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Group b6 Final Year Report

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views62 pages

Group b6 Final Year Report

Uploaded by

Mansi bharadwaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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You are on page 1/ 62

A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

MICROCONTROLLER BASED LOCK CODE SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor’s of


Engineering Degree of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

2020-21
Guided By: Submitted by:
MRS. YAZUSHA SHARMA GROUP-B6
(Assistant prof.) B.Tech. VIII-SEM, ECE
Department of Electronics

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION


ENGINEERING
JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE,
SHRI RAM KI NANGAL, VIA SITAPURA RIICO, JAIPUR, 302 022

MAY-2021
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “Microcontroller Based Lock Code System”
is the bona fide work carried out by Group B6- Divyansh Singh(17EJCEC075),
Himanshi Saini (17EJCEC088), Kirti Chauhan (17EJCEC098), Mansi Bharadwaj
(17EJCEC111), students of B.Tech. (ECE) of Jaipur Engineering College And
ResearchCentre, Jaipur affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan
(India) during theacademic year 2020-21, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Electronics and Communication
Engineering) and that the project has not formed the basis for the award previously of
any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar title.

(Signature of the Guide)


MRS. YAZUSHA SHARMA

Assistant Prof.

Department of ECE

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We feel profound happiness in forwarding this final year report as an image of sincere efforts. It
is almost inevitable to ensure indebtedness to all who generously helped by sharing their valuable
experience and devoting their precious time with us, without whom this report would have never
been accomplished. First & foremost We extend my thanks & gratitude to my guide “Mr.
Yazusha Sharma” whose guidance, teaching, and invaluable suggestions provided me a deep
insight in my chosen field of technology enhanced my knowledge and supported in widening my
outlook towards the trends in technology. We are also very thankful to all the faculties of the
department for their kind support throughout the topic search. We am highly indebted to our
department head for providing me the desired platform and deliver the learning in effective and
efficient manner.

ii
CONTENTS

Certificate.................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................ii
List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... iv
List of table………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of study…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………. 2

1.1.1. Aim………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 3

1.1.2 Problem statement…………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

1.1.3 Objective………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

1.1.4 Significance…………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 4

1.2. Literature survey……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………… 5

1.2.1. Thesis and research papers……………………………………………………………………………… 6

1.1.2. strength…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

2. Hardware and Software Required

2.1. Hardware components…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

2.1.1. Microcontroller…………………………………………………………………………………,…………….8

2.1.2. LCD……………………………………………………………………………………………………,…………….9

2.1.3. Matrix Keypad……………………………………………………………………………..……………….…10

2.1.4. Motor…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….…13

2.1.5. Driver circuit…………………………………………………………………………………….………….…14

2.1.6. Resistance box………………………………………………………………………………….……….……16

2.2. Software Requirements…………………………………………………………………………………….…….……..17

2.2.1. Proteus Design Suite…………………………………………………………………………………….…17

2.2.2. MPLAB IDE……………………………………………………………………………………………………...18


3. Microcontroller Theory

3.1 Microcontrollers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21

3.2. 8051 MCU……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

3.3. ATMEL AT89 Series………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

3.4. AT89S51 Chip……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25

4. Connections and Working

4.1. connections…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………30

4.2. Working………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………31

4.3. Algorithm……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Result…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33

5.2. Advantages and Disadvantages ………………………………………………………………….………………33

5.2.1. Advantages………………………………………………………………………………….……………..33

5.2.2. Disadvantages ……………………………………………………………………………….…………..33

5.3. Applications …………………………………………………………………………………………..….…..……….…34

5.4. future Enhancements………………………………………………………………………………….…..…….….34

6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…35

7. Cost of project……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………36

8. Appendix-I………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……37

9. Appendix-II………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..50

10. References ………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..53


LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. figure no. Name of figure page no.


1 1.1 Block diagram of password-based lock system 2

2 2.1 AT89S51 microcontroller chip 8


3 2.2 LCD 10
4 2.3 Keypad (4X4) 11
5 2.4 Ports connection of matrix keypad 12
6 2.5 DC Motor 13
7 2.6 ULN2003A IC 14
8 2.7 Pin diagram of ULN2003A 15
9 2.8 Resistance Box 16
10 2.9 Proteus 8 professionals (Screenshot of software) 17
11 2.10 MPLAB IDE (c program conversion in hex-code) 19

12 3.1 Block diagram of microcontroller 21


13 3.2 Microcontrollers 22
14 3.3 Types of microcomtrollers 23
15 3.4 ATMEL component on electronic board 25
16 3.5 40-pin DIP configuration of 8051 26

17 4.1 Circuit diagram 30


18 4.2 Block diagram showing operations 31
19 4.3 output of correct password on LCD 32
20 4.4 output of wrong password on LCD 32
iv
LIST OF TABLES

S. NO. table no. Name of table page no.


1 2.1 pin description of matrix keypad 11
2 2.2 pin description of ULN2003A 15

3 3.1 Various ATMEL devices 24


4 3.2 8051 port-3 additional functions 27

5 7.1 components and their costs 36

v
ABSTRACT

Security is a prime concern in our day-to-day life. And access control system
forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller-based digital lock
presented here is an access control system that allows only authorized
persons to open the lock of the door. When someone tries to open the door
by entering invalid password, the door does not open.

