Unity University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Computer Science
Advanced of Database Management System
Individual Assignment
Name ID
Fanuel Samuel………………………….UU87299R
Submitted to: Mr.Yishak
Data Base Management
System
INTRODUCTION:
What is database management system?
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with
computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a
database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for
various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other
specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files,
and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to
concurrently access the same database.
DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational
model or object model, to conveniently describe and support
applications. It typically supports query languages which are in fact high-
level programming languages, dedicated database languages that
considerably simplify writing database Application programs. A DBMS
provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity,
managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures
and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database
security.
Examples:
Microsoft access, MySQL, Microsoft SQL server, oracle and File maker pro
are all examples of database management systems.
Different types of DBMS are as follow:
1. Hierarchical DBMS
2. Network DBMS
3. Relational DBMS
4. Flat file DBMS
5. Object Oriented DBMS
1. Hierarchical DBMS: One of the earliest database management
systems was based on the Hierarchical model. Here data can be
organized in the form of free structure or level-by-level manner with one
limitation that is "every sub node or child node should have only one
parent node".
2. Network DBMS: Network databases are similar to hierarchical
databases by also having a hierarchical structure. There are a few key
differences, however. Instead of looking like an upside-down tree, a
network database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network
of records. In network databases, children are called members and
parents are called owners. The most important difference is that each
child or member can have more than one parent (or owner).
3. Relational DBMS: RDBMS are most important database system used in
the software industry today. It was exclusively used to establish the
relation the relationship between two-database objects, which stores
data in the form of rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and together
forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL for storing,
manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. Each table in the database
carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of
Relational databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.
4. Flat files DBMS: In flat file database management system the user
specifies the data attributes for one table at a time, storing data
independently from application.
5. Object Oriented DBMS: The type of database that uses the
object-based data model approach for storing data in the database
system. The data is represented and stored as objects which are
similar to the objects used in the object-oriented programming
language.
DBMS Languages
Data Definition Language-DDLData Definition Language (DDL) statements
are used to define the database structure or schema.
Some examples:
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed
Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Manipulation Language (DML)
statements are used for managing data within schema objects.
Some examples:
SELECT - Retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - Insert data into a table
UPDATE - Updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records
remain
MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
Data Control Language (DCL)
Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
Commit: It is used to save the transaction on the database.
Rollback: It is used to restore the database to original since the last
Commit.
Save-point: It is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you
can rollback to that point whenever necessary.
Characteristics and Features of DBMS
Real-world entity - A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses real-world
entities to design its architecture. It uses the behavior and attributes too. For
example, a school database may use students as an entity and their age as an
attribute.
Relation-based tables - DBMS allows entities and relations among them to
form tables. A user can understand the architecture of a database just by
looking at the table names.
Isolation of data and application - A database system is entirely different
than its data. A database is an active entity, whereas data is said to be passive,
on which the database works and organizes. DBMS also stores metadata,
which is data about data, to ease its own process.
Less redundancy - DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which splits a
relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values.
Normalization is a mathematically rich and scientific process that reduces data
redundancy.
ACID Properties - DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, and Durability (normally shortened as ACID). These concepts are
applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID properties
help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments and in
case of failure.
Multiuser and Concurrent Access - DBMS supports multi-user
environment and allows them to access and manipulate data in parallel.
Though there are restrictions on transactions when users attempt to handle
the same data item, but users are always unaware of them.
Multiple views - DBMS offers multiple views for different users. A user who
is in the Sales department will have a different view of database than a person
working in the Production department. This feature enables the users to have
a concentrate view of the database according to their requirements.
Security - Features like multiple views offer security to some extent where
users are unable to access data of other users and departments. DBMS offers
methods to impose constraints while entering data into the database and
retrieving the same at a later stage. DBMS offers many different levels of
security features, which enables multiple users to have different views with
different features
