NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

GUDUR
(AUTONOMOUS)

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

TINKERING LAB RECORD

23A41505
Academic Year: 2025–2026

Student Details

Name
Roll No
Year / Sem
Department
Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
GUDUR – 524 101, TIRUPATI DIST.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Roll No:

Certified that this is the bonafide record of practical work done in the
Laboratory by of Year, during the year
.

No. of Experiments Conducted :

No. of Experiments Done :

FACULTY IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the university practical Examination held on

at NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GUDUR – 524101

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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Narayana Engineering College, Gudur Tinkering Lab

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Make your own parallel and series circuits using breadboard for any application of
your choice.

2. Design and 3D Print a Rocket.

3. Temperature Humidity Monitoring System (DHT11 + LCD)

4. Water Level Detection and Alert System

5. Automatic Plant Watering System

6. Bluetooth-Based Door Lock System

7. Smart Dustbin Using Ultrasonic Sensor

8. Fire Detection and Alarm System

9. RFID-Based Attendance System

10. Voice-Controlled Devices via Google Assistant

11. Heart Rate Monitoring Using Pulse Sensor

12. Soil Moisture-Based Irrigation

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Index

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Signature

1 Make Your Own Series and Parallel
Circuits Using Breadboard
2 Design and 3D Print a Rocket.
3 Temperature and Humidity Monitoring
System (DHT11 + LCD)
4 Water Level Detection and Alert Sys-
tem
5 Automatic Plant Watering System
6 Bluetooth-Based Door Lock System
7 Smart Dustbin Using Ultrasonic Sensor
8 Fire Detection and Alarm System
9 RFID-Based Attendance System
10 Voice-Controlled Devices via Google
Assistant
11 Heart Rate Monitoring Using Pulse
Sensor
12 Soil Moisture-Based Irrigation

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Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

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Introduction to Tinkering Lab

The Tinkering Lab is an innovative and student-centric initiative designed to encourage

young engineers to learn by doing. It is a creative space where students can experiment,
design, and build simple working models using basic electronic components, microcon-
trollers, and simulation tools.
In this lab, students will gain practical hands-on experience in working with circuits,
sensors, actuators, microcontrollers like Arduino and ESP32, and simulation platforms
like Tinkercad and Wokwi. The activities are designed to build curiosity and problem-
solving skills while strengthening basic concepts in electronics, embedded systems, and
the Internet of Things (IoT).
Through various mini-projects and experiments, students will learn to:

1. Identify and use basic electronic components such as resistors, LEDs, sensors, mo-
tors, and microcontrollers.

2. Design and test simple circuits on breadboards.

3. Write and upload programs using Arduino IDE.

4. Simulate circuits virtually using online tools.

5. Develop simple automation and IoT-based applications.

6. Explore 3D design and printing for creating physical prototypes.

The Tinkering Lab empowers students to convert their ideas into working models,
encourages teamwork and creativity, and prepares them for advanced project work and
real-world problem solving.
Students are encouraged to follow safety instructions, maintain discipline, and actively
participate in all lab activities to make the most of this learning experience.

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Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

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Components and Their Uses

S.No Component Purpose

1 Breadboard Build temporary circuits without sol-
dering.
2 Jumper Wires Make connections on breadboard.
3 Resistors Limit current in circuits.
4 Capacitors Store and release energy (filtering).
5 LEDs Indicate output visually.
6 LDR Sense light intensity.
7 IR/PIR Sensors Detect object/human presence.
8 Servo Motor Provide precise rotation for robotics.
9 DC Motor Drive simple mechanical movements.
10 Push Button Manual input switch.
11 Buzzer Give audio alerts.
12 Relay Switch higher loads safely.
13 Ultrasonic Sensor Measure distance.
14 Soil Moisture Sensor Check soil wetness.
15 RFID Module For authentication/control.
16 Arduino or ESP32 Board Microcontroller for coding control.
17 USB Cable Connect board to PC.
18 3D Printer Create physical parts for prototyping.

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Software Tools and Platforms

S.No Software Purpose

1 Arduino IDE Write, compile, upload code to boards.
2 Wokwi Online simulation for Arduino/ESP32
+ IoT.
3 Tinkercad Circuits Virtual breadboard and Arduino simu-
lation.
4 Fusion 360 / Tinkercad 3D 3D CAD design for printing.
5 Thingspeak Cloud IoT dashboard for live data.
6 Cura (or similar) 3D slicer for printer file prep.
7 Fritzing For neat circuit diagrams (optional).

