOCKPILE SAMPLING (DAMP FINE AGGREGATE ONLY)

1. Place the original sample of damp fine aggregate on a hard clean, level surface where there
will be neither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material.
2. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times. With the last
turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful on top of
the preceding one.
3. If desired, flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and diameter by pressing down the
apex with a shovel so that each quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material
originally in it.
4. Obtain a sample for each test by selecting at least five increments of material at random
locations from the miniature stockpile, using any of the sampling devices.
 ASTM C117 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MATERIALS FINER THAN SIEVE NO. 200 IN
MINERAL AGGREGATES BY WASHING (WASH TEST)

Apparatus:
1. Balance 6. Sieve No. 200
2. Oven 7. Washing Container
3. Spoon 8. Sample Splitter
4. Sieve No. 8 9. Wetting Agent
5. Sieve No. 16

Procedure:
1. Mix sample thoroughly, then reduced according to ASTM 702 to an amount specified below:

Nominal Max. Size Minimum Mass (gm)

4.75 mm or < 300
> than 4.75 mm to 9.5 mm 1000
> than 9.5 mm to 19.0 mm 2500
> than 19.0 mm 5000

2. Dry test sample to constant mass and determine the mass to the nearest 0.1%.
3. Place sample in a container.
4. Cover sample with water.
5. Agitate sample to separate fine particles from coarse particles. Bring fines into suspension.
6. Immediately pour wash water over nested sieves.
7. Avoid transfer of coarse particles.
8. Repeat steps 3 through 6 until wash water is clear.
9. Return all particles retained on sieves to washed sample by flushing.
10. Dry the washed aggregate to constant mass and determine the mass to the nearest 0.1%.
11. Calculate the amount of material passing no. 200 sieve.
12. Report all results to nearest 0.1% if less than 10%. Report results to nearest 1.0% if 10% or
more.

Calculation:
Calculate the amount of materials passing the no. 200 (75µm) sieve.
𝐵−𝐶
𝐴=( ) × 100
𝐵
Where: A = % of materials finer than no. 200 (75µm) sieve by washing

B = original dry mass of sample

C = dry mass of sample after washing

 ASTM C136 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance 6. Mortar and Pestle
2. Oven 7. Set of Sieve Pans
3. Spoon 8. Large Pans (for drying and handling
4. Bronze Brush sample)
5. Paint Brush 9. Mechanical Shaker (optional)

Sampling:
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75. Where no specification, sample 4 times
minimum mas given.
2. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to amount suitable for testing using the applicable
procedures described in Practice C702.
3. For Fine Aggregates – the size of the test sample, after drying, shall be 300 g minimum.
For Coarse Aggregates – the size of the test sample shall conform with the following:

Nominal Maximum Size, Test Sample Size,

Square Openings, mm (in.) Min. kg (lb)
9.5 (¾) 1 (2)
12.5 (½) 2 (4)
19.0 (¾) 5 (11)
25.0 (1) 10 (22)
37.5 (1 ½) 15 (33)
50 (2) 20 (44)
63 (2 ½) 35 (77)
75 (3) 60 (130)
90 (3 ½) 100 (220)
100 (4) 150 (330)
125 (5) 300 (660)

For Coarse and Fine Aggregates Mixtures – the size of the test sample of coarse and fine
aggregate mixtures shall be the same as for coarse aggregates.

Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant mass.
2. Nest appropriate sieves in order of decreasing size.
3. Place sample on top sieve.
4. Agitate sieves by hand or mechanical methods.
5. Do not overload any individual sieve – use guard sieves or test sample in increments.
6. For mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, the number 4 sieve material may be sieved in
increments or a properly split smaller sample may be sieved.
7. Sieve until not more than 1% by mass of retained particles pass a given sieve with 1 minute of
agitation. Typically, 7 to 10 minutes.
8. Determine the mass of material retained on each sieve to nearest 0.1%.
 9. Total the mass of all individual increments and check that it is within 0.3% of the mass of the
original sample.
10. Calculate percentages passing for each sieve to the nearest 0.1% on the basis of the total mass
of the initial dry sample.
11. Calculate fineness modulus and report to the nearest 0.01.
12. Report all results to the nearest 1%. If percentage passing the number 200 sieve is less than
10% report to the nearest 0.1%.

Calculation:
1. Calculate % passing, total % retained, or % in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1% on the
basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample.
2. Calculate fineness modulus if required.
 ASTM C29 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BULK DENSITY (UNIT WEIGHT) AND VOIDS IN
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Tamping Rod
3. Cylindrical Metal Measure
4. Scoop or shovel
5. Calibration Equipment (Straight-edge)

Sampling:
1. Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75 and reduce test sample in size in accordance
with Practice C702.
2. The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to 200% of the quantity required to fill the
measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation.
3. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass.

Calibration of measure:
1. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate glass.
2. Determine the mass of the water in the measure.
3. Measure the temperature of the water and determine its density.
4. Calculate the volume, calculate the factor for the measure by dividing the density of the water
by the mass required to fill the measure.

Procedure:
Rodding Procedure:
1. Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers.
2. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the
surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.
4. Fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned.
5. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge.
6. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.

Jigging Procedure:
1. Same as Rodding Procedure except that here in jiggling procedure, each layer is compacted by
placing the measure on a firm base, raising the opposite sides alternately about [50 mm]
allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow.
2. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times in the manner described, 25 times on
each side.
3. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge
4. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.
Shoveling Procedure:
1. Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop from a height not to exceed 2 in.
[50 mm] above the top of the measure.
2. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge.
3. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and
record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.