Many times, we forgot to carry the key of our home. Or sometimes we come
out of our home and door latch closes by mistake. In such cases it is really
difficult to get inside the house. This project is designed to solve this
purpose. Main concept behind this project is of a door opening using a
password entered through keypad. User can change this password anytime
he/she wish using a keypad.

Our project ‘Microcontroller based lock code system’ Password Based


Door Lock System using 8051 Microcontroller is a simple project where a
secure password will act as a door unlocking system. Traditional lock
systems using mechanical lock and key mechanism are being replaced by
new advanced techniques of locking system.

1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Security is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as
possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller-
based Door locker is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a
restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8-bit microcontroller AT89S51 which has a
2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can
change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through
it. When the entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the motor
rotates and so that the door is opened. If we entered a wrong password access to open the door is
denied.

Figure 1.1: block diagram of password-based lock system

In the Block diagram of the system given in Fig. 1. Shown above we have presented such an electronic
locking system in which a microcontroller plays the role of the processing unit. The MCU is interfaced
with a 4×4 matrix keypad and a 16×2 LCD to the user interface. Using this circuit, one can make any
electrical appliance password protected.
2
1.1.1 Aim

Unlike the traditional door lock system, keypad door locks do not have any need for physical
keys. They are basically keyless; that is, anyone can lock or unlock them even without keys.
Technically, they work like the ATMs. People only need to punch in their secret combination
numbers in order to lock or unlock their doors. With this kind of entry system, people no longer
have to worry about lost or stolen keys and they never have to bring keys with them everywhere
they go or hide them in secret places to keep them away from the hands of unauthorized
individuals. The secret numbers of the keypad door locks can be easily changed into another
combination. When people feel that their current number combinations have been divulged to
unauthorized individuals, they can always change the codes anytime. In addition, if the current
owners of the house decide to sell the property or have the house rented to others, they can always
just let the new people living there know about the access codes to the locks. There is no need to
change locks at all.

The aim of this project therefore, is to design and construct a keypad/password based
electronic door access key that will be able to:

1. Eliminate the use of mechanical/metallic keys.

2. Prevent events of key misplacements.

3. Avoid excessive key duplication for everyone in the house.

1.1.2 Problem statement

One could attest to the fact that the metallic keys used to access mechanical door locks are very

susceptible to getting lost, which would mean breaking the locks over and over again if there are

more occurrences of such scenarios access keys can be duplicated by unauthorized users.

3
1.1.3 Objective

The objective of this project in its simplest terms is to replace metallic keys by building a fully
featured password enabled electronic security system prototype.

Below are steps taken to achieve this purpose, thus;

1. Review of similar works on electronic door access key was carried out.
2.Determination/Selection of materials relevant to the project.

3. Hardware and Software design.

4. Construction/Packaging of the various components of the system.

5. Testing of the final project to ascertain its authenticity.

1.1.4 Significance

1. Pick-proof: Because there is no place for metallic keys with the electronic lock, it prevents

break-ins because burglars are unable to pick or “bump” the lock. The methods used by criminals

for breaking and entering are improving and the majority of criminals can pick an ordinary key

lock.

2 No more keys: One wouldn‟t have to carry around a large set of keys and they will be less

likely to be lost or stolen.

3 Control: In a company building, one can control and restrict who goes into what part of the

building. Additionally, residents and landlords of apartments and flats can control who can

enter their room with one PIN code and it reduces the risk of anything getting stolen. It is

incredibly easy to change the PIN code whenever you like.

4
1.2 Literature Survey

There are lots of security systems in the market nowadays. These systems are studied in order to
obtain some idea for the project that was built. Although the system in the market nowadays is
suite with new technology and more advanced the idea must still need to be obtain through the
literature review. The literature review works help to expose and generate skills of searching for
information from a various source. These skills are very important in order to solve the problems
that encountered or will face in the future.

1.2.1 Thesis and Research Papers

Some of the thesis and papers which we have gone through are mentioned below:

• THE USE OF ELECTRONIC CODE LOCKS FOR THE SECURITY OF HOMES AND
PROPERTIES
BY: BONEKEH BELIDUS GWEH
This thesis takes a good look at a case study in Cameroon analyzing the disadvantages
and advantages of using electronic code locks. It also looks at the different measures that
can be taken to improve the use of code locks in Cameroon. Much emphasis is also made
on the hardware and software systems of the code locks.
The aim of this thesis was to show how important and necessary code locks can be for
the security of properties and lives. It is also aimed at showing the possibilities that can
be made on improving code locks.

