FUNCTIONS
Objectives:
1. To determine if a
relation is a function
2. To find the domain
and range of a
function
3. To evaluate
functions
A mathematical relation is the pairing up
(mapping) of inputs and outputs.
A mathematical relation is the pairing up
(mapping) of inputs and outputs.
• Domain: the set of all input values
• Range: the set of all output values
A function is a relation
in which each input Relations
has exactly one
output.
Functions
A function is a relation
in which each input Relations
has exactly one
output.
Functions
• Each output does
not necessarily have
only one input
A toaster is an example of a function. You put in
bread, the toaster performs a toasting
function, and out pops toasted bread.
“What comes out of a toaster?”
“It depends on what you put in.”
– You can’t input bread and expect a waffle!
Domain and Range
Generalizing, if the value of the variable y depends on the
value of the variable x, then y is called the dependent variable and
x is the independent variable.
So if y = x2, we can choose the domain to be all of the real numbers.
The range is all of the real numbers greater than (or equal to) zero,
since if y = x2, y cannot be negative.
Independent variable
Domain
(x, y)
Dependent variable/ Range
Which sets of ordered pairs represent functions?
1. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (5, 6)}
2. {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
3. {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1)}
4. {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)}
Vertical Line Test
If every vertical line intersects the graph of a relation in no more than
one point, then the relation represents a function.
y (b) y
(a)
x x
Not a function – the same Function – each x-value
x-value corresponds to two corresponds to only one
different y-values. y-value.
Which of the
following graphs
represent
functions? What
is an easy way to
tell that each
input has only
one output?
Function Notation
When a function f is defined with a rule or an equation using
x and y for the independent and dependent variables, we say
“y is a function of x” to emphasize that y depends on x.
We use the notation
y = f (x),
called function notation, to express this and read f (x), as “f of x”.
The letter f stands for function. For example, if y = 5x – 2, we can
Name this function f and write
f (x) = 5x – 2.
Note that f (x) is just another name for the dependent variable y.
• One-to-One functions define that each element of one set,
say Set (A) is mapped with a unique element of another set,
say, Set (B).
• Only one element of the domain is mapped to any given one
element of the range.
• On a graph, a function is one to one if any horizontal line
cuts the graph only once.
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• Graph representations of functions that are
(or not) one-to-one:
• • • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • • •
• • •
• • • •
• • •
Not one-to-one Not even a
One-to-one function!
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Inverse Function
If f is a function defined as y = f(x), then the inverse function of f is
x = f -1(y)
Find the inverse of f(x) = 2x + 1
Let y = f(x), therefore y = 2x + 1
swap the x and y: x = 2y + 1
Make y the subject of the formula: 2y = x -1,
so y = ½(x -1) Therefore f-1(x) =½(x -1)
f-1(x) is the standard notation for the inverse of f(x)
EXAMPLE
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c, d}.
Which of the following is a one-to-one
function?
1.{(1, c), (2, c)(2, c)}
2.{(1, a),(2, b),(3, c)}
3.{(1, b)(1, c)}
Given f(x) = x2 − 2x + 1, evaluate
a.f(2)
b.f(a)
c.f(a + h)
d.f(2a + h − 2)
Find the inverse function of f(x) = 4x+6
Linear Function
A function that can be defined by
f (x) = ax + b,
for real numbers a and b is a
linear function.
The value of a is the slope of m
of the graph of the function.
EXAMPLE
Suppose you are a business analyst for a company, and the
revenue generated by the company's online sales is represented by the
function f(x)= 3X2+50X−2000
where x is the number of units sold.
Determine the following:
1.The number of units that need to be sold to break even (i.e., when
revenue equals expenses).
THANK YOU