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Experiment 1 Make Your Own Se-
ries and Parallel Circuits Using Bread-
board

Objective:
To design, build, and test simple series and parallel circuits using a breadboard.
Components Required:

1. Breadboard

2. LEDs – 4

3. Resistors – 220 Ω – 4

4. Jumper wires

5. 9V battery or USB supply

Theory:
A series circuit has only one path for current flow. A parallel circuit has multiple paths.
In a series circuit, if one component fails, the entire circuit breaks. In contrast, in a
parallel circuit, each branch operates independently. Resistors are used to limit the
current flowing through the LEDs and prevent them from burning out.

Figure: Series and Parallel Circuit Diagrams

Procedure:

1. Connect LEDs in series with resistors on the breadboard.

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2. Build another circuit connecting LEDs in parallel, each with a resistor.

3. Power both circuits using a 9V battery or USB.

4. Observe brightness and behavior when an LED is removed in each configuration.

Viva Questions:

1. What is the key difference between series and parallel circuits?

2. Why are resistors important when using LEDs?

3. What happens when one LED fails in a series circuit?

4. What happens when one LED fails in a parallel circuit?

5. How does voltage distribute in a series circuit?

6. How does current distribute in a parallel circuit?

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7. What is Ohm’s Law and how is it applied here?

8. Mention a real-life application of a series circuit.

9. Mention a real-life application of a parallel circuit.

10. Can we connect multiple power sources in parallel?

Result:

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Experiment 2 Design and 3D Print
a Rocket

Objective:
To design a simple rocket model using 3D CAD software and fabricate it using a 3D
printer.

Components Required:
1. Computer with CAD software (Tinkercad/Fusion 360)

2. 3D printer

3. PLA filament

Theory:
A rocket model is created using CAD software and fabricated using a 3D printer. This
hands-on activity introduces students to key concepts in aerospace design, fluid dynamics,
and additive manufacturing. The design process involves understanding aerodynamic
principles such as drag, lift, thrust, and stability, which are crucial in real rocket
design.
The rocket typically includes:
• Body tube – the central cylindrical section.

• Nose cone – minimizes air resistance.

• Fins – stabilize flight and prevent tumbling.

• Payload section – optional to simulate satellite/sensor load.

It can be printed as a static display piece or for wind tunnel testing. Advanced
versions may include propulsion mechanisms.
CAD skills gained:
• 3D modeling of symmetrical, aerodynamic parts

• Modular design and precision for assembly

Manufacturing skills:
• Slicing, G-code generation, orientation, support, and infill

• Post-processing like support removal, sanding, and joining

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Educational outcomes:
• Better understanding of STEM and aerospace concepts
• Hands-on with digital fabrication and rapid prototyping
• Creative design thinking and team collaboration
This experiment bridges theory and fabrication, inspiring interest in aerospace, prod-
uct design, and model prototyping.

Block Diagram

CAD Design (Tinkercad / Fusion 360)

Export as STL File

Slicing Software (G-code Generation)

3D Printing (PLA Filament)

Part Assembly (Rocket Model)

Fig: Block Diagram of Rocket Design and 3D Printing Workflow

Procedure:
1. Open CAD software and design rocket body, nose cone, and fins.
2. Combine all parts or create them separately for assembly.
3. Export the design as an STL file.
4. Slice the file using slicing software and generate G-code.
5. Load filament and start 3D printing.
6. Remove the print carefully and assemble if needed.

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Viva Questions
1. What is slicing in 3D printing and what software is used?

2. Why do rockets have fins?

3. What type of filament is used in this experiment?

4. What is the purpose of the nose cone in rocket design?

5. How do you ensure symmetry in rocket design?

6. What are the design parameters to consider for a rocket model?

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7. What are some aerospace applications of 3D printing?

8. Can this rocket be used in wind tunnel testing?

9. What is the layer height setting in slicer software?

10. What is infill and how does it affect the strength of the model?

Result:

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Experiment 3 Temperature and
Humidity Monitoring System using DHT11
and LCD

Objective:
To measure and display real-time temperature and humidity using a DHT11 sensor and
16x2 LCD interfaced with a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino UNO or ESP32).