• PASSWORD PROTECTED ELECTRONIC LOCK SYSTEM FOR SMART HOME


SECURITY
BY: MD. MAKSUDUR RAHMAN AND DR. MOHAMMED SOWKET ALI
They proposed system which implements a password protected electronic lock
that provides a great benefit over a traditional lock, as well as great security.
The system comprises of a keypad and 16x2 LCD along with a microcontroller.
5
The present state is notified by the LCD to the user. User can perform operations such as
opening and closing the lock, changing the current password through keypad instruction.
The aim of their project was to make such type of lock which will ensure security as well
as cost efficient implementation. Password protected electronic lock comprises of keypad
as input, LCD display as output device and microcontroller as controlling unit. The lock
system is protected by a password which is set by the user.

• SMART DIGITAL LOCK FOR THE HOME AUTOMATION


BY: YONG TAE PARK
In this paper, they proposed a smart digital door lock system for home automation. A
digital door lock system is equipment that uses the digital information such as a secret
code, semi-conductors, smart card, and finger prints as the method for authentication
instead of the legacy key system. In their proposed system, a ZigBee module is embedded
in digital door lock and the door lock acts as a central main controller of the overall home
automation system. A door lock system proposed there was consists of RFID reader for
user authentication, communication module, and control module for controlling other
modules.
Sensor nodes for environment sensing are deployed at appropriate places at home. Status
of individual ZigBee module can be monitored and controlled by the centralized
controller, digital door lock. As the door lock is the first and last thing people come across
in entering and leaving the home respectively, the home automation function in digital
door lock system enables user to conveniently control and monitor home environment
and condition all at once before entering or leaving the house. Furthermore, it also allows
users to remotely monitor the condition inside the house through Internet or any other
public network.

1.2.2 Strengths
The major strengths drawn from the conclusions laid by various researchers are:
• Some systems where designed in such a way that one doesn’t even need to
6
touch the physical keypads, the GSM could also be used to unlock the door.

• Because of the absence of physical/mechanical keys and locks, breaking

into the house becomes extremely difficult for the non-tech savvy buglers,

thus raising the bar in home and office security.

• Exhaustive research has been carried out on microcontroller-based security

systems with various protocols and systems providing detailed description

of the process which states how the user is authorized.

7
CHAPTER-2
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED

2.1 Hardware Components


2.1.1. Microcontroller (AT89S51)
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of
in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction
set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-
level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.

Figure 2.1: AT89S51 microcontroller chip

8
Features provided by AT89S51 microcontroller:
• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag
• Fast Programming Time
• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

2.1.2. LCD (HITACHI LM018L)


The Hitachi LM018L is a 40 character x 2 line reflective type Liquid Crystal character
display module. It includes a built-in LSI controller HD44780 which provides a range
of features, including
• 192 5x7-dot characters plus 8 user-defined characters.
• Instruction functions
▪ Display Clear
▪ Cursor Home
▪ Display On/Off
▪ Cursor On/Off
9
▪ Character Display Blink
▪ Display Shift The module can be directly interfaced to a 4-bit or 8-bit MPU.

Figure 2.2: LCD

With the HD44780, the data can be sent in either 4-bit 2-operation or 8-bit 1-operation so that it
can interface to both 4 and 8-bit MPUs. When the interface is 4 bits wide, data is transferred via
DB4-DB7 only. DB0-DB3 are not used. Data of the higher order 4 bits (contents of DB4-DB7
when interface is 8- bits wide) is transferred first and then the lower order 4 bits (contents of
DB0-DB3 when the interface is 8-bits wide). When the interface is 8-bits wide, data is transferred
using DB0-DB7.

2.1.3 Matrix Keypad (4X4)


A matrix keypad is the kind of keypad you see on microwave ovens, gas pumps, and
calculators. A matrix keypad you can connect to a breadboard is also great for prototypes and
inventions where things like codes, times, or other values have to be entered.
10
Figure 2.3: Keypad (4X4)
KEYPAD MODULES are available in different sizes and shapes. But they all have same pin
configuration. It is easy to make 4X4 KEYPAD by arranging 16 buttons in matrix formation by
yourself.
Table 2.1: pin description of matrix keypad
Pin Number Description
ROWS
1 PIN1 is taken out from 1st ROW
2 PIN2 is taken out from 2nd ROW
3 PIN3 is taken out from 3rd ROW
4 PIN4 is taken out from 4th ROW
COLUMN
5 PIN5 is taken out from 1st COLUMN
6 PIN6 is taken out from 2nd COLUMN
7 PIN7 is taken out from 3rd COLUMN
8 PIN8 is taken out from 4th COLUMN
11
Figure 2.4: Ports connections of matrix keypad

This 4x4 matrix keypad has 16 built-in pushbutton contacts connected to row and column
lines. A microcontroller can scan these lines for a button-pressed state. In the keypad library,
the Propeller sets all the column lines to input, and all the row lines to input. Then, it picks a
row and sets it high. After that, it checks the column lines one at a time. If the column
connection stays low, the button on the row has not been pressed. If it goes high, the
microcontroller knows which row (the one it set high), and which column, (the one that was
detected high when checked).
4X4 KEYPAD MODULE Features and Specifications

• Maximum Voltage across EACH SEGMENT or BUTTON: 24V


• Maximum Current through EACH SEGMENT or BUTTON: 30mA
• Maximum operating temperature: 0°C to + 50°C
• Ultra-thin design
• Adhesive backing
• Easy interface
• Long life.