Calculation:
𝐺−𝑇
𝑀=
𝑉
Or
𝑀 = (𝐺 − 𝑇)𝑥 𝐹

Where:

M = bulk density of the aggregate, (kg/m³)

G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, (kg)

T = mass of the measure, (kg)

V = volume of the measure, (m³)

F = factor for measure, (mˉ³)

 ASTM C127 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF
COARSE AGGREGATE

Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Oven
3. Suspended Apparatus
4. Water Tank
5. Thermometer
6. Wire Basket (No. 6 Wire Mesh)
7. Sieve No. 4
8. Absorbent Towels
Sampling:
1. Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75.
2. Thoroughly mix the sample of aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity needed
using the applicable procedures in Methods C 702.
3. Reject all material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve by dry sieving and thoroughly washing.
Procedure:
1. Dry the test sample to constant weight
2. Cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (1 ½ in.) nominal
maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle.
3. Subsequently immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 24 hours.
4. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films
of water are removed.
5. Weigh the test sample in the saturated surface-dry condition.
6. After weighing, immediately place the saturated surface-dry test sample in the sample container
and determine its weight in water at 23 ± 1.7°C (73.4 ± 3°F).
7. Dry the test sample to constant weight.
8. Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature
that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C), and weigh.

Calculations:
𝐴
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐵−𝐶
𝐵
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑦) =
𝐵−𝐶
𝐴
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐴−𝐶
Where:

A = weight of oven-dry test sample in air, g

B = weight of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) test sample in air, g

C = weight of saturated test sample in water, g

 ASTM C128 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:
1. Balance 7. Metal Mould (in the form of a frustum
2. Oven of a cone, for determining SSD
3. Large Pans through slump)
4. Spoon 8. Metal Tamper
5. Pycnometer 9. Sieve No. 4
6. Glass Cover Plate 10. Temperature-controlled Water Bath
(optional)
11. Small Fan (optional)

Sampling:
1. Sampling shall be accomplished in general accordance with Practice D 75.
2. Obtain approximately 1 kg of the fine aggregate from the sample using the applicable
procedures described in Practice C 702.
3. Dry the test specimen in a suitable pan or vessel to constant weight.
4. Allow it to cool to comfortable handling temperature, cover with water, either by immersion or
by the addition of at least 6 % moisture to the fine aggregate, and permit to stand for 24 ± 4 h.
5. Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines.
6. Spread the sample on a flat nonabsorbent surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm
air and stir frequently to secure homogeneous drying.
- Cone Test for Surface Moisture (to determine whether or not surface moisture is present on
the constituent fine aggregate particles).

Procedure:
1. Make and record all weight determinations to 0.1 g.
2. Partially fill the pycnometer with water.
3. Immediately introduce into the pycnometer 500 ± 10 g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate
prepared.
4. Fill with additional water to approximately 90 % of capacity.
5. Manually roll, invert, and agitate the pycnometer, or mechanically agitate the pycnometer, to
eliminate all air bubbles.
6. Determine the total weight of the pycnometer, specimen, and water.
7. Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to constant weight at a temperature of
110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F), cool in air at room temperature for 1 ± 1⁄2 h, and weigh.
8. Determine the weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity with water at 23 °C.
Calculations:
𝐴
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐵+𝑆−𝐶
𝑆
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑦) =
𝐵+𝑆−𝐶
𝐴
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐴+𝐵−𝐶

Where:

A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, g

B = weight of pycnometer filled with water, g

S = weight of the saturated-surface-dry specimen, g

C = weight of the pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration mark, g

 ASTM D4318 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT AND
PLASTICITY INDEX DETERMINATION

Apparatus:
1. Balance 7. Grooving Tool
2. Oven 8. Graduated Cylinders (for measuring
3. Mixing Dish distilled or demineralized water)
4. Spatula 9. Plastic Limit Rolling device
5. Moisture Cans 10. Glass Plate
6. Liquid Limit Device

Sampling:
1. Samples may be taken from any location that satisfies testing needs. However, Practices C 702,
D 75, and D 420 should be used as guides for selecting and preserving samples from various
types of sampling operations.
2. Obtain a representative portion from the total sample sufficient to provide 150 to 200 g of
material passing the 425-µm (No. 40) sieve.
3. Dry the specimen at room temperature or in an oven at a temperature not exceeding 60°C until
the soil clods will pulverize readily.
4. Pulverize the material in a mortar with a rubber tipped pestle or in some other way that does
not cause breakdown of individual particles.
5. Separate the material on a 425-µm (No. 40) sieve, shaking the sieve by hand to assure
thorough separation of the finer fraction.

Procedure:
Liquid Limit

MULTI-POINT LIQUID LIMIT – Method A

1. Thoroughly remix the specimen (soil) in its mixing cup, and, if necessary, adjust its water
content until the constancy requires about 25 to 35 blows of the liquid limit device to close the
groove.
2. Using a spatula, place a portion(s) of the prepared soil in the cup of the liquid limit device at the
point where the cup rests on the base
3. Squeeze it down and spread it into the cup to a depth of about 10 mm at its deepest point,
tapering to form an approximately horizontal surface.
4. Form a groove in the soil pat by drawing the tool, beveled edge forward, through the soil on a
line joining the highest point to the lowest point on the rim of the cup.
5. Verify that no crumbs of soil are present on the base or the underside of the cup.
6. Lift and drop the cup by turning the crank at a rate of 1.9 to 2.1 drops per second until the two
halves of the soil pat come in contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 13 mm
(1⁄2 in.).
7. Record the number of drops required to close the groove.
8. Remove a slice of soil approximately the width of the spatula, extending from edge to edge of
the soil cake at right angles to the groove and including that portion of the groove in which the
soil flowed together.
9. Place in a container of known mass, and cover.
 10. In preparation for the next trial. Remix the entire soil specimen in the dish adding distilled water
to increase the water content of the soil and decrease the number of blows required to close
the groove.
11. Repeat the above procedures for at least two additional trials producing successively lower
numbers of blows to close the groove.
12. One of the trials shall be for a closure requiring 25 to 35 blows, one for closure between 20 and
30 blows, and one trial for a closure requiring 15 to 25 blows.
13. Determine the water content of the soil specimen from each trial.