Components Required:

1. Arduino UNO / ESP32

2. DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

3. 16x2 LCD Display (with or without I2C module)

4. Breadboard

5. Jumper wires

6. USB cable

7. Arduino IDE

Theory:
The DHT11 sensor is a low-cost digital sensor used to measure temperature and humidity.
It consists of a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor and provides a digital output
signal. The 16x2 LCD display is used to show the measured values to the user. The
microcontroller reads data from the DHT11 sensor, processes it, and sends the result to
the LCD.
The experiment helps students understand how to interface sensors and displays, read
environmental parameters, and apply this data for automation or IoT use cases like smart
farming, weather stations, or indoor climate monitoring.
Key Concepts:

• Sensor interfacing and data acquisition

• LCD interfacing (4-bit/8-bit or via I2C)

• Real-time data display and refresh

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• Use of external libraries in Arduino IDE (DHT.h, LiquidCrystal.h)

Block Diagram

DHT11 Sensor

Microcontroller (Arduino / ESP32)

16x2 LCD Display

Fig: Block Diagram of Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System

Procedure:

1. Connect the DHT11 sensor: VCC to 5V (or 3.3V for ESP32), GND to GND, Data
pin to D2 (or GPIO).

2. Connect the LCD:

• If using I2C module: Connect VCC, GND, SDA, and SCL pins.
• If using normal LCD: Connect RS, EN, D4–D7 to digital pins.

3. Install the required libraries in Arduino IDE:

• DHT.h
• LiquidCrystal.h or LiquidCrystal I2C.h

4. Write or upload the Arduino code.

5. Open Serial Monitor for debugging if needed.

6. Observe the LCD displaying temperature and humidity.

Sample Arduino Code (I2C LCD + DHT11):

#include <DHT.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#define DHTPIN 2

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#define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {
lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight();
dht.begin();
}

void loop() {
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Temp: ");
lcd.print(t);
lcd.print(" C");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Humidity: ");
lcd.print(h);
lcd.print(" %");

delay(2000);
}

Viva Questions
1. What does the DHT11 sensor measure?

2. What are the connections for the DHT11?

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Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

3. What is the working voltage of the DHT11?

4. What are the functions of the LCD display?

5. What is the I2C address of the LCD?

6. How do you use the DHT.h library?

7. Why do we use a delay in the loop?

8. Can we use ESP32 in place of Arduino?

9. What happens if the DHT sensor is faulty?

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10. What real-world applications use such sensors?

Result:

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Experiment 4 Water Level Detection
and Alert System

Objective:
To detect the water level in a tank and trigger an alert (buzzer or LED) when water
reaches a predefined threshold.

Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. Water Level Sensor
3. Buzzer or LED
4. Resistors and Jumper Wires
5. Breadboard

Theory:
This project utilizes a water level sensor to monitor the water level inside a container or
tank. The sensor gives an analog voltage output based on water contact. Arduino reads
this value and if it exceeds a threshold, it triggers a buzzer or LED. Such systems are
widely used in household water tanks, agricultural fields, and flood-prone areas to ensure
timely alerts.

Block Diagram

Water Level Sensor

Buzzer / LED Arduino Uno

Fig: Block Diagram of Water Level Detection and Alert System

Procedure:

1. Connect the sensor’s analog output to A0 of the Arduino.

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2. Connect buzzer or LED to digital pin 8 through a resistor.

3. Provide 5V and GND supply to the sensor.
4. Upload the code to the Arduino.
5. Observe alert activation as the water level increases.

Sample Arduino Code:

int sensorPin = A0;

int buzzer = 8;

void setup() {
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int level = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(level);
if(level > 700) {
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
delay(500);
}

Viva Questions:

1. What is the working principle of a water level sensor?

2. Why do we use analogRead() in the Arduino?

3. What role does the buzzer/LED play?

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4. Can you use multiple levels in this project?

5. What happens if the water sensor corrodes?

6. Can this system be extended for automatic motor control?

7. How does this system help in flood management?

8. Why is threshold value set at 700 in the code?

9. What precautions should be taken while placing the sensor?

10. Can we display the water level on an LCD?

Result:

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Experiment 5 Automatic Plant Wa-
tering System

Objective:
To automatically water a plant when soil moisture falls below a threshold using an
Arduino-controlled pump.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. Soil Moisture Sensor
3. Relay Module
4. Water Pump
5. Jumper Wires and Power Supply
Theory:
This system continuously monitors the soil’s water content using a moisture sensor. When
the moisture falls below a set threshold, Arduino triggers a relay that powers the water
pump. Once moisture is restored, the pump is turned off. This ensures efficient water
usage and prevents overwatering or underwatering.

