Inorganic Chemistry for Engineers (CENG0014)
Dr. Ryan Wang
2021
Lecture 1.1
202 Roberts building
[email protected] What is inorganic chemistry
Contents of this module
Atomic number Atomic mass (amu)
Boiling point Electronegativity
Melting point
Symbol / name
Valence orbital
Density (at STP, g/L)
Why atomic mass is not 1?
Ion, anion
[H-O]- base
[H-O-H] molecule 2H2 + O2 -> H2O
[H3O]+ Ion, cation
acid
Oxidation and reduction
Synopsis
• Atoms: mass, isotopes and structures
• Molecules: bonds and structures
• Crystals: metallic and ionic solids
• Acids, Bases and ions
• Oxidation and reduction
• Elements: a map of periodic table
Topics and schedules
1. Topic 1: Balance reaction, elements and atoms;
2. Topic 2: Chemical bond, Lewis structure, MO theory;
3. Topic 3: Chemical bond, symmetry, Geometry and VSEPR;
4. Topic 4: Chemical bond, hybridization, energy;
5. Topic 5: Crystals, ionic crystals, metals, lattice energy;
6. Topic 6: Hydrogen, Group1, Group 2 and Groups 13-14;
7. Topic 7: Groups 15-17;
8. Topic 8: D-block metals, coordination chemistry and industrial
inorganic chemistry.
Intended Learning Outcomes
To provide a basic knowledge of atoms, molecules, crystals, chemical bond theory,
electrochemistry and the main characteristics of major elements based on their location in
the periodic table.
• Have an understanding of atomic, molecular and crystal structure in the context of the
periodic table and underlying chemical bonds.
• Understand the role of acids, bases and ions in the aqueous solution and determine the
acidity of a chemical.
• Calculate redox potential of a given reaction, understand the basic principles of
electrochemical devices, and identify their energy efficiency.
• Be familiar with most of the common elements and their compounds.
• Know how to use those compounds in reactions.
• Translate a chemical reaction into an industrial reaction.
Revision of A level chemistry
Chemical reaction equation:
All atoms on the left side are also on the right side
All left-hand charges are also on the right-hand side
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
-reactants
-products
-coefficients
-States of matter: s = solid, g = gaseous, l = liquid, aq = aqueous
solution
5 steps to make a rocket
1. Elements.
2. Oxidation states.
3. Stoichiometry.
4. H+ in acidic solution and OH- in basic solution.
5. Examination.
Examples
Practice: write the following reactions:
- Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen and sodium ions.
2 Na + 2 H2O H2 + 2 NaOH
- Methane burns in the air, forming carbon dioxide and water.
CH4+ 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
- Silver nitrate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
AgNO3+ HCl AgCl + HNO3
Oxidation state
a) Element 0.
Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4
b) Ions consisting one atom have positive or negative oxidation state
Li+: +1 Fe3+: +3 O2-: -2
c) Oxidation state of oxygen is usually -2.
Exception: O2 (simple substance 0)
and H2O2, HO2-, O22- (peroxide -1)
d) The oxidation state for hydrogen is often +1
Except in H2 (element) where it is 0
or when it is bound to more electropositive elements (typically
only metals such as in NaH) where it is -1.
e) Alkali metal ions are always +1. Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
Alkaline earth metal are always +2.Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
- also for zinc and cadmium: Zn2+, Cd2+
Fluoride is always -1. F-
f) The sum of the oxidation states of all atoms in a molecule or ion is
equal to the external charge.
Oxidation and reduction
0 0 3 -1
2 Fe(s) 3 Cl 2 (g) 2 FeCl3
3↑x2=6↑ Oxidation
2 x 1↓ x 3 = 6 ↓ Reduction
This is chemistry (not nuclear physics!): The stoichiometry must fit all
elements.
Becareful with O22-: you can write as [O-O]2-:
Cr2O72- + 4 H2O2 + 2 H+ 2 Cr(O2)2O + 5 H2O
Exercises
a) Ca(s) + H2O(l) H2(g) + Ca2+(aq)
b) ZnCO3(aq) + H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + CO2(g)
c) AgCl(s) + Zn(s) Ag(s) + Zn2+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
d) Cu(s) + NO3-(aq) Cu2+(aq) + NO(g)
e) Mn2+(aq) + Br2(aq) MnO2(s) + Br-(aq)
f) IO3- + Br- I2 + Br2
g) IO3- + SO2 I- + HSO4-
h) Br- + MnO4- Br2 + MnO2
Name of the chemicals
Use the names of the elements
salts:
Cation (+) is mentioned before anion (-)
Stoichiometric coefficients are usually not mentioned
Cations get the name of the element.
Oxidation states are indicated if there are more options.
Simple anions go to the end
Molecular compounds:
Geometry coefficients (from 2) are mentioned as prefixes (di, tri, tetra, penta,
hexa, ..)
There is an order for what comes first and last. Just remember that oxygen and
halogens are usually last.
Pay attention to trivial names
Simple compoun ions that you must know:
carbonate CaCO3
sulphate Na2SO4
Sulfite Na2SO3
Nitrate AgNO3
Nitrite NaNO2
Phosphate NaH2PO4 Monosodium Phosphate
Iodate NaIO3
Ammonium NH4+
Hydroxide OH-
Exercise
SO2 Sulfur dioxide H 2O Water
H 2S Hydrogen sulfide H2SO4 Sufuric acid
AgCl Silver Chloride HNO3 Nitric acid
H2 Hydrogen NH3 Ammonia
CO2 Carbon dioxide H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
BaCO3 Barium carbonate CH3COOH Acetic acid
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
NO Nitrogen monoxide NH4Cl Ammonium chloride
HCl Hydrogen chloride
Na2HPO4 Disodium phosphate
NaCl Sodium Chloride
Chemical Rules:
Consider all ions if they are in the correct form at the given pH. For
example, do not write OH- or NH3 in an acidic reaction or HSO4- in a
basic.
When oxidized with O2, 4 electrons are delivered per molecule.
When oxidized with H2O2, 2 electrons are delivered per molecule.
When reduced with H2O2, 2 electrons are taken per molecule.
2CnH2n+2 + (3n+1) O2 2n CO2 + (2n+2) H2O
Fe(s) Fe2+ +2 e-
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ 2 H2O
Fe3+ + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
2 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O
SiC(s)
W(s), Ar(g)
Catalyst
NO + NO2 + 2 NH3 2 N2 + 3 H2O
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
The Periodic Table
Break