ONE-POINT LIQUID LIMIT METHOD B

14. Proceed as described above except that the number of blows required to close the groove shall
be 20 to 30.

Plastic Limit:
1. Select a 20-g or more portion of soil from the material prepared for the liquid limit test. Reduce
the water content of the soil to a consistency at which it can be rolled without sticking to the
hands by spreading or mixing continuously on the glass plate or in the mixing/storage dish.
a. From this plastic-limit specimen, select a 1.5 to 2.0 g portion
b. Form the selected portion into an ellipsoidal mass.
c. Roll the soil mass by Hand Method or Rolling Device Method.
d. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm, break the thread into several pieces.
e. Squeeze the pieces together, knead between the thumb and first finger of each hand,
reform into an ellipsoidal mass, and re-roll.
f. Continue this alternate rolling to a thread 3.2 mm in diameter until the thread crumbles
under the pressure required for rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled into a 3.2-
mm diameter thread.
g. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place in a container of known
mass. Immediately cover the container.
h. Select another 1.5 to 2.0-g portion of soil from the plastic–limit specimen and repeat the
operations until the container has at least 6 g of soil.
i. Repeat the procedure to create another sample with 6 g specimen.

Calculations:
For Liquid Limit:

1. Multi-point Liquid Limit:

a. Plot the relationship between the water content and the corresponding number of drops of
the cup on a semilogarithmic graph with the water content as ordinates on the arithmetical
scale, and the number of drops as abscissas on a logarithmic scale. Draw the best straight
line through the three or more plotted points.
b. Take the water content corresponding to the intersection of the line with the 25-drop
abscissa as the liquid limit of the soil and round-off to the nearest whole number.
2. One-point Liquid Limit:
𝑁 0.121
𝐿𝐿𝑛 = 𝑊 𝑛 ( )
25
or
𝐿𝐿𝑛 = 𝑘(𝑊 𝑛 )

Where:

𝐿𝐿𝑛 = one-point liquid limit for given trial, %

N = number of blows causing closure of the groove for given trial,

𝑊 𝑛 = water content for given trial, %

k = factor given in table 1

Table 1. Factors for Obtaining Liquid Limit from Water Content

and Number of Drops Causing Closure of Groove

N k
(number of drops) (factor for Liquid Limit)
20 0.973
21 0.979
22 0.985
23 0.990
24 0.995
25 1.000
26 1.005
27 1.009
28 1.014
29 1.018
30 1.022
 ASTM C131 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION BY ABRASION
AND IMPACT IN THE LOS ANGELES MACHINE

Apparatus:
1. Los Angeles Machine
2. Sieves
3. Balance
4. Charge (steel spheres)

Grading Number of Mass of Charge,

Spheres g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

Grading of Test Samples

Sieve Size (Square Openings) Mass of Indicated Sizes, g
Grading
Passing Retained on A B C D
37.5 mm (1 ½ in.) 25.0 mm (1 in.) 1250 ± 25 - - -
25.0 mm (1 in.) 19.0 mm (¾ in.) 1250 ± 25 - - -
19.0 mm (¾ in.) 12.5 mm (½ in.) 1250 ± 10 2500± 10 - -
12.5 mm (½ in.) 9.5 mm (⅜ in.) 1250 ± 10 2500± 10 - -
9.5 mm (⅜ in.) 6.3 mm (¼ in.) - - 2500± 10 -
6.3 mm (¼ in.) 4.75 mm (No. 4) - - 2500± 10 -

4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No. 8) - - - 5000 ± 10

Total 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10

Grading of Test Samples

Sieve Size, mm (in.) (Square Openings) Mass of Indicated Sizes, g
Grading
Passing Retained on 1 2 3
75 (3 in.) 63 (2 ½) 2500± 50 - -
63 (2 ½ in.) 50 (2) 2500± 50 - -
50 (2 in.) 37.5 (1 ½) 5000± 50 5000± 50 -
37.5 (1 ½ in.) 25.0 (1) - 5000± 25 5000± 25
25.0 (1 in.) 19.0 (¾) - - 5000± 25
Total 10000 ± 100 10000 ± 75 10000 ± 75

Sampling:
1. Obtain the field sample in accordance with Practice D 75.
2. Reduce the field sample to adequate sample size in accordance with Practice C 702.
3. Wash and oven dry the reduced sample to substantially constant mass
4. Separate into individual size fractions.
 5. Recombine to the grading of the table above most nearly corresponding to the range of sizes in
the aggregate as furnished for the work.
6. Record the mass of the sample prior to test to the nearest 1 g.

Procedure:
1. Place the test sample and the charge in the Los Angeles testing machine.
2. Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 r/min for 500 revolutions. (1000 Revolutions for
large-size aggregate).
Note:
For Small-size Aggregates; Refer to the table for the no. of spheres to be placed corresponding
to the grading used.
For Large-size Aggregates; The charge shall consist of 12 steel spheres and having a total mass
of 5000 plus or minus 25 g.
3. After the prescribed number of revolutions, discharge the material from the machine and make
a preliminary separation of the sample on a sieve coarser than the 1.70-mm (No. 12).
4. Sieve the finer portion on a 1.70-mm sieve.
5. Wash the material coarser than the 1.70-mm sieve and oven-dry to substantially constant mass.
6. Determine the mass to the nearest 1 g.

Calculation:
1. Calculate the loss (difference between the original mass and the final mass of the test sample)
as a percentage of the original mass of the test sample. Report this value as the percent loss.
ASTM D698 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LABORATORY COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOIL USING STANDARD EFFORT (12,400 ft-lbf/ft³ | 600 kN-m/m³)

Apparatus:
1. Mold Assembly 5. Oven
2. Rammer 6. Straight Edge
3. Sample Extruder (optional) 7. Sieves – 2 inch, ¾ inch, and No. 4
4. Balance 8. Mixing Tools

Procedure:
METHOD A
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm (No.
4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lbs.) or more of the sample remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of
individual particles.
4. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when the sample has
oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-type rammer is used, or
from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of compacted soil when a stationary mounted
type of rammer is used.
10. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly in
three approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and
stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process
11. Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of
the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and moist soil. Calculate the
wet density.
12. Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the
center.
13. Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh immediately.
Determine the moisture content.
14. Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass through a
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion of the sample being
tested.
15. Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2 percentage
points.
 Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy clay soils or
organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the water content increments may
be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16. Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17. When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass of
the compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a minimum of two
determinations over optimum moisture.
Note: —In instances where the soil material is fragile in character and will reduce significantly in
grain size due to repeated compaction, and in cases where the soil is a heavy-textured clayey
material into which it is difficult to incorporate water, a separate and new sample shall be used
in each compaction test. In these cases, separate samples shall be thoroughly mixed with amounts
of water sufficient to cause the moisture contents of the samples to vary by approximately two
percentage points. The moisture points selected shall bracket the optimum moisture content, thus
providing samples that, when compacted, will increase in mass to the maximum density and then
decrease in mass. The samples of soil-water mixtures shall be placed in covered containers and
allowed to stand for not less than 12 hours before making the moisture-density test.