Block Diagram

Soil Moisture Sensor

Arduino Uno

Relay Module

Water Pump

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Fig: Block Diagram of Automatic Plant Watering System

Procedure:

1. Connect sensor output to Arduino analog pin A0.

2. Connect the relay module to digital pin 8.
3. Interface the pump to relay and power externally.
4. Upload the program using Arduino IDE.
5. Test the system behavior with different moisture levels.

Sample Arduino Code:

int sensorPin = A0;

int relay = 8;

void setup() {
pinMode(relay, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int moisture = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(moisture);
if(moisture < 400) {
digitalWrite(relay, HIGH); // Turn ON pump
} else {
digitalWrite(relay, LOW); // Turn OFF pump
}
delay(1000);
}

Viva Questions:

1. What does the soil moisture sensor measure?

2. Why is a relay used in this circuit?

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3. What happens when the soil becomes dry?

4. Can this system save water? How?

5. What are the applications of this project?

6. What is the function of analogRead()?

7. How would you set a different moisture threshold?

8. What would happen if the pump power supply fails?

9. How can this be integrated with a mobile app?

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10. What is precision agriculture?

Result:

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Experiment 6 Bluetooth-Based Door
Lock System

Objective:
To control a door lock mechanism using a mobile app via Bluetooth.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. HC-05 Bluetooth Module
3. Servo Motor
4. Jumper Wires
5. Android Phone with Bluetooth Terminal App
Theory:
This system allows remote control of a locking mechanism via Bluetooth. Commands sent
from a smartphone are received by the HC-05 module, interpreted by the Arduino, and
used to drive a servo motor to lock or unlock the door. It demonstrates basic embedded
system control and secure access applications.

Block Diagram

Smartphone (Bluetooth)

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Arduino Uno

Servo Motor (Lock)

Fig: Block Diagram of Bluetooth-Based Door Lock System

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Procedure:

1. Connect HC-05 TX to Arduino RX and RX to TX (with voltage divider).

2. Connect the servo signal wire to pin 9 of Arduino.
3. Upload the Arduino code using the IDE.
4. Pair HC-05 with the mobile app (default PIN: 1234/0000).
5. Send ’1’ to unlock and ’0’ to lock using Bluetooth terminal.

Sample Arduino Code:

#include <Servo.h>
Servo lockServo;
char data;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
lockServo.attach(9);
}

void loop() {
if(Serial.available()) {
data = Serial.read();
if(data == ’1’) lockServo.write(90); // unlock
if(data == ’0’) lockServo.write(0); // lock
}
}

Viva Questions:

1. What is the function of the HC-05 module?

2. Why is a voltage divider necessary for HC-05 RX?

3. How does a servo motor work?

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4. What is Bluetooth and how does it communicate?

5. What is the baud rate used in this project?

6. What happens if the signal is lost during operation?

7. Can this be upgraded for fingerprint or OTP access?

8. What are security risks in Bluetooth systems?

9. Can ESP32 be used instead of HC-05?

10. How would you make this a fully wireless lock system?

Result:

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Experiment 7 Smart Dustbin Using
Ultrasonic Sensor

Objective:
To open a dustbin lid automatically when a person approaches using ultrasonic sensing
and servo actuation.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
3. Servo Motor
4. Jumper Wires
Theory:
This system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance of approaching objects.
When an object (like a human hand) is within a set threshold (e.g., 15 cm), the Arduino
triggers a servo motor to rotate and open the dustbin lid. After a short delay, the lid
closes automatically. This encourages hygienic and touchless waste disposal.

Block Diagram

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

Arduino Uno

Servo Motor (Lid)

Fig: Block Diagram of Smart Dustbin System

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Procedure:

1. Connect Trig (pin 7) and Echo (pin 6) of the sensor to Arduino.

2. Connect the servo motor’s signal pin to Arduino pin 9.
3. Upload the provided code to Arduino using Arduino IDE.
4. Test by placing your hand in front of the sensor.

Sample Arduino Code:

#include <Servo.h>
Servo lidServo;
int trig = 7, echo = 6;
long duration;
int distance;

void setup() {
lidServo.attach(9);
pinMode(trig, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);

distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

if(distance < 15) lidServo.write(90); // Open lid

else lidServo.write(0); // Close lid
delay(1000);
}

Viva Questions:

1. How does an ultrasonic sensor measure distance?

2. What is the purpose of a servo motor in this project?

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3. Why is 15 cm chosen as a threshold?

4. Can this system run on batteries?

5. What are the limitations of this prototype?

6. How can we improve the lid’s response?

7. What safety measures should be considered?

8. How would you integrate this with a smart bin monitoring system?

9. What happens if the servo motor fails?

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10. How can you add a timer to keep the lid open for longer?