12
2.1.4. Motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic
field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the
motor's shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from
batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or
electrical generators. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but
operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Figure 2.5: DC motor

Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, internal
construction, application and type of motion output. In addition to AC versus DC types, motors
may be brushed or brushless, may be of various phase (see single-phase, two-phase, or three-
phase), and may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled. General-purpose motors with standard
dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The
largest electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-
storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors are found in industrial
fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools and disk drives.
Small motors may be found in electric watches.
13
In certain applications, such as in regenerative braking with traction motors, electric motors can
be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction.
Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some external
mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous
rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size.
Magnetic solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but
can produce motion over only a limited distance.

2.1.5. Driver circuit (ULN2003A)


ULN2003 IC is one of the most commonly used Motor driver IC. This IC comes in handy when
we need to drive high current loads using digital logic circuits like Op-maps, Timers, Gates,
Arduino, PIC, ARM etc. For example, a motor that requires 9V and 300mA to run cannot be
powered by an Arduino I/O hence we use this IC to source enough current and voltage for the
load. This IC is commonly used to drive Relay modules, Motors, high current LEDs and even
Stepper Motors. So if you have anything that anything more than 5V 80mA to work, then this IC
would be the right choice for you.

Figure 2.6: ULN2003A IC

The ULN2003 is a 16-pin IC. It has seven Darlington Pairs inside, where each can drive loads
up to 50V and 500mA. For these seven Darlington Pairs we have seven Input and Output Pins.
Adding to that we can a ground and Common pin.
14
The ground pin, as usual is grounded and the usage of Common pin is optional. It might be
surprising to note that this IC does not have any Vcc (power) pin; this is because the power
required for the transistors to work will be drawn from the input pin itself. The below circuit is a
simple circuit that can be used to test the working of ULN2003 IC.

Figure 2.7: pin diagram of ULN2003A

Table 2.2: pin description of ULN2003A

Pin Pin Name Description


Number

1 to 7 Input 1 to Seven Input pins of Darlington pair, each pin is connected to the base
Input 7 of the transistor and can be triggered by using +5V

8 Ground Ground Reference Voltage 0V

9 COM Used as test pin or Voltage suppresser pin (optional to use)

10 to 16 Output 1 to Respective outputs of seven input pins. Each output pin will be
Output 7 connected to ground only when its input pin is high (+5V).
15
Features of ULN2003A:

• Contains 7 high-voltage and high current Darlington pairs


• Each pair is rated for 50V and 500mA
• Input pins can be triggered by +5V
• All seven Output pins can be connected to gather to drive loads up to (7×500mA) ~3.5A.
• Can be directly controlled by logic devices like Digital Gates, PIC etc.
• Available in 16-pin DIP, TSSOP, SOIC packages

2.1.6. Resistance Box (RESPACK 8)


Respack is a device just similar to resistance box used for the variation of the resistances as per
use of the circuit but there is subtle difference in the respack that is the resistance present in it are
of same value and here the respack used RESPACK-8 which consists of 8 resistances of equal
value i.e. 1 K ohm. Supply voltage required to work is 5V.

Figures 2.8: resistance box


16
2.2. Software required
2.1.1. Proteus design suite
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design
automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to
create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards. The Proteus
Design Suite is a Windows application for schematic capture, simulation, and PCB (Printed
Circuit Board) layout design. It can be purchased in many configurations, depending on the size
of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller simulation. All PCB Design
products include an auto router and basic mixed mode SPICE simulation capabilities.

The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file to
the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog and
digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project
prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. It
also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is
convenient to use as a training or teaching tool.

Figure 2.9: proteus 8 professional (screenshot)


17
Support is available for co-simulation of:
• Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16, PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC33 Microcontrollers.
• Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers
• NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
• Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
• Parallax Basic Stamp, Freescale HC11, 8086 Microcontrollers.

2.2.2. Microchip: MPLAB Integrated Development environment


(MPLAB IDE)

Microchip has a large suite of software and hardware development tools integrated within one
software package called MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE). MPLAB IDE is
a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications on Microchip's PIC and
dsPIC microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE, because it
provides a single integrated environment to develop code for embedded microcontrollers.

MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to use and includes a host of
free software components for fast application development and super-charged debugging.
MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip
and third-party software and hardware development tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and
upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware debug and programming tools is done in
a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user interface for all tools.
The MPLAB IDE has both built-in components and plug-in modules to configure the system for
a variety of software and hardware tools.

Project Manager: The project manager provides integration and communication between the
IDE and the language tools.