Method B
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a specimen by
compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in three approximately equal
layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5 in.), each layer being compacted by 56
uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Method C
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 19.0-mm [3/4-
in.] sieve) particles are removed 5 kg (11 lbs.) or more of the sample remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of
individual particles.
4. Sieve soil over the 19.0-mm (¾-in.) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when the sample has
oversized particles, particles retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4 inch) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-type rammer is used, or
from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of compacted soil when a stationary mounted
type of rammer is used.
10. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly in
three approximately equal layer.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and
stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process
 11. Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of
the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and moist soil. Calculate the
wet density.
12. Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the
center.
13. Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh immediately.
Determine the moisture content.
14. Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass through a
19.0-mm and 90 percent of the soil aggregations will pass a 4.75-mm sieve as judged by eye and
add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
15. Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2 percentage
points.
Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy clay soils or
organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the water content increments may
be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16. Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17. When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass of the
compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a minimum of two
determinations over optimum moisture.
Method D
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a specimen
by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in five approximately
equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5 in.), each layer being compacted
by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Calculation:
1. Calculate Wet Density:
𝐴−𝐵
𝑊1 =
𝑉
Where:

𝑊1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

A = mass of the mold, base plate, and wet soil

B = mass of the mold, base plate

V = mold volume

2. Calculate Dry Density:

𝑊1
𝑊= 𝑥 100
𝑤 + 100
Where:

W = dry density, in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

𝑊1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
w = moisture content (percent) of the specimen
ASTM D1557 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LABORATORY COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOIL USING MODIFIED EFFORT (56,000 ft-lbf/ft³) (2,700 kN-m/m³)

Apparatus:
1. Mold Assembly 5. Oven
2. Rammer 6. Straight Edge
3. Sample Extruder (optional) 7. Sieves – 2 inch, ¾ inch and No. 4
4. Balance 8. Mixing Tool

Procedures:
Method A
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm
(No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or more of the sample remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of
individual particles.
4. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when the sample
has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-type rammer is used, or
from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of compacted soil when a stationary mounted
type of rammer is used.
10. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly in
five approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and
stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process.
11. Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of
the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and moist soil. Calculate the
wet density.
12. Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the
center.
13. Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh immediately.
Determine the moisture content.
14. Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass through a
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye and add to the remaining portion of the sample being
tested.
15. Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2 percentage
points.
Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy clay soils or
 organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the water content increments
may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16. Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17. When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass of the
compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a minimum of two
determinations over optimum moisture.
Note: — In instances where the soil material is fragile in character and will reduce significantly
in grain size due to repeated compaction, and in cases where the soil is a heavy-textured clayey
material into which it is difficult to incorporate water, a separate and new sample shall be used
in each compaction test. In these cases, separate samples shall be thoroughly mixed with
amounts of water sufficient to cause the moisture contents of the samples to vary by
approximately two percentage points. The moisture points selected shall bracket the optimum
moisture content, thus providing samples that, when compacted, will increase in mass to the
maximum density and then decrease in mass. The samples of soil-water mixtures shall be
placed in covered containers and allowed to stand for not less than 12 hours before making the
moisture-density test.

Method B
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a
specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in three
approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5 in.), each layer
being compacted by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Method C
1. Obtain a representative sample.
Note: This sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 19.0-mm
[3/4-in.] sieve) particles are removed 5 kg (11 lb) or more of the sample remains.
2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel.
3. Thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of
individual particles.
4. Sieve soil over the 19.0-mm (¾-in.) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles
Note: Correction of Optimum Moisture and Maximum Dry Density is needed when the sample
has oversized particles, particles retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4 inch) sieve.
5. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate.
6. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content.
7. Place the loose soil into the mold assembly and spread into a layer of uniform thickness.
8. Lightly tamp the soil until it is not in a loose or fluffy state.
9. Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer dropping free from a
height of 305 mm (12 in.) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-type rammer is used, or
from 305 mm above the approximate elevation of compacted soil when a stationary mounted
type of rammer is used.
10. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly in
five approximately equal layers.
Note: During compaction, the mold assembly shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid, and
stable foundation or base. This base shall remain stationary during the compaction process.
 11. Remove the collar; carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of
the straightedge, and determine the mass of the mold, base plate, and moist soil. Calculate the
wet density.
12. Detach the base plate and remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the
center.
13. Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and weigh immediately.
Determine the moisture content.
14. Thoroughly break up the remaining portion of the molded specimen until it will pass through a
19.0-mm and 90 percent of the soil aggregations will pass a 4.75-mm sieve as judged by eye
and add to the remaining portion of the sample being tested.
15. Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil 1 to 2 percentage
points.
Note: (water content increments should not exceed 2.5 percent except when heavy clay soils or
organic soils exhibiting flat elongated curves are encountered; the water content increments
may be increased to a maximum of 4 percent)
16. Repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added.
17. When the series of determinations indicate a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass of the
compacted soil, perform one more determination such that there is a minimum of two
determinations over optimum moisture.

Method D
Follow the same procedure as described for Method A, except for the following: Form a specimen
by compacting the prepared soil in the 152.4-mm (6-in.) mold assembly in three approximately
equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 125 mm (5 in.), each layer being compacted
by 56 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer.