Result:

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Experiment 8 Fire Detection and Alarm
System

Objective:
To detect fire using a flame sensor and trigger an alarm using a buzzer or LED.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. Flame Sensor Module
3. Buzzer or LED
4. Resistors and Jumper Wires
Theory:
The flame sensor detects infrared (IR) light emitted by fire. When IR radiation is de-
tected, the sensor sends a signal to the Arduino, which then activates a buzzer or LED
to alert the user. This simple fire detection system is useful in homes, kitchens, labs, and
industrial setups for early warning and safety.

Block Diagram

Flame Sensor

Buzzer / LED Arduino Uno

Fig: Block Diagram of Fire Detection and Alarm System

Procedure:

1. Connect flame sensor OUT pin to Arduino digital pin 2.

2. Connect buzzer or LED to digital pin 8.
3. Upload the program using Arduino IDE.
4. Bring a flame source near the sensor to test.

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Sample Arduino Code:

int flameSensor = 2;
int buzzer = 8;

void setup() {
pinMode(flameSensor, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
int flame = digitalRead(flameSensor);
if(flame == LOW) {
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); // Fire detected
} else {
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW); // No fire
}
}

Viva Questions:
1. What type of radiation does a flame emit?

2. Why does the flame sensor output LOW when fire is detected?

3. How does the Arduino read the flame sensor?

4. What other sensors can be used for fire detection?

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5. Can this system detect smoke?

6. Why is pinMode() necessary in setup?

7. How can you improve the accuracy of fire detection?

8. What is the typical range of a flame sensor?

9. What are some real-time applications of this system?

10. Can this be connected to IoT platforms for alerting?

Result:

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Experiment 9 RFID-Based Attendance
System

Objective:
To scan RFID tags and record attendance using an Arduino and RC522 RFID reader.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. RFID Reader (RC522)
3. RFID Tags / Cards
4. Buzzer or LED
5. Jumper Wires
Theory:
The RC522 RFID module reads the unique ID of an RFID tag or card. The Arduino
compares this ID with predefined values. If matched, it activates a buzzer or LED and
logs attendance. This system finds applications in student attendance, employee entry
monitoring, and secure access systems.

Block Diagram

RFID Reader (RC522)

Buzzer / LED Arduino Uno

Fig: Block Diagram of RFID-Based Attendance System

Procedure:
1. Connect RC522 module to Arduino using SPI pins (MOSI, MISO, SCK, SDA,
RST).
2. Connect the buzzer to digital pin 8 of Arduino.
3. Upload the program using Arduino IDE.

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4. Open Serial Monitor and scan RFID tags to test the system.

Sample Code:
(Requires MFRC522 library)

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
int buzzer = 8;

void setup() {
SPI.begin();
rfid.PCD_Init();
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
if (!rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) return;
if (!rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) return;

String content = "";

for (byte i = 0; i < rfid.uid.size; i++) {
content += String(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
}
content.toUpperCase();

if (content == "A1B2C3D4") {
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
}

Viva Questions:

1. What is RFID technology?

2. What is the function of the RC522 module?

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3. What kind of communication does RC522 use?

4. How is each RFID tag uniquely identified?

5. What is the purpose of the MFRC522 library?

6. How do you increase security in RFID systems?

7. Can RFID work through materials?

8. What are the advantages of RFID over barcode systems?

9. How would you store attendance records permanently?

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10. What are some real-time applications of this project?

Result:

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Experiment 10 Voice-Controlled De-
vices via Google Assistant

Objective:
To control electrical appliances (like LED, fan, etc.) using voice commands via Google
Assistant integrated with IFTTT and ESP32.

Components Required:

1. ESP32 Development Board

2. Relay Module

3. LED or Electrical Appliance

4. Jumper Wires

5. Internet Connection

6. Google Assistant and IFTTT Account

Theory:
Google Assistant enables voice-controlled automation of smart devices. In this system,
IFTTT (If This Then That) connects Google Assistant to the ESP32 microcontroller via
Webhooks. When a voice command is given (e.g., “Turn on the fan”), IFTTT sends an
HTTP request to ESP32. The ESP32 receives this signal and triggers a relay module,
which powers ON or OFF the appliance. This experiment showcases IoT-based remote
automation using cloud services and Wi-Fi connectivity.