Editor: The editor is a full-featured programmer's text editor that also serves as a window into
the debugger.
18
Assembler/Linker and Language Tools: The assembler can be used stand-alone to assemble a
single file, or can be used with the linker to build a project from separate source files, libraries
and recompiled objects. The linker is responsible for positioning the compiled code into memory
areas of the target microcontroller.

Debugger: The Microchip debugger allows breakpoints, single stepping, watch windows and all
the features of a modern debugger for the MPLAB IDE. It works in conjunction with the editor
to reference information from the target being debugged back to the source code.

Execution Engines: There are software simulators in MPLAB IDE for all PICmicro MCU and
dsPIC DSC devices. These simulators use the PC to simulate the instructions and some peripheral
functions of the PICmicro MCU and dsPIC DSC devices. Optional in-circuit emulators and in-
circuit debuggers are also available to test code as it runs in the applications hardware.

Figure 2.10: MPLAB IDE (screenshot for C Program conversion in hex-code)


19
The MPLAB IDE provides the ability to:
• Create and edit source code using the built-in editor.
• Assemble, compile and link source code.
• Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with the built-in simulator or in real
time with in-circuit emulators or in-circuit debuggers.
• Make timing measurements with the simulator or emulator.
• View variables in Watch windows.
• Program firmware into devices with device programmers

* Refer to Appendix-I to check the source code (in C Language) which is deployed over the microcontroller’s flash memory in
the form of hex-code. (C program was converted to hex-code using MPLAB IDE)

20
CHAPTER-3
MICROCONTROLLER THEORY

3.1. Microcontrollers
A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single metal-
oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or
more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or
other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of Microcontroller

In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a
chip (SoC). SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components, but usually integrates
it with advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit (GPU), Wi-Fi module, or one or
more coprocessors.

21
Figure 3.2: Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices. By reducing the size and cost compared to
a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers
make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed
signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-
digital electronic systems. In the context of the internet of things, microcontrollers are an
economical and popular means of data collection, sensing and actuating the physical world
as edge devices.

Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz for
low power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They generally have the ability
to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power
consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making
many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve
performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP),
with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

22
Figure 3.3: Types of Microcontroller

3.2. 8051 Microcontroller unit


The 8051 Microcontroller is one of the most popular and most commonly used microcontrollers
in various fields like embedded systems, consumer electronics, automobiles, etc. Technically
called as Intel MCS-51 Architecture, the 8051 microcontroller series was developed by Intel in
the year 1980 and were very popular in the 80’s (still are popular).

8051 Microcontroller has many features like Serial Communication, Timers, Interrupts, etc. and
hence many students and beginners start their work on the concept of Microcontrollers with 8051
Microcontroller (although this trend seems to be changed with the introduction of Arduino).Even
though 8051 Microcontroller might seem a little bit out of fashion, we feel that it is one of the
best platforms to get started with Microcontrollers, Embedded Systems and Programming (both
C and Assembly).

23
8051 is an 8 – bit Microcontroller i.e. the data bus of the 8051 Microcontroller 8 – bit wide.It is
a CISC based Microcontroller with Harvard Architecture (separate program and data
memory)Since the basic layout of a microcontroller includes a CPU, ROM, RAM, etc. the 8051
microcontroller also has a similar layout.

3.3. ATMEL AT89 Series

Based on the Intel 8051 core, the AT89 series remains very popular as general-purpose
microcontrollers, due to their industry standard instruction set, their low unit cost, and the
availability of these chips in DIL (DIP) packages. This allows a great amount of legacy code to
be reused without modification in new applications. While less powerful than the newer AT90
series of AVR RISC microcontrollers, new product development has continued with the AT89
series for the aforementioned advantages.

Table 3.1: Various ATMEL Devices

Device name Flash memory size Data memory size

AT80C51RD2[1] 64KB Flash[2] 1024 bytes RAM

AT83C5134[3] -none- 1024 bytes RAM

AT89C1051 1KB Flash 64 bytes RAM

AT89C51/S51 4KB Flash 128 bytes RAM

AT89C51ID2[21] 64KB Flash 1792 bytes RAM

AT89S2051[42] 2KB Flash 256 bytes RAM[43]

AT89S4051[44] 4KB Flash 256 bytes RAM[43]

AT89S51[45] 4KB Flash 128 bytes RAM[46]

AT89S53 12KB Flash 256 bytes RAM

24
More recently, the AT89 series has been augmented with 8051-cored special function
microcontrollers, specifically in the areas of USB, I²C (two wire interface), SPI and CAN bus
controllers, MP3 decoders and hardware PWM. Atmel has also created an LP (low power) series
of these chips with a "Single Cycle Core", making the execution speed of these chips
considerably faster.

Figure 3.4: ATMEL component on electronics board

All four ports in the AT89C51 and AT89C52 are bidirectional. Each consists of a latch (Special
Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer. The output drivers of
Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this
application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with
the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when
the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All
the Port 3 pins, and two Port 1 pins (in the AT89C52) are multifunctional. The alternate functions
can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the
port pin is stuck at 0.