Calculation:
1. Calculate Wet Density:
𝐴−𝐵
𝑊1 =
𝑉
Where:
𝑊1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
A = mass of the mold, base plate, and wet soil

B = mass of the mold, base plate

V = mold volume

2. Calculate Dry Density:

𝑊1
𝑊= 𝑥100
𝑤 + 100
Where:
W = dry density, in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil
𝑊1 = wet density in kg/m³ (lb/ft³) of compacted soil

w = moisture content (percent) of the specimen

 ASTM D1883 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO) OF
LABORATORY-COMPACTED SOILS

Apparatus:
1. Molds 9. Drying Oven
2. Spacer disk 10. Moisture Content Containers
3. Rammer 11. Mixing Pan
4. Indicators 12. Spoons
5. Surcharge Weights 13. Straight Edge
6. Penetration Piston 14. Filter Paper
7. Loading Device 15. Balance
8. Soaking Tank

Sampling:
1. Prepare samples in accordance with the procedures given in T 99 and T 180 for compaction in a
6-inch mold.
2. If all material passes a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve, the entire gradation shall be used for preparing
specimens for compaction without modification. If there is material retained on the 19.0-mm
sieve, the material retained on the 19.0-mm sieve shall be removed and replaced by an equal
amount of material passing the 19.0-mm sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
obtained by separation from portions of the sample not otherwise used for testing.

Procedure:
1. Normally, three specimens must be compacted so that their compacted densities range from 95
percent (or lower) to 100 percent (or higher) of the maximum dry density with 10, 30 and 65
blows respectively.
2. Clamp the mold to the base plate, attach the extension collar and weigh to the nearest 5 g
(0.01 lbs.).
3. Insert the spacer disk into the mold and place a coarse filter paper on top of the disk.
4. Before compaction, mix the sample with sufficient water to obtain the optimum moisture state.
5. If MDD and OMC is determined by T 99, compact the specimen with 3 equal layers with the
appropriate number of blows; if T 180 is used, compact the specimen with 5 equal layers with
the appropriate number of blows.
6. Determine the moisture content of the material being compacted at the beginning and end of
the compaction procedure.
7. Remove the extension collar. Using a straightedge, trim the compacted soil even with the top of
the mold. Remove the spacer disk, place a coarse filter paper on the perforated base plate,
invert the mold and compacted soil, and place on the filter paper so the compacted soil is in
contact with the filter paper.
8. Clamp the perforated base plate to the mold and attach the collar. Determine the mass of the
mold and specimen to the nearest 5 g (0.01 lbs.).
9. Compact the other two portions in accordance with the procedure written above with the
appropriate number of blows.
During Breaking/Penetration:
1. Place one annular weight on the specimen. Seat the penetration piston with a load of no more
than 44 N (10 lbs.).
2. Place the remainder of the surcharge weights around the piston. The total amount of surcharge
weight placed on the specimen shall be equal to the surcharge weight used during soaking.
3. Set the penetration dial indicator and the load indicator to zero.
4. Apply the loads to the penetration piston so the rate of penetration is uniform at 1.3 mm (0.05
in.)/min.
5. Record the load when the penetration is 0.64, 1.30, 1.90, 2.50, 3.80, 5.10, and 7.60, 10.00 and
13.00 mm (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125, 0.150, 0.175, 0.200.0.300, 0.400 and 0.500 in.)
ASTM D1556 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DENSITY AND UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL IN PLACE
BY SAND-CONE METHOD

Apparatus:
1. Sand-Cone Density Apparatus 8. Miscellaneous Equipment
2. Sand Container a. Chisel
3. Sand Cone b. Spoon
4. Base Plate c. Nails
5. Sand d. Containers
6. Balances or Scales e. Brush
7. Drying Equipment

Calibration Procedures:
1. Sand Cone Apparatus:
a. Fill the apparatus with sand. Determine the mass of the apparatus filled with sand.
b. Place the base plate on a clean, level, plane surface.
c. Invert the container/apparatus and seat the funnel in the flanged center hole in the base
plate.
d. Open the valve fully until the sand flow stops, making sure the apparatus, base plate, or
plane surface are not jarred or vibrated before the valve is closed.
e. Close the valve sharply, remove the apparatus and determine the mass of the apparatus
and remaining sand.
f. Calculate the mass of sand used to fill the funnel and base plate as the difference
between the initial and final mass.
2. Sand Density:
a. Fill the assembled apparatus with sand. The sand is to be dried and conditioned to the
same state anticipated during use.
b. Determine and record the mass of the calibration container when empty.
c. Invert and center the sand filled apparatus and base plate on the calibration container.
d. Fully open the valve and allow the sand to fill the container. When the sand flow stops,
close the valve.
e. Determine the mass of the apparatus and remaining sand.
f. Calculate the net mass of sand in the calibration container by subtracting the mass of
sand contained in the cone and base plate and record.

Procedures:
1. Select a location/elevation that is representative of the area to be tested, and determine the
density of the soil in-place.
2. Fill the cone container with conditioned sand for which the bulk-density has been determined
and determine the total mass.
3. Seat the base plate on the plane surface.
4. Secure the plate against movement using nails pushed into the soil adjacent to the edge of the
plate.
5. Dig the test hole through the center hole in the base plate.
6. Place all excavated soil, and any soil loosened during digging, in a moisture tight container that
is marked to identify the test number.
7. Clean the flange of the base plate hole, invert the sand-cone apparatus.
8. Open the valve and allow the sand to fill the hole, funnel, and base plate.
Note: Take care to avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus while the sand is running.
9. When the sand stops flowing, close the valve determine the mass of the apparatus with the
remaining sand, record, and calculate the mass of sand used.
10. Determine and record the mass of the moist soil material that was removed from the test hole.
11. Mix the material thoroughly, and either obtain a representative specimen for water content
determination.
ASTM C40 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATES FOR
CONCRETE

Apparatus:

1. Glass Bottles 5. Stirring Rod

2. Color Chart 6. 450 g of sample (passing 3/8")
3. Reagent Sodium Hydroxide Solution 7. Standard Color Solution
4. Balance (0.01 g)

Note: Standard Color Solution (Potassium Dichromate – 0.250g)

(Sulfuric Acid – 100 mL)

Procedure:
1. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 130 mL level with the sample of the fine aggregates.
2. Add the sodium hydroxide solution until the volume of the fine aggregate and liquid, indicated
after shaking, is approximately 200 mL.
3. Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and then allow to stand for 24 hours.
4. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 75 mL level with the fresh standard color solution.
5. Determine the test sample and compare the color using color chart as follows:

Gardner Color Organic Plate No.