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Block Diagram

Google Assistant

IFTTT Webhook

ESP32 Microcontroller

Relay + Device

Fig: Block Diagram of Voice-Controlled Device Using Google Assistant

Procedure:
1. Create an IFTTT applet with Google Assistant as the trigger and Webhook as the
action.
2. Copy the Webhook URL and paste it into the Arduino code for ESP32.
3. Upload the code to ESP32 using Arduino IDE.
4. Connect ESP32 to Wi-Fi and wire the relay module with the device.
5. Say “Hey Google, turn on the light” and observe the relay switching.

Viva Questions:
1. What is IFTTT and how does it function?

2. What is a webhook and how is it triggered?

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3. Why is ESP32 better than Arduino Uno for IoT?

4. How does the ESP32 receive commands from IFTTT?

5. Mention two advantages of voice automation.

6. What is the role of the relay module?

7. What are GPIO pins in ESP32?

8. Can this be scaled to control more devices?

9. How is security managed in such systems?

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10. Name a few real-life applications of this project.

Result:

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Experiment 11 Heart Rate Monitor-
ing Using Pulse Sensor

Objective:
To measure and display the heart rate using a Pulse Sensor and Arduino/ESP32 board.
Components Required:
1. Pulse Sensor (Heartbeat sensor)
2. ESP32 or Arduino Uno
3. Breadboard
4. Jumper wires
5. USB cable
6. Arduino IDE

Theory:
The Pulse Sensor detects changes in blood volume through reflected light. Each pulse
creates a variation in the analog signal, which is read by the microcontroller and pro-
cessed into beats per minute (BPM). This experiment is valuable in biomedical, health-
monitoring, and wearable tech applications.

Block Diagram

Pulse Sensor

ESP32 / Arduino Uno

Serial Monitor / LCD

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Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

Fig: Block Diagram of Pulse Sensor System

Procedure:

1. Connect the Pulse Sensor signal pin to GPIO 34 (ESP32) or A0 (Arduino).

2. Connect VCC to 3.3V/5V and GND to GND.

3. Upload the code using Arduino IDE.

4. Open Serial Plotter or Serial Monitor.

5. Observe analog pulse waveform and BPM variations.

Sample Arduino Code:

int sensorPin = 34; // Use A0 for Arduino Uno

int signal;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
}

void loop() {
signal = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(signal);
delay(10);
}

Viva Questions:

1. What is the working principle of a pulse sensor?

2. How do you calculate heart rate from the sensor?

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3. What is BPM?

4. What is the difference between analog and digital sensors?

5. What is the role of analogRead() in the code?

6. Can ESP32 read analog signals?

7. What are applications of heart rate monitoring?

8. How can this system be improved for medical use?

9. What happens if the sensor is not stable on the finger?

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10. What type of noise filtering is required in such systems?

Result:

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Experiment 12 Soil Moisture-Based
Irrigation System

Objective:
To automate irrigation based on real-time soil moisture using a microcontroller and relay.

Components Required:

1. ESP32 or Arduino Uno

2. Soil Moisture Sensor (Capacitive/Resistive)

3. Relay Module

4. Water Pump or LED (for simulation)

5. Breadboard and Jumper Wires

6. Power Supply

7. Arduino IDE

Theory:
The soil moisture sensor measures the water content in soil. When the level drops below
a threshold, the microcontroller activates a relay to turn ON a water pump or LED. Once
the moisture is adequate, it turns OFF the pump. This conserves water and supports
precision farming practices.

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Tinkering Lab Narayana Engineering College, Gudur

Block Diagram

Soil Moisture Sensor

ESP32 / Arduino Uno

Relay Module

Water Pump / LED

Fig: Block Diagram of Soil Moisture-Based Irrigation System

Procedure:
1. Connect the sensor’s analog output to A0 of the microcontroller.
2. Connect the relay module to digital pin D8.
3. Connect the water pump or LED to relay output.
4. Upload the code via Arduino IDE.
5. Observe the system respond to soil dryness or moisture.

Sample Code:
int sensorPin = A0;
int relayPin = 8;
int threshold = 500;

void setup() {
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int moisture = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(moisture);

if(moisture < threshold) {

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digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);
}
delay(1000);
}

Viva Questions:

1. What does a soil moisture sensor measure?

2. What are the types of soil moisture sensors?

3. What is the function of the relay?

4. Why use analogRead() in this circuit?

5. How is the threshold value chosen?

6. Can this be extended wirelessly?

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7. How does this project conserve water?

8. What happens if the relay fails?

9. What are its real-world applications?

10. How to safely power a water pump?

Result:

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