3.4. AT89S51 Chip (MCU)

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of


in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction
set and pinout.

25
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,
128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters,
a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning.

The following image shows the 8051 Microcontroller Pin Diagram with respect to a 40 – pin
Dual In-line Package (DIP).

Figure 3.5: 40-Pin DIP

26
The Pin Description or Pin Configuration of the 8051 Microcontroller will describe the
functions of each pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. Let us now see the pin description.

Pins 1 – 8 (PORT 1): Pins 1 to 8 are the PORT 1 Pins of 8051. PORT 1 Pins consists of 8 – bit
bidirectional Input / Output Port with internal pull – up resistors. In older 8051
Microcontrollers, PORT 1 doesn’t serve any additional purpose but just 8 – bit I/O PORT.

In some of the newer 8051 Microcontrollers, few PORT 1 Pins have dual functions. P1.0 and
P1.1 act as Timer 2 and Timer 2 Trigger Input respectively.

P1.5, P1.6 and P1.7 act as In-System Programming Pins i.e. MOSI, MISO and SCK
respectively.

Pin 9 (RST): Pin 9 is the Reset Input Pin. It is an active HIGH Pin i.e. if the RST Pin is HIGH
for a minimum of two machine cycles, the microcontroller will be reset. During this time, the
oscillator must be running.

Pins 10 – 17 (PORT 3): Pins 10 to 17 form the PORT 3 pins of the 8051 Microcontroller.
PORT 3 also acts as a bidirectional Input / Output PORT with internal pull-ups. Additionally,
all the PORT 3 Pins have special functions.

Table 3.2: 8051 port-3 pin additional functions

PORT 3 Pin Function Description


P3.0 RXD Serial Input
P3.1 TXD Serial Output
P3.2 INT0 External Interrupt 0
P3.3 INT1 External Interrupt 1
P3.4 T0 Timer 0
P3.5 T1 Timer 1
P3.6 WR External Memory Write
P3.7 RD External Memory Read

Pins 18 & 19: Pins 18 and 19 i.e. XTAL 2 and XTAL 1 are the pins for connecting external
oscillator. Generally, a Quartz Crystal Oscillator is connected here.
27
Pin 20 (GND): Pin 20 is the Ground Pin of the 8051 Microcontroller. It represents 0V and is
connected to the negative terminal (0V) of the Power Supply.

Pins 21 – 28 (PORT 2): These are the PORT 2 Pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 2 is also
a Bidirectional Port i.e. all the PORT 2 pins act as Input or Output. Additionally, when external
memory is interfaced, PORT 2 pins act as the higher order address byte. PORT 2 Pins have
internal pull-ups.

Pin 29 (PSEN): Pin 29 is the Program Store Enable Pin (PSEN). Using this pins, external
Program Memory can be read.

Pin 30 (ALE/PROG): Pin 30 is the Address Latch Enable Pin. Using this Pins, external address
can be separated from data (as they are multiplexed by 8051).

During Flash Programming, this pin acts as program pulse input (PROG).

Pin 31 (EA/VPP): Pin 31 is the External Access Enable Pin i.e. allows external Program
Memory. Code from external program memory can be fetched only if this pin is LOW. For
normal operations, this pin is pulled HIGH.

During Flash Programming, this Pin receives 12V Programming Enable Voltage (VPP).

Pins 32 – 39 (PORT 0): Pins 32 to 39 are PORT 0 Pins. They are also bidirectional Input / Output
Pins but without any internal pull-ups. Hence, we need external pull-ups in order to use PORT 0
pins as I/O PORT.

In addition to acting as I/O PORT, PORT 0 also acts as lower order address/data bus when
external memory is accessed.

Pin 40 (VCC): Pin 40 is the power supply pin to which the supply voltage is given (+5V).

28
Features provided by AT89S51 microcontroller:
• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

29
CHAPTER-4
CONNECTIONS AND WORKING

4.1. Connections
Connections Explained the connections of the digital code lock project as shown in the circuit
diagram have been explained below.
• KEYPAD to 8051 – In this particular electronic code lock project, we have interfaced a
4×4 keypad to Port 0 of 8051 microcontroller. Row pins are connected from P0.0 to P0.3,
whereas Column pins are connected from P0.4 to P0.7.
• 40×2 LCD MODULE (Hitachi LM018L) TO 8051 – We are using these 40
characters×2line LCD module to display the status messages of the project. We have
connected this LCD module in 8-bit mode (using 8 data lines). The 8 data lines are
connected to Port 1 of 8051. The LCD controlling pins RS, R/W, and E are connected to
Port 2 pins P3.0, P3.1, and P3.2 respectively.
• DRIVER (ULN2003A) – ULN2003A is used driver circuit for the digital door lock
project and is connected to P2.0 and P2.1. to drive the circuit with necessary current.