Standard No.
5 1
8 2
11 3 (standard)
14 4
16 5

Interpretation:
When a sample subjected to this procedure produces a color darker than standard color, or
Organic Plate No.3 (Gardner Color Standard No. 11), the fine aggregate under test shall be
considered to possibly contain injurious organic impurities. It is advisable to perform
further tests before approving the fine aggregate for use in concrete.
 ASTM C88 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES BY USE OF
SODIUM SULFATE OR MAGNESIUM SULFATE

Apparatus:
1. Sieves
2. Containers
3. Balance (0.1 g)
4. Oven
5. Sodium Sulfate Solution
6. Prepared Sample

Procedure:
1. Immerse the samples in prepared solution from 16 to 18 hours in such a manner that the
solution covers them to a depth of at least 1/2 in. at temperature of 21 + 1 °C.
2. After the immersion, remove the aggregate sample from the solution permit to drain for 10 to
20 mins. And place in the drying oven at a temperature of 110 + 5 °C for 4 hours.
3. After completion of the final cycle and after the sample has cooled, wash the sample free from
the sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate as determined by the reaction of wash water with
barium chloride.
4. After washing, dry the sample at 110 + 5 °C.
5. After drying, sieve the samples by each sieve and record the weight retained after test.
6. Calculate the weighted percentage loss.
 ASTM C39 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL
CONCRETE SPECIMENS

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Upper & Lower Neoprene Rubber
3. Balance
4. Meter

Note: all test specimen for a given test age shall be broken within the permissible time tolerance
prescribed as follows:

Test Age Permissible Tolerance

24 h ± 0.5 h or 2.1 %
3 days 2 h or 2.8 %
7 days 6 h or 3.6 %
28 days 20 h or 3.0 %
90 days 2 days or 2.2 %

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine.
2. Turn on the testing machine and apply the loading rate for compressive test.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock until fracture occur.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).
5. Name what type of fracture it is as figure below:

Sketches of Types of Fractures

Calculation:
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
4

1kN = 224.81 lbs.

(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑛) (224.81 𝑙𝑏𝑠. )

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
 ASTM C78 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (USING
SIMPLE BEAM WITH THIRD-POINT LOADING)

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Loading Apparatus
3. Meter
4. Balance (optional)

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine as a figure below:

2. Turn on the testing machine and set the required loading rate for flexural test.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock until rupture occur.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).

Calculation:
𝑃𝐿
𝑅=
𝑏𝑑 2

Where:
R = modulus of rupture, MPa (psi)
P = maximum applied load indicated by testing machine N (lb-f)
L = span length, mm (in.)
b = average width of specimen, mm (in.), at the fracture, and
d = average depth of specimen, mm (in.), at the fracture
 ASTM C140 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
HOLLOW BLOCKS

Apparatus:
1. Testing Machine
2. Upper and lower plate
3. Sheets of plywood (for lower and upper part)
4. Meter

Procedure:
1. Set the sample on testing machine.
2. Turn on the testing machine.
3. Load the specimen continuously without shock.
4. Take the maximum breaking load (kN).

Calculation:
1. Compressive Strength
a. Net Area Compressive Strength – calculate the net area compressive strength of the
specimen as follows:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (𝑀𝑃𝑎) =
𝐴𝑛
Where:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum compressive load, lb (N), and
𝐴𝑛, 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average of the net area values determined for each of the three absorption specimens,
𝑖𝑛2 [𝑚𝑚2 ]

b. Gross Area Compressive Strength - Calculate the gross area compressive strength of the
specimen as follows:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (𝑀𝑃𝑎) =
𝐴𝑔
Where:
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum compressive load, lb (N), and
𝐴𝑔, 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average of the gross area values determined for each of the three specimens, 𝑖𝑛2 [𝑚𝑚2 ]
 ASTM C140 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR ABSORPTION, MOISTURE CONTENT &
DENSITY TEST FOR CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Apparatus:
1. Oven 5. Weighing Scale
2. Dry Towel 6. Marker
3. Water Bath 7. Metal Wire
4. Meter

Procedure:
1. Weigh the received weight (Wr) (3 pcs sample).
2. Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperature of 60 to 80◦F (15.6 to 26.7◦C) for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire and completely submerged in water and
record the immersed weight (Wi).
4. Remove from the water and allow to drain for 1 min. by placing them on a 3/8" in. (9.5mm) or
coarser wire mesh, removing visible surface water with damp cloth; weigh and record as saturated
weight (Ws).
5. Dry all Specimens in a ventilated oven at 212 to 239◦F (100 to 115◦C) for 24 hours.
6. Record weight of dried specimens as oven dry weight (Wd).
7. Calculate the absorption, moisture content and density test.

Calculation:
1. Absorption – calculate absorption as follows:
𝑙𝑏 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑 )
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 3 = [ ] × 62.4
𝑓𝑡 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑖 )

𝑘𝑔 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑 )
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 3 =[ ] × 100
𝑚 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑖 )

(𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑 )
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, % = [ ] × 100
𝑊𝑑

Where:
𝑊𝑠 = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg),
𝑊𝑖 = immersed weight of specimen, lb (kg), and
𝑊𝑑 = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb (kg)

2. Moisture Content – calculate the moisture content of the unit at the time it is sampled (when 𝑤𝑟 is
measured) as follows:
(𝑊𝑟 − 𝑊𝑑 )
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡, % 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [ ] × 100
(𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑 )

Where:
𝑊𝑟 = received weight of unit, lb (kg),
𝑊𝑑 = oven-dry weight of unit, lb (kg), and
𝑊𝑠 = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg)
3. Density – calculate oven-dry density as follows:
𝑙𝑓 𝑊𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐷), 3 = [ ] × 62.4
𝑓𝑡 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑖 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐷), 3 =[ ] × 100
𝑚 (𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑖 )

Where:
𝑊𝑑 = oven-dry weight of unit, lb (kg), and
𝑊𝑠 = saturated weight of specimen, lb (kg), and
𝑊𝑖 = immersed weight of specimen, lb (kg)
 AASHTO M41/PNS 49 - REINFORCED STEEL BARS

Apparatus:
1. Marker
2. Meter
3. Caliper
4. Weighing Scale
5. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
6. Diameter Pin

Procedure:
1. Prepare all the samples and record the length of sample, weight, average spacing of lugs, average
height of lugs, summation of lugs and mark the initial length for elongation.
2. Test the rebar sample and record the load @ sudden halt and the maximum tensile load.
3. After the test, record what type of fracture description.
4. Record the final length.
5. Bend the sample according to its diameter pin used until it reaches at 180°.
6. Check the appearance of sample and record it if it has cracks or no cracks.
 ASTM C42 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR OBTAINING AND TESTING CORES AND SAWED
BEAMS OF CONCRETE

Apparatus:
1. Core Drill
2. Saw
3. Balance

Procedures:
1. Samples of hardened concrete for use in the preparation of strength test specimens shall not be
taken until the concrete is strong enough to permit sample removal without disturbing the bond
between the mortar and the coarse aggregate.
2. When preparing strength test specimens from samples of hardened concrete, samples that have
been damaged during removal shall not be used unless the damaged portion(s) are removed and
the lengths of resulting test specimens satisfy the minimum length-diameter ratio requirement.
3. Samples of defective or damaged concrete that cannot be tested shall be reported along with the
reason that prohibits use of the sample for preparing strength test specimens.
4. Cores containing embedded reinforcement, excluding fibers, or other embedded objects shall not be
used for determining strength of concrete.
5. If it is not possible to prepare a test specimen that meets the requirements and that is free of
embedded reinforcement or other metal, the specifier of the tests is permitted to allow testing of
cores with embedded metal. If a core tested for strength contains embedded metal, the size,
shape, and location of the metal within the core shall be documented in the test report.
6. Core Drilling - When a core will be tested to measure concrete strength, the core shall be drilled
perpendicular to the surface and at least 150 mm [6 in.] away from formed joints or obvious edges
of a unit of deposit. This minimum distance does not apply to the formed boundaries of structural
members. Record the approximate angle between the longitudinal axis of the drilled core and the
horizontal plane of the concrete as placed. A specimen drilled perpendicular to a vertical surface, or
perpendicular to a sloping surface, shall be taken from near the middle of a unit of deposit when
possible. If cores are obtained for purposes other than determination of strength, drill cores in
accordance with the instructions provided by the specifier of the tests. Record the date core was
drilled. If known, record the date when concrete was placed.
7. Slab Removal - Remove a slab sufficiently large to secure the desired test specimens without the
inclusion of any concrete that has been cracked, spalled, undercut, or otherwise damaged.
8. Measuring the Length of Drilled Cores:
a. Cores for determining the thickness of pavements, slabs, walls or other structural elements
shall have a diameter of at least 94 mm [3.70 in.] when the lengths of such cores are
stipulated to be measured in accordance with Test Method C174/C174M. When core length
for determining the thickness of a member is not required to be measured in accordance
with Test Method C174/C174M, core diameter shall be as directed by specifier of tests.
b. For cores that are not intended for determining structural dimensions, measure the longest
and shortest lengths on the cut surface along lines parallel to the core axis. Record the
average length to the nearest 5 mm [1⁄4 in.].
9. Cores for Compressive Strength:
a. Diameter - the diameter of core specimens for the determination of compressive strength
shall be at least 94 mm [3.70 in.] or at least two times the nominal maximum size of the
coarse aggregate, whichever is larger.
b. If limited member thickness makes it impossible to obtain cores with length-diameter ratio
(L/D) of at least 1.0 or if clear distance between reinforcement is limited, core diameters
less than 94 mm [3.70 in.] are not prohibited. If a core diameter less than 94 mm [3.70 in.]
is used, report the reason.
c. Length - the preferred length of the capped or ground specimen is between 1.9 and 2.1
times the diameter. If the ratio of the length to the diameter (L/D) of the core exceeds 2.1,
reduce the length of the core so that the ratio of the capped or ground specimen is between
1.9 and 2.1. Core specimens with length-diameter ratios equal to or less than 1.75 require
corrections to the measured compressive strength. A strength correction factor is not
required for L/D greater than 1.75. A core having a maximum length of less than 95 % of its
diameter before capping or a length less than its diameter after capping, trimming, or end
grinding shall not be tested.
d. If the compressive strengths of cores are to be compared with specified strengths based on
standard concrete cubes, cores shall be tested with L/D, after end preparation, in the range
of 1.00 to 1.05 unless otherwise directed by the specifier of the tests. If the strengths of
cores with L/D =1 are to be compared with specified concrete cube strength, do not apply
the correction factor.
e. Moisture Conditioning - Test cores after moisture conditioning as specified in this test
method or as directed by the specifier of the tests. The moisture conditioning procedures
specified in this test method are intended to preserve the moisture of the drilled core and to
provide a reproducible moisture condition that minimizes the effects of moisture gradients
introduced by wetting during drilling and specimen preparation.
f. After cores have been drilled, wipe off surface drill water and allow remaining surface
moisture to evaporate. When surfaces appear dry, but not later than 1 h after drilling, place
cores in separate plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers and seal to prevent moisture loss.
Maintain cores at ambient temperature, and protect cores from exposure to direct sunlight.
Transport the cores to the testing laboratory as soon as possible. Keep cores in the sealed
plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers at all times except during end preparation and for a
maximum time of 2 h to permit capping before testing.
g. If water is used during sawing or grinding of core ends, complete these operations as soon
as possible, but no later than 2 days after drilling of cores unless stipulated otherwise by the
specifier of tests. After completing end preparation, wipe off surface moisture, allow the
surfaces to dry, and place the cores in sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers.
Minimize the duration of exposure to water during end preparation.
h. Allow the cores to remain in the sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers for at least
5 days after last being wetted and before testing, unless stipulated otherwise by the
specifier of tests.
i. Sawing of Ends - The ends of core specimens to be tested in compression shall be flat, and
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis in accordance with Test Method C39/C39M. If
necessary, saw the ends of cores that will be capped so that prior to capping, the following
requirements are met:
i. Projections, if any, shall not extend more than 5 mm [0.2 in.] above the end
surfaces.
 ii. The end surfaces shall not depart from perpendicularity to the longitudinal axis by a
slope of more than 1:0.3d [1:8d] where d is the average core diameter in mm [in.].
j. Calculated Density - If the core will be tested for strength, measure the mass of the core
just before capping or just before testing if bonded caps are not used. Divide the mass by
the volume of the core calculated from the average diameter and length determined. Record
the calculated density to the nearest 20 kg/m3 [1 lb/ft3].
k. Capping - If the ends of the cores do not conform to the perpendicularity requirements of
Test Method C39/C39M, they shall be sawed or ground to meet those requirements or
capped with bonded caps in accordance with Practice C617/C617M. If the ends of the cores
do not conform to the planeness requirements of Test Method C39/C39M, they shall be
sawed or ground to meet those requirements or capped with bonded caps in accordance
with Practice C617/C617M or tested with unbonded caps in accordance with Practice
C1231/C1231M. If cores are capped in accordance with Practice C617/C617M, the capping
device shall accommodate actual core diameters and produce caps that are concentric with
the core ends. If unbonded caps are used, the gap between the core and retaining rings
shall conform to the requirements of Practice C1231/ C1231M.
l. Measurement - If the core will be tested with bonded caps, determine the average length
before and after capping, and use the length after capping to compute the length-diameter
ratio (L/D). If the core will be tested with unbonded caps or with ground ends, determine
the average length of the prepared core before testing. Determine the average length of the
core to the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.] using the jaw caliper procedure of Test Method
C1542/C1542M or the procedure in Test Method C174/C174M. Determine the average
diameter by averaging two measurements taken at right angles to each other at the mid-
height of the core. Report the average core diameter to the nearest 0.2 mm [0.01 in.] if the
difference in core diameters does not exceed 2 % of their average, otherwise report to the
nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.]. Do not test a core if the difference between the largest and
smallest diameter exceeds 5 % of their average.
m. Testing - Test the specimens in accordance with Test Method C39/C39M. Test the
specimens within 7 days after coring, unless specified otherwise.
n. Calculation - Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen using the computed
cross-sectional area based on the average diameter of the specimen.
i. If the ratio of length to diameter (L/D) of the specimen is 1.75 or less, correct the
result by multiplying by the appropriate correction factor shown in the following
table:

Ratio of Length to Strength Correction

Diameter (L/D) Factor
1.75 0.98
1.50 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.00 0.87

Use Interpolation to determine correction factors for L/D values not given in the table.
 ASTM C805 – STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR REBOUND NUMBER OF HARDENED CONCRETE

Apparatus:

1. Rebound Hammer
2. Abrasive Stone
3. Verification Anvil

Procedure:
1. Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger is perpendicular to the test surface.
2. Record the orientation of the instrument with respect to horizontal to the nearest 45-degree
increment. Use a positive angle if the instrument points upward and a negative angle if it points
downward with respect to horizontal during testing
NOTE: Digital angle gages are available that can be attached to the body of the instrument to
allow quick measurement of the angle with respect to horizontal. The recorded orientation would
be 0 degrees (horizontal), 645 degrees (inclined), or 690 (vertical). For example, if the instrument
points vertically down during a test, the angle would be reported as –90 degrees. If the angle is
measured to be 55 degrees upward from horizontal, the recorded angle to the nearest 45-degree
increment would be +45 degrees.
3. Gradually push the instrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts.
4. After impact, maintain pressure on the instrument and, if necessary, depress the button on the
side of the instrument to lock the plunger in its retracted position.
5. Read and record the rebound number to the nearest whole number.
6. Take ten readings from each test area. The distances between impact points shall be at least 25
mm [1 in.], and the distance between impact points and edges of the member shall be at least 50
mm [2 in.].
7. Examine the impression made on the surface after impact, and if the impact crushes or breaks
through a near surface air void disregard the reading and take another reading.

Calculation

1. Discard readings differing from the average of 10 readings by more than 6 units and determine
the average of the remaining readings. If more than 2 readings differ from the average by 6
units, discard the entire set of readings and determine rebound numbers at 10 new locations
within the test area.
2. If necessary, apply the correction factor to the average rebound number so that the rebound
number is for a horizontal orientation of the hammer. Interpolation is permitted if corrections
factors are not given for ±45 degrees.
 ASTM C142 – STANDARD PRACTICE FOR CLAY LUMPS AND FRIABLE PARTICLES IN
AGGREGATES

Apparatus:

1. Balance
2. Container
3. Sieve
4. Drying Oven

Sampling:
1. Aggregate for this test method shall consist of the material remaining after completion of testing
in accordance with Test Method C 117.
2. Dry the aggregate to substantially constant mass at a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F).
3. Test samples of fine aggregate shall consist of the particles coarser than a 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve
and shall have a mass not less than 25 g.
4. Separate the test samples of coarse aggregate into different sizes. The test sample shall have a
mass not less than indicated in the following table:

Size of Particles Making Mass of Test Sample,

Up Test Samples min, g
No. 4 to 3/8 in. 1000
3/8 in. to ¾ in. 2000
¾ in. to 1 ½ in. 3000
Over 1 ½ in. 5000
Procedure:
1. Determine the mass of the test sample
2. Spread it in a thin layer on the bottom of the container, cover it with distilled water, and soak it
for a period of 24 ± 4 h.
3. Cover it with distilled water and soak it for a period of 24 ± 4 h.
4. Roll and squeeze particles individually between the thumb and forefinger to attempt to break the
particle into smaller sizes. (Do not use the fingernails to break up particles, or press particles
against a hard surface or each other)
5. Separate the detritus from the remainder of the sample by wet sieving over the sieve prescribed
in the following table:
Size of Particles Making Size of Sieve for Removing
Up Test Samples Residue of Clay Lumps and
Friable Particles
Retained on No.16 Sieve No.20
No. 4 to 3/8 in. No.8
3/8 in. to ¾ in. No.4
¾ in. to 1 ½ in. No.4
Over 1 ½ in. No.4
6. Remove the Retained particles carefully from the sieve.
7. Dry to substantially constant mass a temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9°F).
8. Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 % of the mass of the test sample.
Calculation:

Calculate the percent of clay lumps and friable particles.

P = ((M -R) / M) x 100

Where:

P= Percent of clay lumps and friable particles

M= Mass of test sample

R = Mass of particles retained on designated sieve