Figure 4.1: circuit diagram


30
4.2. Working
Once the circuit is powered ON, microcontroller sends commands to the LCD to display “enter
password” on LCD. Now we need to enter the password using the keypad. Once password is
entered, it displays 4 stars on LCD to indicate that controller read password successfully.

Figure 4.2: block diagram showing operations

Now the controller compares the entered password with predefined password. If the password is
matched, then the microcontroller makes P0.0 HIGH and P0.1 LOW, so the motor driver gets the
input signals for forward motion of the motor.

As a result, the Door Motor rotates in forward direction to open the door. After a delay of
10seconds, the microcontroller makes P0.0 LOW and P0.1 HIGH, so the motor driver gets the
input signals for reverse motion. As a result, the Door motor rotates in reverse direction to close
the door.

If the password is not matched, then microcontroller maintains both P0.0 and P0.1 LOW. Hence,
the door motor is stationary so that door remains closed.

31
4.3. ALGORITHM
• Initially, declare the PORT1 to LCD data pins and control pins (RS and E) to P3.0 and
P3.2. Also, declare PORT0 to keypad. Also use P2.0 and P2.1 for motor driver.
• Then, display the message “enter your password” on LCD.
• Now read the four-digit password from the user.
• Compare the entered password with the stored password.
• If password is correct, then make P2.0 pin HIGH and P2.1 pin LOW to open the door.
• During this time, display “Password matched access granted” on LCD.

Figure 4.3: output of correct password on LCD


• After some time, make P2.0 pin LOW and P2.1 pin HIGH to close the door.
• If the password is wrong, then display “Wrong Password access denied” on LCD.

Figure 4.4: output of wrong password on LCD


• After some delay again ask to enter password.

** Refer to Appendix-II for working of the ‘microcontroller-based lock code system’ over software (proteus 8 professionals)

32
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Result

Our project ‘microcontroller-based lock code system’ performed as expected. We were able to
implement all the functions in our proposal. Some of the hurdles we had to overcome were

1. Getting the Arduino board and other components.

2. Learning the language and code used in the project.

3. Getting the right casing for packaging.

4. Getting the components in proteus for simulation.

5.2 Advantages and disadvantages

5.2.1 Advantages

• Used commonly available components


• Project is simple and easy to understand.
• Marketable: We feel that this electronic door lock is very marketable because it is easy to
use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption and highly reliable.

5.2.2. Disadvantages

• It is a low range circuit, i.e. it is not possible to operate the circuit remotely.

• If you forget the password it is not possible to open the door.


33
5.3. Applications

• This simple circuit can be used at residential places to ensure better safety for places like
seminar halls, conference rooms, and lockers at home.
• It can be used at organizations to ensure authorized access to highly secured places.
• Further this project can be enhanced by interfacing a GSM modem to the device so that
when a wrong password is entered, an alert SMS will be sent to the concerned authority.
• By connecting it with external memory, we can make the system with user changeable
password.

5.4. Future enhancement

• We can use this system as an attendance register for the students to enter a class room
with their respective password.
• Electrical devices such as lights, computer, etc. can be controlled separately using
separate passwords.
• For the super-secure system: other than the LCD, all the lights can be turned on if
password entered is wrong, for three times and also a hidden camera can be used to record
the faces who trespassed.
• Further this project can be enhanced by interfacing a GSM modem to the device so that
when a wrong password is entered, an alert SMS will be sent to the concerned authority.

34
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

This project is meant for security system whose access is only for respected authorities. Using

a microcontroller, the password entered is checked with the stored password and then does the

corresponding operations. Here we used a 4digit password for better security. One needs only

to be able to remember just four digits which has the same digits as the ATM card codes.

Irrespective of the challenges encountered during the course of the entire process of the project,

it can be deduced that electronic door access can be achieved at low cost.

35
CHAPTER-7
COST OF PROJECT

Table 5: components and their cost

S.NO COMPONENT NO. OF UNITS TOTAL COST


REQUIRED
(in rupees)

1 12V Power Supply 1 60/-

2 5V Power Supply IC 1 80/-

3 Respack 8 1 20/-

4 LCD 1 1200/-

5 AT89S51 1 190/-
Microcontroller IC

6 Keypad 1 110/-

7 12V DC Motor 1 175/-

8 ULN2003A IC 1 20/-

total cost of components=1,855/-

we expect that with least profit our project can result in a very inexpensive lock code system
with a total market cost of Rs.2000/-.

36
APPENDIX-1

Source code used for the project


Written using C language
Written and compiled in MPLAB ide
Deployed over microcontroller AT89S51 flash memory

B. Tech degree project: Microcontroller based lock code system


Supervisor: Mrs. Yazusha Sharma (Assistant prof.)
Dept: Electronics and Communication

#include<reg51.h>

#include”delay.h”

#include”lcd.h”

#include”keyboard.h”

/******************

motor PIN

******************/

sbit a1=P2^0

sbit a2=P2^1

sbit a3=P2^2

sbit a4=P2^3

void motor();

unsigned char ar[5];

unsigned int f,m=1,p;

37
/*****************

main program

*****************/

void main()

unsigned int I;

lcd_ini();

while(1)

cmb(0*01);

lcd_str(“ ENTER YOUR “)

cmd(0*c0);

lcd_str(“ PASSWORD “)

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

Keyboard();

ar[i]=c;

if(i==0)

cmd(0*01);

lcd_display(‘ ‘);

38
lcd_display(‘*’);

//compare();

if(ar[0]==com[0] && ar[1]==com[1] && ar[2]==com[2] && ar[3]==com[3] &&


ar[4]==com[4])

m=1;

else

m=0

if(m==1)

cmd(0*01);

lcd_str(“ PASSWORD MATCHED “);

cmd(0*c0);

lcd_str(“ ACCESS GRANTED “);

motor();

p=0;

delay_fv(1000,100);

39
}

else if(m==0)

p++;

cmd(0*01);

lcd_str(“ WRONG PASSWORD “)

cmd(0*c0);

lcd_str(“ ACCESS GRANTED “)

delay_fv(1000,100);

delay_fv(1000,100);

m=1;

void motor()

unsigned int I;

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

{ a2=a3=a4=0;

a1=1;

delay_ff();

40
a1=a3=a4=0;

a2=1;

delay_ff();

a1=a2=a4=0

a3=1;

delay_ff();

a1=a2=a3=0;

a4=1;

delay_ff();

delay_fv(1ooo.100);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)

a2=a3=a1=0;

a4=1;

delay_ff();

a1=a2=a4=0;

a3=1;

delay_ff();

a1=a3=a4=0;

41
a2=1;

delay_ff();

a4=a2=a3=0;

a1=1;

delay_ff();

/*****************

lcd.h

*****************/

sbit rs=P3^0;

sbit rw=P3^1;

sbit en=P3^2;

sfr lcd=0*90;

void lcd_display(unsigned int x) // lcd display function

unsigned int I;

lcd=x;

rs=1;

rw=0;

en=1;

42
for(i=0;i<100;i++);

en=0;

void cmd(unsigned char m) // lcd command function

unsigned int i;

lcd=m;

rs=0;

rw=0;

en=1;

for(i=0;i<10;i++);

en=0;

void lcd_ini() // lcd initialize

cmd(0*38);

cmd(0*0e);

cmd(0*01);

cmd(0*06);

cmd(0*90);

43
void lcd_str(unsigned char *str) // display string on lcd

while(*str!=’\0’)

lcd_display(*str);

str++;

/****************

keypad.h

****************/

sbit r1=P0^0; // row 1

sbit r2=P0^1; // row 2

sbit r3=P0^2; // row 3

sbit r4=P0^3; // row 4

sbit c1=P0^4; // column 1

sbit c2=P0^5; // column 2

sbit c3=P0^6; // column 3

sbit c4=P0^7; // column 4

unsigned int c;

char keypad1()

P2=0xff;

while(1)

44
{

r1=0;

r4=1;

if(c1==0)

c=’7’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c2==0)

c=’7’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c3==0)

c=’9’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c4==0)

c=’ / ‘;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

45
r1=1;

r2=0;

if(c1==0)

c=’4’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c2==0)

c=’5’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c3==0)

c=’6’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c4==0)

c=’*’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

46
r2=1

r3=0

if(c1==0)

c=’1’;

dealy_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c2==0)

c=’2’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c3==0)

c=’3’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c4==0)

c=’-‘;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

47
r3=1;

r4=0;

if(c1==0)

delay_pf(500);

cmd(0x01);

else if(c2==0)

c=’0’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c3==0)

c=’=’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

else if(c4==0)

c=’+’;

delay_pf(500);

return c;

48

/******************
delay.h

******************/

void delay_ff() // fully fixed delay

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<80;i++)

for(j=0;j<120;j++);

void delay_pf(unsigned int x) // partial variable delay

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<x;i++)

for(j=0;j<50;j++);

void delay_fv(unsigned int x,y) // fully variable delay

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<x;i++)

for(j=0;j<y;j++);

49
APPENDIX-II
Simulation on software proteus 8 professional (working shown using screenshots)

• Initially, declare the PORT1 to LCD data pins and control pins (RS and E) to P3.0 and
P3.2. Also, declare PORT0 to keypad. Also use P2.0 and P2.1 for motor driver.

• Once the circuit is powered ON, microcontroller sends commands to the LCD to display
“enter your password” on LCD.

50
• Now we need to enter the password using the keypad. Once password is entered, it displays
4 stars on LCD to indicate that controller read password successfully.

• Now the controller compares the entered password with predefined password. If the
password is matched, then the message “password matched access granted” is displayed
on the LCD and the Door Motor rotates in forward direction to open the door.

51
• If the password is not matched, then microcontroller maintains both P2.0 and P2.1
LOW. Hence, the door motor is stationary so that door remains closed. and a message
“wrong password access denied” is displayed on the LCD.

52
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